行為主義(英文:behaviorism),粵文又有叫行為論,係心理學同神經科學一個研究範式,著重研究外界刺激(external stimlus)會點樣影響一隻動物嘅行為(behavior),而且傳統上會輕視啲好似思緒等冇辦法由肉眼觀察到嘅嘢[1]。行為主義係由著名心理學家伯赫斯·費德歷·斯金納(B. F. Skinner)發揚光大嘅[1]。
古典制約嘅過程喺大多數動物物種甚至某啲植物嘅身上都觀察得到[4][5],古典制約嘅過程令到生物能夠學識邊啲刺激傾向一齊出現,令到生物有能力預測周圍環境嘅變化。例如係有心理學實驗就顯示,人類喺撞到之前未遇到過嘅刺激嗰陣會留意呢啲刺激傾向同邊啲已知嘅刺激一齊出現,並且按呢個資訊對嗰啲新嘅刺激做判斷-例如家吓有個人 A 君,佢啱啱識咗個新朋友 B 君,如果 A 君每次撞到 B 君嗰陣都有啲令佢唔舒服嘅事發生嘅話(例如佢次次見親 B 君兩個人都嗌交),A 君好快會學識將 B 君同啲令佢唔舒服嘅事聯想埋一齊,學曉應該要避開 B 君[6]。
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↑Neisser, U. (1967). Cognitive Psychology. Englewood Cliffs, NJ: Prentice Hall.
↑ 3.03.13.23.3Galizia, Giovanni; Lledo, Pierre-Marie (2013). Neurosciences – From Molecule to Behavior. Heidelberg: Springer Spektrum. p. 578.
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↑Gagliano, Monica; Vyazovskiy, Vladyslav V.; Borbély, Alexander A.; Grimonprez, Mavra; Depczynski, Martial (2016-12-02). "Learning by Association in Plants". Scientific Reports. 6 (1): 38427.
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↑ 9.09.1Schacter, Daniel L., Daniel T. Gilbert, and Daniel M. Wegner. "B. F. Skinner: The role of reinforcement and Punishment", subsection in: Psychology; Second Edition. New York: Worth, Incorporated, 2011, 278–288.
↑Dickinson, A., Balleine, B. W., Watt, A., Gonzalez, F., & Boakes, R. A. (1995). Motivational control after extended instrumental training. Animal Learning & Behavior, 23, 197–206.
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↑Bandura, A. (1961). The Bobo Doll Experiment. Retrieved October, 6, 2012.
↑Bandura, A., Ross, D., & Ross, S. A. (1961). Transmission of aggression through imitation of aggressive models. The Journal of Abnormal and Social Psychology, 63(3), 575.
↑Fiorito, G., & Scotto, P. (1992). Observational learning in Octopus vulgaris. Science, 256(5056), 545-547.
↑Nolen-Hoeksema, S., Girgus, J. S., & Seligman, M. E. (1986). Learned helplessness in children: A longitudinal study of depression, achievement, and explanatory style. Journal of personality and social psychology, 51(2), 435.
↑Doronbekov, T. K., Tokunaga, H., Ikejiri, Y., Kazui, H., Hatta, N., Masaki, Y., ... & Takeda, M. (2005). Neural basis of fear conditioning induced by video clip: positron emission tomography study. Psychiatry and clinical neurosciences, 59(2), 155-162.
↑Best, J. D., Berghmans, S., Hunt, J. J., Clarke, S. C., Fleming, A., Goldsmith, P., & Roach, A. G. (2008). Non-associative learning in larval zebrafish. Neuropsychopharmacology, 33(5), 1206.
↑Hull, C. L. (1933). Differential habituation to internal stimuli in the albino rat. Journal of Comparative Psychology, 16(2), 255.
↑Davis, M. (1970). Effects of interstimulus interval length and variability on startle-response habituation in the rat. Journal of comparative and physiological psychology, 72(2), 177.
↑Pear, Joseph (2014). The Science of Learning. London: Psychology Press. p. 15.
↑Gagliano, M.; et al. (2014). "Experience teaches plants to learn faster and forget slower in environments where it matters". Oecologia. 175 (1): 63–72.
↑Wood, D.C. (1988). "Habituation in Stentor produced by mechanoreceptor channel modification". Journal of Neuroscience. 2254: 8.
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