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印第安大屠殺列表 - 维基百科，自由的百科全书 跳とべ转到内容ないよう

印しるし第だい安やす大だい屠殺とさつ列れつ表ひょう

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维基百科ひゃっか，自由じゆう的てき百科ひゃっか全ぜん书
種族しゅぞく滅めつ絕ぜっ
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二に十じゅう世紀せいき前まえ
二に十じゅう世紀せいき早期そうき
二に戰せん期間きかん
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冷戰れいせん結束けっそく至いたり今いま
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印しるし第だい安やす大だい屠殺とさつ列れつ表ひょう，本ほん表ひょう列れつ出で美び洲しゅう殖民しょくみん期き间歐洲しゅう人じん與あずか印しるし地ち安やす人じん之の間あいだ的てき屠殺とさつ事件じけん。

印しるし第だい安やす人じん大だい屠殺とさつ通常つうじょう指ゆび在ざい歐おう洲しゅう人じん往美び洲しゅう殖民しょくみん時どき歐おう洲しゅう人じん屠殺とさつ美び洲しゅう原住民げんじゅうみん印しるし第だい安やす人じん，和かず印しるし第だい安やす人じん回かい擊げき歐おう洲しゅう白しろ種しゅ殖民しょくみん者しゃ失敗しっぱい，最後さいご印しるし第だい安やす人じん大量たいりょう消失しょうしつ，是ぜ屬ぞく於美洲しゅう的てき種族しゅぞく滅めつ絕ぜっ史し。

概觀がいかん[编辑]

印しるし第だい安やす大だい屠殺とさつ是ぜ美び洲しゅう國家こっか上じょう的てき歐おう洲しゅう殖民しょくみん者しゃ的てき黑くろ歷史れきし，只ただ知ち當時とうじ歐おう洲しゅう殖民しょくみん者しゃ多た主張しゅちょう對たい美び洲しゅう印しるし第だい安やす人じん進行しんこう種族しゅぞく屠殺とさつ[1]，但ただし到底とうてい多少たしょう人死ひとじに于這場じょう長期ちょうき的てき屠殺とさつ是ぜ難なん以確定かくてい的てき，美よし洲しゅう原住民げんじゅうみん的てき死亡しぼう被ひ白人はくじん非常ひじょう消極しょうきょく的てき紀き錄ろく或ある揭露，歷史れきし學がく家かWilliam M. Osborn寫うつし的てき《荒野あらの邊疆へんきょう：美國びくに印しるし地ち安やす戰爭せんそう中ちゅう自じ詹姆斯鎮到いた伤膝河かわ的まと的てき暴行ぼうこう》 搜さがせ集しゅう了りょう從したがえ1511年ねん兩りょう種族しゅぞく首くび次じ接觸せっしょく到いた1890年ねん西にし擴終止しゅうし這段時間じかん内ない、今日きょう美國びくに本土ほんど所有しょゆう有ゆう記錄きろく的てき歐おう印しるし暴力ぼうりょく衝突しょうとつ，並なみ確認かくにん了りょう7193人にん死し于白人的じんてき暴行ぼうこう，9156人にん死し于印第だい安やす人的じんてき暴行ぼうこう。Osborn定義ていぎ的てき“暴行ぼうこう”限きり於謀殺ぼうさつ，酷刑こっけい，殘害ざんがい平民へいみん、傷者しょうしゃ、俘虜ふりょ的てき肢體したい器官きかん。對たい“暴行ぼうこう”的てき定義ていぎ不同ふどう也會導しるべ致統計けい數量すうりょう的てき不同ふどう。

在ざい《美よし洲しゅう种族灭绝，美国びくに和かず加か拿大的てき灾难，1846-1873》中ちゅう，历史学がく家かBenjamin Madley记录了りょう在ざい1846到いた1873年ねん间对加州かしゅう土ど著ちょ的てき屠ほふ杀数目め。他た发现这期间的证据，至いたり少しょう9400到いた16000加州かしゅう印しるし第だい安やす被ひ非ひ印しるし第だい安やす人じん杀死。大だい多数たすう杀戮发生于他所しょ说的370次じ大だい屠ほふ杀（定てい义为有意ゆうい识杀死し5人にん和わ以上いじょう的てき无武器き战斗者しゃ或ある者もの平民へいみん，包括ほうかつ妇女，儿童或ある者もの俘虏等とう，不ふ一定在战斗时发生）中ちゅう。[2]

影かげ响[编辑]

针对印しるし第だい安やす人的じんてき屠殺とさつ，產さん生せい了りょう極ごく爲ため深遠しんえん的てき歷史れきし影響えいきょう。在ざい之これ後ご的てき數すう個こ世紀せいき中ちゅう，對たい這一系列歷史事件都產生了若干的討論與爭議。例れい如中國ちゅうごく的てき官かん方かた媒體ばいたい自じ21世紀せいき以來いらい，曾多次じ發はつ佈文章ぶんしょう，指ゆび控ひかえ稱しょう“1814年ねん美國びくに詹姆斯·麥むぎ迪すすむ遜へりくだ政府せいふ頒布はんぷ法令ほうれい規定きてい每ごと上じょう繳一個印第安人的頭蓋皮，美國びくに政府せいふ將しょう會かい發給はっきゅう獎金50-100美び元もと（殺ころせ死し12歲さい以下いか印しるし第だい安やす人じん嬰幼兒じ和わ殺ころせ死し女おんな印しるし第だい安やす人じん獎50美び元もと，殺ころせ死し12歲さい以上いじょう青壯年せいそうねん印しるし第だい安やす人じん男子だんし獎100美び元もと）”和かず“19世紀せいき20年代ねんだい到いた90年代ねんだい，特別とくべつ是ぜ特別とくべつ是ぜ安德あんとく魯·傑すぐる克かつ遜へりくだ於1830年ねん促使國會こっかい通過つうか一いち項こう法令ほうれい《印しるし第だい安やす人じん驅逐くちく法案ほうあん》。印しるし第だい安やす人じん在ざい遷移せんい的てき過程かてい中ちゅう，形成けいせい了りょう血淚けつるい之の路みち。在ざい當地とうち民兵みんぺい的てき配合はいごう下か，美國びくに聯邦れんぽう正規せいき軍ぐん採取さいしゅ分ぶん進しん合ごう擊げき等とう戰術せんじゅつ，集中しゅうちゅう發起ほっき了りょう1000多た次つぎ不同ふどう規模きぼ的てき軍事ぐんじ行動こうどう，到いた1890年代ねんだい基本きほん上じょう完成かんせい了りょう滅めつ絕ぜっ印いん第だい安やす人的じんてき作戰さくせん任務にんむ”等とう[3][4]。

麥むぎ迪すすむ遜へりくだ時期じき的てき美國びくに政府せいふ同どう印しるし第だい安やす人的じんてき關係かんけい的てき確かく極ごく爲ため緊張きんちょう，表現ひょうげん爲ため1809年ねん簽署的てき《韋恩堡條約じょうやく》[5][6]和之かずゆき後ご因いん此爆發ばくはつ的てき蒂珀卡努战役[7]，以及1814年ねん簽署的てき《傑すぐる克かつ遜へりくだ堡條約じょうやく》[8]，從したがえ印しるし第だい安やす人じん處しょ獲得かくとく了りょう大量たいりょう的てき土地とち並なみ將はた其驅逐くちく。其主要よう原因げんいん在ざい於以麥むぎ迪すすむ遜へりくだ總統そうとう爲ため首くび的てき美國びくに白人はくじん殖民しょくみん者しゃ的てき家長かちょう式しき作風さくふう、種族しゅぞく主義しゅぎ思想しそう，以及試ためし圖ず對たい印しるし第だい安やす人じん進行しんこう種族しゅぞく改造かいぞう[9]，另外狩獵しゅりょう印いん第だい安やす人じん頭皮とうひ現象げんしょう確實かくじつ存在そんざい。

屠殺とさつ列れつ表ひょう[编辑]

1500–1862年ねん[编辑]

仅列出發しゅっぱつ生せい在ざい北美きたみ洲しゅう的てき

年とし 日にち期き 名稱めいしょう 描述 來らい源みなもと
1539 Napituca屠ほふ杀 和かずTimucuan族ぞく交战之の后きさき, 埃ほこり尔南多た·德とく·索さく托たく（Hernando de Soto）處決しょけつ200人にん。這是歐おう洲しゅう人じん首くび次じ大だい规模在ざい美び洲しゅう大だい陆屠殺とさつ印いん第だい安やす人じん。 Duncan, E., Hernando de Soto, pp. 286–291.
1540 10.18 Mabila屠ほふ杀 Choctaw族ぞく向むこう埃ほこり尔南多た·德とく·索さく托たく（Hernando de Soto）的てき探險たんけん復仇ふっきゅう，殺ころせ死し200名士めいし兵へい，还杀了りょう很多他た们的馬匹ばひつ和わ豬。起因きいん是ぜ白人はくじん之の前ぜん焚烧了りょうMabila的てき建築けんちく物ぶつ，殺ころせ死し了りょう2500名めい躲在僞裝ぎそう村むら寨的武士ぶし[10] Duncan, E., Hernando de Soto, pp. 376–384; Steele, I., Warpaths, p. 15.
1541–42 Tiguex屠ほふ杀 先さき是ぜ西にし班はん牙きば人じん入いれ侵おかせ，掠奪りゃくだつTiguex人的じんてき住じゅう房ぼう、食品しょくひん、服裝ふくそう的てきTiguex，強姦ごうかんTiguex女人にょにん，Tiguex族ぞく随ずい后きさき反抗はんこう。西にし班はん牙きば人じん攻擊こうげき他た們。弗どる朗ろう西にし斯科·巴ともえ斯克斯·德とく·科か罗纳多おお（Francisco Vázquez de Coronado）率りつ人じん圍かこえ攻おさむMoho Pueblo，經過けいか長ちょう達たち數すう月がつ的てき圍かこえ困こま，他た們殺害さつがい了りょう200個こ试图逃走とうそう的てき原住民げんじゅうみん战士。 Sauer, C. Sixteenth Century North America, p. 141. Flint, R., No Settlement, No Conquest, pp. 144–153.
1599 1.22–1.24 Acoma屠ほふ杀 報復ほうふく性せい殺害さつがい11名めい西にし班はん牙きば士し兵へい,。Juan de Oñate懲罰ちょうばつ性せい出征しゅっせい土ど著ちょ，在ざいAcoma Pueblo戰せん鬥3天てん， 殺ころせ死し約やく800人にん。西にし班はん牙きば國王こくおう 腓こむら力りょく二に世せい 爲ため此懲罰ばつ了りょうOñate[11] Weber, D., The Spanish Frontier in North America, pp. 85–86.
1601 Sandia Mountains事件じけん 西にし班はん牙きば軍隊ぐんたい摧毀了りょう新しん墨すみ西にし哥州Sandia Mountains的てき3個こ印しるし第だい安やす村莊そんそう。據よりどころ西にし班はん牙きば的てき资料記載きさい，有ゆう900名めいTompiro族ぞく原住民げんじゅうみん被ひ殺害さつがい。 [12]
1610 8.9 Paspahegh屠ほふ杀 Thomas West, 3rd Baron De La Warr
（特とく拉ひしげ华勋爵）派は70人にん袭击Paspahegh原住民げんじゅうみん。他た们毁掉了该族人じん在ざい詹姆士し顿附近ふきん的てき主要しゅよう村むら庄しょう，杀了大だい约16-65人にん。村むら长的妻子さいし和子わこ女おんな也被抓つめ住じゅう并处决了。
1622 3.22 Indian massacre of 1622
(詹姆士し顿屠ほふ杀)		 在ざい弗どる吉よし尼に亞あ，Powhatan (Pamunkey)族ぞく殺ころせ死し347名めい英國えいこく人じん，約やく佔當地ち英國えいこく移民いみん总数的てき三さん分ふん之の一いち。 [13]
1623 5.12 Pamunkey Peace Talks 英國えいこく人じん在ざい“和談わだん會議かいぎ”上じょう鴆殺Powhatan族ぞく頭あたま人じん，共きょう約やく200人にん，用よう暴力ぼうりょく打だ死し50名めい土ど著ちょ. Steele, I., Warpaths, p. 47.
1637 5.26 Mystic Massacre In the Pequot War, English colonists commanded by John Mason, with Mohegan and Narragansett allies, launched a night attack on a large Pequot village on the Mystic River in present-day Connecticut, where they burned the inhabitants in their homes and killed all survivors, for total fatalities of about 600–700. Cave, A., The Pequot War, pp. 144–154.
1643 February 25 Pavonia Massacre In 1643 the Mohawk attacked a band of Wappinger and Tappan, who fled to New Amsterdam seeking the protection of New Netherland governor, William Kieft. Kieft dispersed them to Pavonia[14] and Corlears Hook. They were later attacked, 129 being killed. This prompted the beginning of Kieft's War, driven by mercenary John Underhill.[15][16] [17]
1643 August Massacre of Anne Hutchinson and her family As part of Kieft's War in New Netherland, near the Split Rock (now northeastern Bronx in New York City), local Lenape (or Siwanoy) killed Anne Hutchinson, six of her children, a son-in-law, and as many as seven others (servants). Susanna, one of Hutchinson's daughters, was taken captive and lived with the natives for several years. LaPlante, E., American Jezebel, p. 231.
1644 March Pound Ridge Massacre As part of Kieft's War in New Netherland, at present day Pound Ridge, New York, John Underhill, hired by the Dutch, attacked and burned a sleeping village of Lenape, killing about 500 Indians. Steele, I., Warpaths, p. 116.
Trelease, A., Indian Affairs in Colonial New York; The Seventeenth Century, pp. 79–80.
1655 September 11–15 Peach Tree War In retaliation for Director-General of New Netherland Peter Stuyvesant's attacks to their trading partners and allies at New Sweden, united bands of natives attacked Pavonia, Staten Island, Colen Donck and other areas of New Netherland.
1675 September 18 Bloody Brook Massacre During King Philip's War, Indian warriors killed 60 soldiers of Deerfield, Massachusetts. [18]
1675 December 19 Great Swamp Massacre
(Great Swamp Fight)		 Colonial militia attacked a Narragansett fort near South Kingston, Rhode Island. At least 40 warriors were killed and 300 women, children and elder men burnt in the village. [19]
1676 March 26 Nine Men's Misery During King Philip's War, warriors subjected nine captive soldiers to ritual torture and death. [20]
1676 May 10 Turner Falls Massacre
(Battle of Turner's Falls)		 Captain William Turner and 150 militia volunteers attacked a fishing Indian camp at present-day Turner Falls, Massachusetts. At least 100 women and children were killed in the attack. [21]
1676 July 2 Rhode Island Militia volunteers under Major Talcott attacked a band of Narragansetts on Rhode Island, killing 34 men and 92 women and children. [22]
1680 August 10 Pueblo Revolt Pueblo warriors killed 380 Spanish settlers, and drove other Spaniards from New Mexico. [23]
1689 August 5 Lachine massacre 1,500 Mohawk warriors attacked the small settlement of Lachine, New France and killed more than 90 of the village's 375 French residents, following widespread French attacks on Mohawk villages in present-day New York. [24]
1689 Zia Pueblo Governor Jironza de Cruzate destroyed the pueblo of Zia, New Mexico. 600 Indians were killed and 70 survivors enslaved. [25]
1690 February 8 Schenectady Massacre As part of the Beaver Wars, French and Algonquins destroyed Schenectady, New York, killing 60 Dutch and English settlers, including ten women and at least twelve children. [26]
1704 Apalachee Massacre Former Carolinia Governor James Moore launched a series of brutal attacks on the Apalachee villages of Northern Florida. They killed 1000 Apalachees and enslaved at least 2000 survivors. [27]
1704 February 29 Deerfield Massacre During Queen Anne's War, a force composed of Abenaki, Kanienkehaka, Wyandot and Pocumtuck, led by a small contingent of French-Canadian militia, sacked the town of Deerfield, Massachusetts, killing 56 civilians and taking more than 100 as captives. [28]
1713 March 20–23 Fort Neoheroka Militia volunteers and Indian allies under Colonel James Moore attacked Ft. Neoheroka, the main stronghold of the Tuscarora Indians. 200 Tuscaroras were burned to death in the village and 900–1000 others were subsequently killed or captured. [29][30]
1729 November 28 Natchez Massacre Natchez Indians attacked French settlements near present-day Natchez, Mississippi, killing more than 200 French colonists. [31]
1757 August 9 Battle of Fort William Henry Following the fall of Fort William Henry during the Seven Years' War, Indians allied with the French killed between 70 and 180 British and colonial prisoners. [32]
1759 October 4 St. Francis Raid During the Seven Years' War, in retaliation for the rumored murder of a captured Stockbridge man and detention of Captain Quinten Kennedy of the Rogers' Rangers, Major Robert Rogers led a party of approximately 150 English regulars, volunteers and Mahican into the village of Odanak, Quebec. They killed up to 30 Abenaki people, among them women and children, as confirmed via conflicting reports. [33]
1763 September 14 Devil's Hole Massacre During the Seven Years' War, Seneca allied with the French attacked a British supply train and soldiers just south of Fort Niagara. They killed 21 teamsters from the supply train and 81 soldiers who attempted to rescue the train. [34]
1763 December Killings by the Paxton Boys In response to Pontiac's Rebellion, frontier Pennsylvania settlers killed 20 peaceful Susquehannock. [35][36][37]
1764 July 26 Enoch Brown School Massacre Four Delaware killed a schoolmaster, 10 pupils and a pregnant woman. Two pupils were scalped but survived. [37]
1774 April 30 Yellow Creek Massacre Daniel Greathouse killed members of Chief Logan's family. [38]
1777 September 26 The Grave Creek Massacre A milita company under Captain William Foreman is ambushed and killed by Indians south of Wheeling, West Virginia. [來らい源みなもと請求せいきゅう]
1778 July 3 Battle of Wyoming During the American Revolutionary War, following a battle with rebel defenders of Forty Fort, Iroquois allies of Loyalist forces hunted and killed those who fled; they were later accused of using ritual torture to kill those soldiers who surrendered. These claims were denied by Iroquois and British leaders at the time. [39][40][41]
August 31 Stockbridge Massacre A battle of the American Revolutionary War that rebel propaganda portrayed as a massacre. [42]
November 11 Cherry Valley Massacre British and Seneca forces attacked the fort and village at Cherry Valley, New York, killing 16 rebel troops and more than 30 settlers. [43]
1781 September 1 Dietz Massacre During the Revolution, Iroquois allied with the British attacked the home of Johannes Dietz, Berne, New York, killing and scalping Dietz, his wife, their daughter-in-law, four children of their son's family, and a servant girl. [44][45]
1782 March 8 Gnadenhütten massacre During the Revolution, Pennsylvania militiamen massacred nearly 100 non-combatant Christian Lenape, mostly women and children; they killed and scalped all but two young boys. [46][47]
1782 May 10 Corbly Family Massacre During the Revolution, Indians allied with the British attacked the family of John Corbly, a Christian minister in Greene County, Pennsylvania. His wife and three of their children were killed; and two daughters were scalped, but survived. The Reverend Corbly escaped. Daughters of the American Revolution Magazine, R.R. Bowker Co., 1925, Item notes: v. 59 1925 January–June p. 234
1812 August 15 Fort Dearborn Massacre
(Battle of Fort Dearborn)		 During the War of 1812, Indians allied with the British killed American soldiers and settlers evacuating Fort Dearborn (site of present-day Chicago, Illinois). In all, 26 soldiers, two officers, two women and 12 children, and 12 trappers and settlers hired as scouts, were killed. [48]
September 10 Zimmer Massacre During the War of 1812, four settlers were killed in an attack believed to be by aggrieved Lenape, in Ashland County, Ohio. Howe, Henry., Howe's Historical Collections of Ohio, Volume 1 .pp. 257–258, 1907
September 15 Copus Massacre During the War of 1812, Northwest Indians attacked the Ashland County, Ohio homestead of Rev. James Copus, killing three militiamen and one settler; and wounding two militiamen and a settler's daughter; settlers killed two Indians. Howe, Henry., Howe's Historical Collections of Ohio, Volume 1 .pp. 258–259, 1907
1813 January 22 River Raisin Massacre During the War of 1812, Indians allied with the British killed between 30 and 60 Kentucky militia after their surrender. [49]
August 18 Dilbone Massacre During the War of 1812, an Indian allegedly killed three settlers (David Garrard and Henry Dilbone and wife) in Miami County, Ohio. Settlers later killed the Indian they suspected of the murders. Sutton, R., The History of Shelby County Ohio, p. 122 published 1883
August 30 Fort Mims Massacre After Creek were attacked by US forces in the Battle of Burnt Corn (which the Creek won), a band of Red Sticks sacked Fort Mims, Alabama, killing 400 civilians and taking 250 scalps. This action brought the US into the internal Creek War, at the same time as the War of 1812. [50]
November 18 Hillabee Massacre Tennessee troops under General White launched a dawn attacked on an unsuspecting Creek town (the village leaders were engaged in peace negotiations with General Andrew Jackson). About 65 Creek Indians were shot or bayoneted. [51]
November 29 Autossee Massacre
(Battle of Autossee)		 Georgia Militia General Floyd attacked a Creek town on Tallapoosa River, in Macon County, Alabama, killing 200 Indians before setting the village afire. [52]
1818 April 22 Chehaw Affair During the First Seminole War, U.S. troops attacked a non-hostile Muscogee village, killing an estimated 10 to 50 men, women and children. [53]
1824 March 22 Fall Creek Massacre Six settlers in Madison County, Indiana killed and robbed eight Seneca. One suspect escaped trial and another was a witness at subsequent trial. Of those charged with murder, one man was hanged January 12, 1825, and two were hanged June 2, 1825. The last defendant was pardoned at the last minute. Wikipedia Article
1826 Dressing Point Massacre A posse of Anglo-Texan settlers massacred a large community of Karankawa Indians near the mouth of the Colorado River in Matagorda Co., Texas. Between 40 and 50 Karankawas were killed. [22][54]
1862 林はやし肯总统的命令めいれい 林はやし肯总统下令れい绞死了りょう38个明尼あま苏达曼卡托たく地区ちく的てき达可它人苏语部落ぶらく的てき38个酋长。这些被ひ绞死的てき人じん大だい部分ぶぶん都と是ぜ他た们部落ぶらく的てき神かみ职人员和政治せいじ领袖。

參まいり見み[编辑]

參考さんこう資料しりょう[编辑]

  1. ^ 美び洲しゅう的てき假かり歷史れきし敘事：「種族しゅぞく大だい屠殺とさつ」如何いか變成へんせい「地理ちり大だい發現はつげん」？. [2019-08-12]. （原始げんし内容ないよう存そん档于2020-08-04）. 
  2. ^ Benjamin Madley. An American Genocide: The United States and the California Indian Catastrophe, 1846-1873. Yale University Press. 2016: 11,351. ISBN 9780300182170. 
  3. ^ 还好意思いし污蔑中国ちゅうごく“种族灭绝”？！自己じこ啥历史し忘了吗？. 湖北こほく日び报网. 共きょう青あお团中央ちゅうおう. 2021-02-21 [2021-07-06]. （原始げんし内容ないよう存そん档于2021-07-09）. 
  4. ^ 责编：李り锋. 美国びくに竟用一个世纪屠杀印第安人？！. 中国ちゅうごく网络电视台だい. 2010-11-19 [2021-07-06]. （原始げんし内容ないよう存そん档于2021-07-09）. 
  5. ^ Kappler, Charles J. Indian Affairs. Laws and Treaties. (PDF). II (TREATIES.). Washington: Government Printing Office. 1904 [2021-08-14]. （原始げんし内容ないよう存そん档 (PDF)于2021-07-19）. 
  6. ^ Owens, Robert M. Mr. Jefferson's Hammer: William Henry Harrison and the Origins of American Indian Policy. Norman, Oklahoma: University of Oklahoma Press. 2007. ISBN 978-0-8061-3842-8. 
  7. ^ Rutland, Robert A. The Presidency of James Madison. Univ. Press of Kansas. 1990. ISBN 978-0-7006-0465-4. 
  8. ^ Green, Michael D. The Politics of Indian Removal (Paperback). University of Nebraska Press. 1982 [2021-08-14]. ISBN 978-0-8032-7015-2. （原始げんし内容ないよう存そん档于2021-03-08） （英えい语）. 
  9. ^ Landry, Alysa. James Madison: Pushed Intermarriage Between Settlers and Indians. indiancountrytoday.com. January 26, 2016 [April 25, 2020]. （原始げんし内容ないよう存そん档于2020-12-04）. 
  10. ^ "De Soto's Trail: Courage and Cruelty Come Alive"
  11. ^ "Conquistador Statue Stirs Hispanic Pride and Indian Rage"
  12. ^ Riley, Carroll, L., Rio del Norte: People of the Upper Rio Grande from Earliest Times to the Pueblo Revolt, University of Utah Press, 2007, p. 252, ISBN 978-0-87480-496-6
  13. ^ Jamestown: Legacy of the Massacre of 1622 | Americans at War: 1500–1815 Summary. [2012-06-04]. （原始げんし内容ないよう存そん档于2013-01-02）. 
  14. ^ Wm Kieft and Pavonia. [2012-06-04]. （原始げんし内容ないよう存そん档于2013-01-03）. 
  15. ^ Winkler, David F. Revisiting the Attack on Pavonia. New Jersey Historical Society. 1998. 
  16. ^ Beck, Sanderson. New Netherland and Stuyvesant 1642–64. 2006 [2012-06-04]. （原始げんし内容ないよう存そん档于2015-04-23）. 
  17. ^ Churchill 1997, p. 198
  18. ^ Find A Grave website. [2012-06-04]. （原始げんし内容ないよう存そん档于2016-03-10）. 
  19. ^ Ellis, George W., Morris, John E., King Philip's war, Grafton Historical Series, The Grafton Press, 1906, pp. 152–155
  20. ^ [Nine Men's Misery]
  21. ^ Mandell, Daniel R., King Philp's war: the conflict over New England, Chelsea House Publishers, 2007, p. 100, ISBN 978-0-7910-9346-7
  22. ^ 22.0 22.1 Kiernan 2007, p. 239
  23. ^ Resistance and Accommodation in New Mexico. [2012-06-04]. （原始げんし内容ないよう存そん档于2007-09-07）. 
  24. ^ George, Charles; Douglas Roberts. A History of Canada. Boston: The Page Company (no copyright in the United States). 1897: 93–94 [2012-06-04]. （原始げんし内容ないよう存そん档于2012-11-13）. 
  25. ^ Preucel, Robert W. , Archaeologies of the Pueblo revolt: identity, meaning, and renewal in the Pueblo world, University of New Mexico Press, 2007, p. 56, ISBN 978-0-8263-2247-0
  26. ^ Konstantin 2002, p. 33
  27. ^ Gallay 2003, pp. 147–148
  28. ^ Konstantin 2002, p. 48
  29. ^ Gallay 2003, p. 284
  30. ^ Read, Milton , The tar heel state: a history of North Carolina, University of South Carolina Press, 2005, pp. 36–37, ISBN 978-1-57003-591-3
  31. ^ Barnett, James F., The Natchez Indians: a history to 1735, University Press of Mississipi, 2007, p. 105, ISBN 978-1-57806-988-0
  32. ^ Konstantin 2002, p. 224
  33. ^ Bruchac, Marge, 存そん档副本ふくほん (PDF). [2008-09-30]. （原始げんし内容ないよう (PDF)存そん档于2008-09-13）.  Reading Abenaki Traditions and European Records of Rogers' Raid], August 2006, pp. 3–4
  34. ^ Konstantin 2002, p. 260
  35. ^ Taylor, Alan, American Colonies, New York: Viking Press, 2001
  36. ^ "A Narrative of the Late Massacres..." （页面存そん档备份，存そん于互联网档案あん馆）, Benjamin Franklin's account of the massacre and criticism of the Paxton Boys
  37. ^ 37.0 37.1 "A Disquisition Portraying the History Relative to the Enoch Brown Incident" （页面存そん档备份，存そん于互联网档案あん馆）, Greencastle Museum
  38. ^ Konstantin 2002, p. 106
  39. ^ Konstantin 2002, p. 181
  40. ^ Pennsylvania Historical and Museum Commission | The Battle of Wyoming and Hartley's Expedition. [2012-06-04]. （原始げんし内容ないよう存そん档于2012-02-19）. 
  41. ^ Wallace, Paul A. W., Indians in Pennsylvania （页面存そん档备份，存そん于互联网档案あん馆）, Pennsylvania Historical & Museum Commission, 2007, 200 pages, pp. 162–164, ISBN 978-0-89271-017-1
  42. ^ Konstantin 2002, p. 246
  43. ^ Konstantin 2002, p. 321
  44. ^ Priest, Josiah, Stories of the Revolution, first published 1836
  45. ^ Dietz Massacre. [2012-06-04]. （原始げんし内容ないよう存そん档于2008-02-15）. 
  46. ^ Tuscarawas. [2012-06-04]. （原始げんし内容ないよう存そん档于2008-03-13）. 
  47. ^ Konstantin 2002, p. 57
  48. ^ Konstantin 2002, p. 231
  49. ^ Konstantin 2002, p. 20
  50. ^ Konstantin 2002, p. 245
  51. ^ Heidler D.S., Heidler J.T., Encyclopedia of the War of 1812, Naval Institute Press, 2004, p. 239, ISBN 978-0-87436-968-7
  52. ^ McKenney, T.L., Indian Tribes of America, Applewood Books, 2010, p. 307, ISBN 978-1-4290-2265-1
  53. ^ Andrew Jackson Learns of the Chehaw Affair （页面存そん档备份，存そん于互联网档案あん馆） The Gilder Lehrman Institute of American History
  54. ^ Himmel 1999, p. 50


种族灭绝
列れつ表ひょう(按死亡しぼう人数にんずう分ぶん类)（英えい语：List of genocides by death toll）
种族清きよし洗あらい
术语
方式ほうしき
否いや认论（英えい语：Genocide denial）
议题
取と自じ“https://zh.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=印しるし第だい安やす大だい屠殺とさつ列れつ表ひょう&oldid=81764511”