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原始げんし印歐語いんおうご數詞すうし

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查看维基词典中なか的てき词条「en:Category:Proto-Indo-European numerals」或ある「原始げんし印しるし歐おう數詞すうし目錄もくろく」。

原始げんし印歐語いんおうご數詞すうし已やめ經けい被ひ現代げんだい語ご言げん學がく家か基もと于跨越えつ所有しょゆう印歐語いんおうご系けい語かたり言げん所しょ找到的てき相似そうじ性せい而重構了。本文ほんぶん列れつ出で并討論ろん它們的てき假定かてい形式けいしき。

基數きすう

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基數きすう重じゅう構如下か:

數かず 重じゅう構(Sihler)[1] 重じゅう構(Beekes)[2]
1 *Hoi-no-/*Hoi-wo-/*Hoi-k(ʷ)o-; *sem- *Hoi(H)nos
2 *d(u)wo- *duoh₁
3 *trei- (完全かんぜん等級とうきゅう) / *tri- (零れい等級とうきゅう) *treies
4 *kʷetwor- (o-等級とうきゅう) / *kʷetur- (零れい等級とうきゅう)
(參まいり見みkʷetwóres規則きそく) 		*kʷetuōr
5 *penkʷe *penkʷe
6 *s(w)eḱs; 最初さいしょ可能かのう是ぜ *weḱs *(s)uéks
7 *septm̥ *séptm
8 *oḱtō, *oḱtou 或ある *h₃eḱtō, *h₃eḱtou *h₃eḱteh₃
9 *(h₁)newn̥ *(h₁)néun
10 *deḱm̥(t) *déḱmt
20 *wīḱm̥t-; 最初さいしょ可能かのう是ぜ *widḱomt- *duidḱmti
30 *trīḱomt-; 最初さいしょ可能かのう是ぜ *tridḱomt- *trih₂dḱomth₂
40 *kʷetwr̥̄ḱomt-; 最初さいしょ可能かのう是ぜ *kʷetwr̥dḱomt- *kʷeturdḱomth₂
50 *penkʷēḱomt-; 最初さいしょ可能かのう是ぜ *penkʷedḱomt- *penkʷedḱomth₂
60 *s(w)eḱsḱomt-; 最初さいしょ可能かのう是ぜ *weḱsdḱomt- *ueksdḱomth₂
70 *septm̥̄ḱomt-; 最初さいしょ可能かのう是ぜ *septm̥dḱomt- *septmdḱomth₂
80 *oḱtō(u)ḱomt-; 最初さいしょ可能かのう是ぜ *h₃eḱto(u)dḱomt- *h₃eḱth₃dḱomth₂
90 *(h₁)newn̥̄ḱomt-; 最初さいしょ可能かのう是ぜ *h₁newn̥dḱomt- *h₁neundḱomth₂
100 *ḱm̥tom; 最初さいしょ可能かのう是ぜ *dḱm̥tom *dḱmtóm
1000 *ǵʰeslo-; *tusdḱomti (最初さいしょ是ぜ“巨大きょだい的てき數すう”) *ǵʰes-l-

其他重じゅう構典型がた的てき同どう Beekes 和わ Sihler 有ゆう輕微けいび的てき差異さい(例れい如 Fortson[3])。

元素げんそ *-dḱomt- (在ざい數すう20到いた90中ちゅう)和わ *dḱm̥t- (在ざい100中ちゅう)是ぜ在ざい假定かてい這些數すう為ため *deḱm̥(t)“10”的てき派生はせい詞し的てき假定かてい上じょう重じゅう構的。

Lehmann[4] 相あい信しんじ大だい于10的てき數すう都と是ぜ在ざい方言ほうげん群ぐん組ぐみ中ちゅう獨立どくりつ構造こうぞう的てき而 *ḱm̥tóm 最初さいしょ意味いみ著ちょ“一いち個こ大數たいすう”而非特とく指ゆび100。

數すう的てき性せい

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數すう3和わ4有ゆう帶たい有ゆう后きさき綴つづり *-s(o)r- 的てき陰性いんせい形式けいしき，分別ふんべつ重じゅう構為 *t(r)i-sr- 和わ *kʷetwr̥-sr-。[3]

數かず作為さくい前ぜん綴つづり

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特殊とくしゅ形式けいしき的てき數すう被ひ用作ようさく前ぜん綴つづり，通常つうじょう用よう來らい形成けいせい bahuvrihi 復ふく合あい(比ひ如英語ご中ちゅう的てき“five-fingered”):

數かず 前ぜん綴つづり(Fortson)[5]
1- (together, same) *sm̥-
2- *dwi-
3- *tri-
4- *kʷ(e)tru- 或ある *kʷetwr̥-

序じょ數すう

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序じょ數すう是ぜ難なん于構造こうぞう的てき，由ゆかり于它們在后きさき代だい語ご言げん中ちゅう是ぜ各種かくしゅ各樣かくよう的てき。下した列れつ重じゅう構是試ためし探さがせ性的せいてき:[6]

  • “第だい1”在ざい用よう *pr̥h₃-(有ゆう關せき於某種しゅ副詞ふくし含義“forth, forward, front”和わ小しょう品詞ひんし *prō“forth”，因いん此最初はつ意味いみ著ちょ“foremost”或ある類似るいじ含義)加か上じょう各種かくしゅ后きさき綴つづり如 *-wo-, *-mo- 來らい形成けいせい。
  • “第だい2”在ざい后きさき代だい語ご言げん使用しよう了りょう范圍廣こう泛的各種かくしゅ表ひょう達たち，經常けいじょう無關むせき於數2的てき詞し，所以ゆえん不能ふのう重じゅう構出 PIE 形式けいしき。
  • “第だい3”到いた“第だい6”被ひ通過つうか向こう基數きすう加か上じょう后きさき綴つづり *-t(ó)- 來らい形成けいせい: *tr̥-t(ó)- / *tri-t(ó)-“第だい三さん”等とう。
  • “第だい7”到いた“第だい10”被ひ通過つうか向こう基數きすう增加ぞうか thematic 元もと音おと *-ó- 來らい形成けいせい: *oḱtow-ó-“第だい八はち”等とう。

結尾けつび於音節ぶし主音しゅおん鼻音びおん的てき基數きすう(7，9，10)在ざい thematic 元もと音おと前ぜん插入そうにゅう第だい二に個こ鼻音びおん，導しるべ致了后きさき綴つづり *-mó- 和わ *-nó-。這些后きさき綴つづり和わ后きさき綴つづり *-t(ó)- 擴散かくさん到いた了りょう臨近的てき序じょ數すう，例れい如吠陀べーだ梵語ぼんご aṣṭamá-“第だい八はち”和わ立たて陶すえ宛あて語ご deviñtas“第だい九きゅう”。

反映はんえい

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基數きすう的てき反映はんえい

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數かず 重じゅう構(Sihler) 反映はんえい
1 *Hoi-no- Alb. një/nji, Lith. vien-as, vienet-as, Latv. viens, Gaul. oinos, Gm. ein/eins, Eng. ān/one, Gk. oios, Av. aēuua, Ir. óin/aon, Kashmiri akh, Lat. ūnus, Kamviri ev, Osc. uinus, OCS edinŭ, ON einn, OPruss. aīns, Osset. iu/ieu, Pers. aiva/yek, Pol. jeden, Roman. unu, Russ. odin, Skr. eka, Umbr. uns, Goth. ains, Welsh un
*sem- Arm. mi/mek/meg, Alb. gjithë, Lith. sa, sav-as, Eng. sum/some, Gm. saman/zusammen, Gk. heis, Hitt. san, Av. hakeret, Ir. samail/samhail, Lat. semel, Lyc. sñta, Kamviri sâ~, Pers. hama/hamin, Russ. sam, Skr. sakṛt, Toch. sas/ṣe, Welsh hafal, ON sami, Goth. sama
2 *du(w)o- Luv. tuwi-, Ved. dvā(u), Av. duua, Gk. dúō, Lat. duō, Goth. twai, Welsh dau, Arm. erkow, TochA. wu, Lith. dù, OCS dŭva,[3]

Hitt. dā-, Lyc. tuwa, Pers. duva/do, Osset. dyuuæ/duuæ, Kashmiri zū', Kamviri dü, Osc. dus, Umbr. tuf, ON tveir, Eng. twā/two, Gm. zwêne/zwei, Gaul. vo, Ir. dá/dó, TochB. wi, OPruss. dwāi, Latv. divi, Pol. dwa, Russ. dva, Alb. dy/dy

3 *trei- Hitt. teriyaš (gen. pl.), Ved. tráyas, Av. θしーたrāiiō, Gk. treĩs, Lat. trēs, Goth. þreis, Welsh tri, Arm. erek῾, TochA. tre, Lith. trỹs, OCS trije,[3]

Lyc. trei, Pers. çi/se, Osset. ærtæ/ærtæ, Kashmiri tre, Kamviri tre, Osc. trís, Umbr. trif, ON þrír, Eng. þrēo/three, Gm. drī/drei, Gaul. treis, Ir. treí/trí, TochB. trai, OPruss. tri, Latv. trīs, Pol. trzy, Russ. tri, Alb. tre/tre, Illyrian tri-, Phrygian thri-

4 *kʷetwor- Ved. catvāras, Av. caθしーたuuārō, Gk. téttares, Lat. quattuor, Goth. fidwor, Welsh pedwar, Arm. čork῾, TochA. śtwar, Lith. keturì, OCS četyre,[3]

Lyc. teteri, Pers. /čahār, Osset. cyppar/cuppar, Kashmiri tsor, Kamviri što, Osc. petora, Umbr. petor, ON fjórir, Eng. fēower/four, Gm. feor/vier, Gaul. petor, Ir. cethir/ceathair, TochB. śtwer, OPruss. keturjāi, Latv. četri, Pol. cztery, Russ. četyre, Alb. katër/katër, Thracian ketri-

5 *pénkʷe Ved. pañca, Av. panca, Gk. pénte, Lat. quīnque, Goth. fimf, Welsh pump, Arm. hing, TochA. päñ, Lith. penkì, OCS pętĭ,[3]

Luwian panta, Pers. panča/panj, Osset. fondz/fondz, Kashmiri pā.~tsh Kamviri puč, Osc. pompe, Umbr. pumpe, ON fimm, Eng. fīf/five, Gm. fimf/fünf, Gaul. pempe, Ir. cóic/cúig, TochB. piś, OPruss. pēnkjāi, Latv. pieci, Pol. pięć, Russ. pjat', Alb. pesë/pesë, Phrygian pinke

6 *s(w)eḱs Ved. ṣáṭ, Av. xšuuaš, Gk. héks, Lat. sex, Goth. saíhs, Welsh chwech, Arm. vec῾, TochA. ṣäk, Lith. šešì, OCS šestĭ,[3]

Pers. /šeš, Osset. æxsæz/æxsæz, Kashmiri śe, Kamviri ṣu, Osc. sehs, Umbr. sehs, ON sex, Eng. siex/six, Gm. sēhs/sechs, Gaul. suex, Ir. sé/sé, TochB. ṣkas, OPruss. usjai, Latv. seši, Pol. sześć, Russ. šest', Alb. gjashtë, Illyrian ses-

7 *septm̥ Ved. saptá, Av. hapta, Gk. heptá, Lat. septem, Goth. sibun, Welsh saith, Arm. ewt῾n, TochA. ṣpät, Lith. septynì, OCS sedmĭ,[3]

Hitt. šipta-, Pers. /haft, Osset. avd/avd, Kashmiri sath, Kamviri sut, Osc. seften, ON sjau, Eng. seofon/seven, Gm. sibun/sieben, OPruss. septīnjai, Gaul. sextan, Ir. secht/seacht, TochB. ṣukt, Latv. septiņi, Pol. siedem, Russ. sem', Alb. shtatë/shtatë

8 *h₃eḱtō Ved. aṣṭā(u), Av. ašta, Gk. oktō, Lat. octō, Goth. ahtau, Welsh wyth, Arm. owt῾, TochA. okät, Lith. aštuonì, OCS osmĭ,[3]

Lyc. aitãta-, Pers. ašta/hašt, Osset. ast/ast, Kashmiri ā.ṭh, Kamviri uṣṭ, Osc. uhto, ON átta, Eng. eahta/eight, Gm. ahto/acht, Gaul. oxtū, Ir. ocht/ocht, TochB. okt, OPruss. astōnjai, Latv. astoņi, Pol. osiem, Russ. vosem', Alb. tëte/tetë

9 *(h₁)newn̥ Ved. nava, Av. nauua, Gk. enné(w)a, Lat. novem, Goth. niun, Welsh naw, Arm. inn, TochA. ñu, Lith. devynì, OCS devętĭ,[3]

Lyc. ñuñtãta-, Pers. nava/noh, Kashmiri nav, Kamviri nu, Osc. nuven, Umbr. nuvim, ON níu, Eng. nigon/nine, Gm. niun/neun, Gaul. navan, Ir. nói/naoi, OPruss. newīnjai, Latv. deviņi, Pol. dziewięć, Russ. devjat', Alb. nëntë/nândë

10 *deḱm̥(t) Ved. dáśa, Av. dasa, Gk. déka, Lat. decem, Goth. taíhun, Welsh deg, Arm. tasn, TochA. śäk, Lith. dẽšimt, OCS desętĭ,[3]

Pers. daθしーたa/dah, Osset. dæs/dæs, Kashmiri da.h, Kamviri duc,Osc. deken, Umbr. desem, ON tíu, Eng. tīen/ten, Gm. zēhen/zehn, Gaul. decam, Ir. deich/deich, TochB. śak, OPruss. desīmtan, Latv. desmit, Pol. dziesięć, Russ. desjat', Alb. dhjetë/dhetë, Dacian dece-

20 *wīḱm̥t- Ved. viṁśatí-, Av. vīsaiti, Doric wíkati, Lat. vīgintī, M. Welsh ugein(t), Arm. k῾san, TochA. wiki,[3]

Pers. /bēst, Kashmiri vuh, Kamviri vici, Gaul. vocontio, Ir. fiche/fiche, TochB. ikäṃ, Lith. dvi-de-šimt, Alb. njëzet/njizet

30 *trīḱomt- Skr. triṅśat, Gk. triákonta, Lat. trīgintā, Ir. /tríocha, Lith. tris-de-šimt
40 *kʷetwr̥̄ḱomt- Skr. catvāriṅśat, Gk. tessarákonta, Lat. quadrāgintā, Lith. keturias-de-šimt
50 *penkʷēḱomt- Skr. pañcāśat, Gk. pentêkonta, Lat. quinquāgintā, Ir. /caoga, Lith. penkias-de-šimt
60 *s(w)eḱsḱomt- Skr. ṣaṣṭih, Gk. exêkonta, Lat. sexāgintā, Ir. /seasca, Lith. šešias-de-šimt, Russ. šest'desjat
70 *septm̥̄ḱomt- Skr. saptatih, Gk. heptákonta, Lat. septuāgintā, Ir. /seachtó, Lith. septynias-de-šimt, Russ. sem'desjat
80 *h₃eḱtō(u)ḱomt- Skr. aśītih, Gk. ogdôkonta, Lat. octāgintā, Ir. /ochtó, Lith. aštuonias-de-šimt, Russ. vosem'desjat
90 *(h₁)newn̥̄ḱomt- Skr. navatih, Gk. ennenêkonta, Lat. nonāgintā, Ir. /nócha, Lith. devynias-de-šimt, Russ. devjanosto
100 *ḱm̥tom Ved. śatám, Av. satəm, Gk. hekatón, Lat. centum, Goth. hund, Welsh cant, TochA. känt, Lith. šim̃tas, OCS sŭto,[3]

Pers. /sad, Osset. sædæ, Kashmiri śath, ON hundrað, Eng. hundred/hundred, Gm. hunt/hundert, Gaul. cantam, Ir. cét/céad, TochB. kante, Latv. simts, Pol. sto, Russ. sto/sotnja

1000 *(sm̥-)ǵʰéslo- Skr. sahasram, Av. hazarəm, Pers. /hāzar, Gk. khilioi, Lat. mīlle, Toch. wälts/yaltse
*tusdḱomti ON þúsund, Goth. þusundi, Eng. þusend/thousand, Gm. þūsunt/tausend, Toch. tumane/tmām, Lith. tūkst-ant-is, stūks-ant-is, Latv. tūkstots, OCS tysǫšti, Pol. tysiąc, Russ. tysjača

在ざい下した列れつ語ご言げん中ちゅう，用よう斜はす杠ゆずりは分ぶん隔へだた的てき兩個りゃんこ反映はんえい意味いみ著ちょ:

陰性いんせい數すう的てき反映はんえい

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數かず 重じゅう構 反映はんえい[3]
3 *t(r)i-sr- Ved. tisrás, Av. tišrō, Gaul. tidres, Ir. teoir/?
4 *kʷetwr̥-sr- Ved. cátasras, Av. cataŋrō, Ir. cetheoir/?

數すう前ぜん綴つづり的てき反映はんえい

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數かず 重じゅう構 反映はんえい(通過つうか例れい子こ)[5][7]
1- (together, same) *sm̥- Ved. sa-kŕ̥t "once", Gk. há-ploos "one-fold, simple", Lat. sim-plex "one-fold"
2- *dwi- Ved. dvi-pád- "two-footed", Gk. dí-pod- "two-footed", Archaic Lat. dui-dent "a sacrifical animal with two teeth"
3- *tri- Ved. tri-pád- "three-footed", Gk. trí-pod- "three-footed (table)", Lat. tri-ped- "three-footed", Gaul. tri-garanus "having three cranes"
4- *kʷ(e)tru- Ved. cátuṣ-pád- "four-footed", Av. caθしーたru-gaoša- "four-eared", Gk. tetrá-pod- "four-footed", Lat. quadru-ped- "four-footed"

序じょ數すう的てき反映はんえい

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數かず 重じゅう構 反映はんえい
第だい1 *pr̥h₃-wó- Ved. pūrviyá-, OCS prĭvŭ[6]
*pr̥h₃-mó- Goth. fruma, Lith. pìrmas[6]
其他形式けいしき Lat. prīmus, Eng. fyrst/first,[6]

Hitt. para, Lyc. pri, Av. pairi, vienet-as, paoiriia, Osset. fyccag, farast/farast, Kamviri pürük, Gk. prōtos, Osc. perum, Umbr. pert, Roman. primul, ON fyrstr, Gm. furist/Fürst "prince, ruler"; fruo/früh "early", Ir. er/air, Welsh ar, Toch. parwät/parwe, OPruss. pariy, Latv. pirmais, Pol. pierwszy, Russ. pervyj, Alb. i parë

第だい2 *dwo-teró- Skr. dvitīya, Gk. deúteros, Lith. ant(a)ras Russ. vtoroj
第だい3 *tri-tó- Ved. tr̥tīya-, Gk. trítos, Lat. tertius[6]

Lith. trečias < *tretias Russ. tretij

第だい4 *kʷetwr̥-tó- Gk. tétartos, Eng. feorþa/fourth, OCS četvirĭtŭ[6]

Lat. quartus, Lith. ketvirtas, Russ. chetvjortyj

第だい5 *penkʷ-tó- Av. puxδでるたa-, Gk. pémptos[6]

Lat. quintus, Lith. penktas, Russ. pjatyj

第だい6 *sweḱs-tó- Gk. héktos, Lat. sextus,[6]

Lith. šeštas, Russ. šestoj

第だい7 *septm̥-(m)ó- Gk. hébdomos, Lat. septimus, OCS sedmŭ,[6]

Lith. septintas, sekmas, Russ. sed'moj

第だい8 *h₃eḱtōw-ó- Gk. ógdo(w)os, Lat. octāvus,[6]

Russ. vos'moj, Lith. aštuntas, ašmas

第だい9 *(h₁)newn̥-(n)ó- Lat. nonus,[6]

Gk. énatos, Russ. devjatyj, Lith. devintas

第だい10 *dekm̥-(m)ó- Ved. daśamá-, Av. dasəma-, Lat. decimus,[6]

Gk. dékatos, Lith. dešimtas, Russ. desjatyj

注釋ちゅうしゃく

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  1. ^ Sihler (1995:402–24頁ぺーじ)
  2. ^ Beekes (1995:212–16頁ぺーじ)
  3. ^ 3.00 3.01 3.02 3.03 3.04 3.05 3.06 3.07 3.08 3.09 3.10 3.11 3.12 3.13 Fortson (2004:131頁ぺーじ)
  4. ^ Lehmann (1993:252–255頁ぺーじ)
  5. ^ 5.0 5.1 Fortson (2004:131–132頁ぺーじ)
  6. ^ 6.00 6.01 6.02 6.03 6.04 6.05 6.06 6.07 6.08 6.09 6.10 6.11 Fortson (2004:132頁ぺーじ)
  7. ^ Fortson (2004:120頁ぺーじ)

引用いんよう

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