氟
氟(
碳氟
性 质
编辑
电子排 布
编辑
氟
氟拥
反 应
编辑
氟是
氟反应时 | |
氟与铯的 |
氟和
一些固体非金属元素如硫、磷
相 态
编辑
氟有两种
同位 素
编辑
氟只
F[46]。该
F
F
F
F
F。[46]
存 量
编辑
宇宙 存 量
编辑
6 | 碳 | 4,800 |
7 | 氮 | 1,500 |
8 | 氧 | 8,800 |
9 | 氟 | 1 |
10 | 氖 | 1,400 |
11 | 钠 | 24 |
12 | 镁 | 430 |
地球 存 量
编辑
氟是
萤石 | 氟磷 |
冰晶 |
诸如
历史
编辑早期 发现
编辑
1529
分 离
编辑
对氟
1906
表彰 他 对氟元素 的 研究 和 分 离工作 ……全 世界 对您所 研究 的 用 于驯服 最 凶猛 的 元素 的 伟大实验技 术表示 尊敬 。[note 9]
-
莫瓦
桑 的 设备画像 (1887) -
莫瓦
桑 的 诺贝尔奖照 片
用途
编辑
2F
2)推向
氟元
6一样具有腐蚀性,气体扩散
化合 物
编辑
氟可以产
金属
编辑
碱
6
6
6
氟化钠,离子 |
氢
编辑氢与氟相结合
其它活 泼的非金属 元素
编辑
类金
氧族
稀有 气体
编辑
有 机 化合 物
编辑
碳氟键
离散分子
编辑
聚合物
编辑
2–。该物质
生 产
编辑
工 业生产
编辑
莫瓦
纯化学 方法
编辑
工 业应用
编辑
萤石矿的开采
无机氟
编辑有 机 氟
编辑
气体制 冷 剂
编辑
卤化
氟聚合 物
编辑
2006
聚四氟乙烯(PTFE)
4F
10
表面 活性 剂
编辑
含氟
农药
编辑医 疗应用
编辑
牙 齿护理
编辑
20
制 药
编辑
20%
三环类抗抑郁药以及其他20
PET扫描
编辑18
F
携带氧气
编辑生物 作用
编辑
氟并
毒性
编辑
氟
氢氟酸
编辑
氢氟
氟离子
编辑
环境问题
编辑大 气层
编辑
生物 持久 性
编辑
注 释
编辑
- ^
来 源 对氧、氟和氖的共 价半径 有 争 议,因 此不能 精 确比较。 - ^
α 相 的 氟的分子 具有 规则排列 ,是 一 种晶体 ,但 是 其分子 没 有 特定 的 取 向 。β 相 的 氟分子 具有 固定 位置 和 最小 的 旋转不 确定度 。参 见[43]以了解 α 相 氟晶体 结构的 一 些细节。[44][45] - ^
相 变过程 会 产生巨 响,并使样本和 容器 破裂 。 - ^ 磁矩
与 角 动量之 比 称 为磁旋比。原子核 经常可 以不严格的 想 象 为绕着 一个轴自转的带电陀螺,通常 这种自 旋会带给原子核 角 动量和 磁矩。角 动量来 自 于原子核 的 质量,而磁矩 则来自 于旋转的全部 或 者 部分 电荷。[47] - ^
巴 希 尔·瓦 伦丁可能 在 15世 纪末就描述 了 萤石,但 由 于这篇 文章 直 到 200年 后 才 被 发现而存疑 。[66][67][68] - ^ 另说1670
年 ,Partington[72]和 Weeks[71]给出不同 的 说法。 - ^ Fl从2012
年 起 表示 第 114号 元素 鈇。 - ^ 汉弗
里 ·戴维、约瑟夫 ·路 易 ·盖-吕萨克 、路 易 斯·贾奎斯·瑟纳德 和 爱尔兰化学 家 aThomas和 George Knox都 因 此受伤,而比利 时化学 家 Paulin Louyet和 法 国 化学 家 Jérôme Nicklès则死于氟。莫瓦桑 也经历过严重的 氢氟酸 中毒 。[71][81] - ^
同 时他也因他 发明的 电弧炉 而获奖。 - ^ F
2中 的 氟被定 义为具有 氧化数 0。不 稳定的 F−
2和 F−
3具有 中 间氧化 态,它们在 40 K即 分解 [92]。F+
4以及其它一些类似的物质据预测为稳定的[93]。 - ^ 亚稳态的一氟化硼和一氟化氮具有更高阶的共价键,
一 些金属 络合物 使用 其作为桥接配 体 。氢键是 另一个可能 性 。 - ^ ZrF
4的 熔点为932 °C(1,710 °F)[106],HfF
4在 968 °C(1,774 °F)下 升 华[103],UF
4的 熔点为1,036 °C(1,897 °F)。[107] - ^ 这13种
金属 元素 为钼、锝、钌、铑、钨、铼、锇、铱、铂、钋、铀、镎和钚。 - ^
参 见这个参考 资料。[125] - ^ 四氟化碳形式上是有机化合物,
但 为了与 SiF
4和 GeF
4比 较而被 包括 到 这个章 节中,而不是 我 们讨论更复杂的 化合 物 的 有 机 化合 物 章 节。 - ^
有 机 全 氟化物 十 分 稳定,但 单氟化物 的 反 应性相 对活泼 - ^ 该术语并
不精 确,全 氟化物 质也是 常用 的 术语。[155] - ^
美国 的 羊 和牛 可能 还会使用 氟乙酸 钠来对付郊狼等 掠 食 者 。 - ^ [210],另见总结[211]
参考 文献
编辑
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参考 书目
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