時間じかん地理ちり學がく

時間じかん地理ちり學がく（英語えいご：time geography）或ある時空じくう地理ちり學がく（time-space geography）是ぜ关于空間くうかん和わ时间过程和わ事件じけん的てき发展中ちゅう的てき跨またが学科がっか视角，其中事件じけん可か以是社会しゃかい互动、种间关系、社会しゃかい和わ环境变化，甚至個人こじん傳記でんき。时间地理ちり学がく“本身ほんみ并不是ぜ一いち个學科か領域りょういき”，而是一いち个整合せいごう的てき本体ほんたい论框かまち架か和わ视觉语言，其中空なかぞら间和时间是ぜ动态过程分析ぶんせき的てき基本きほん维度。时间地理ちり学がく最初さいしょ是ぜ由ゆかり人文じんぶん地理ちり学がく家いえ发明的てき，但ただし如今已やめ应用于交通こうつう運輸うんゆ、区域くいき规划、地理ちり学がく，人ひと类学、时间利用りよう研究けんきゅう、生なま态学、环境科学かがく和わ公共こうきょう卫生等ひとし多た个领域いき。瑞みず典てん地理ちり学がく家かBo Lenntorp認みとめ為ため：“它是一いち种基本きほん方法ほうほう，每まい个研究けんきゅう人じん员都可か以依照あきら自己じこ的てき方式ほうしき将はた其与理論りろん考こう虑联系けい起おこり来らい。”

起源きげん

瑞みず典てん地理ちり学がく家か托たく斯腾·哈格斯特朗ろう基もと於他早期そうき的てき关于瑞みず典てん人口じんこう遷徙模も式しき的てき经验研究けんきゅう中ちゅう的てき思想しそう，于1960年代ねんだい中期ちゅうき创立了りょう时间地理ちり学がく。他た使用しよう“一种關於研究时空框架内事件如何发生的物理方法”，寻求“一种发现大型社会环境机制运作方式的方法”。哈格斯特朗ろう在ざい一定いってい程度ていど上じょう受到了りょう时空物理ぶつり学がく的てき概念がいねん进步和わ物理ぶつり主ぬし义哲学てつがく的てき启发。

哈格斯特朗ろう最早もはや的てき时间地理ちり学がく表ひょう述じゅつ非ひ正式せいしき地ち描述了りょう其主要しゅよう的てき本体ほんたい论特とく征せい：在ざい一定いってい情景じょうけい下か，“個體こたい在ざい時空じくう中ちゅう畫が出で了りょう一いち条じょう軌跡きせき”。“生活せいかつ軌跡きせき被ひ束たば缚在一いち系列けいれつ的てき制約せいやく之の網中あみなか，其中有ちゅうう些制約やく是ぜ生理せいり和わ身体しんたい上じょう的てき需要じゅよう所しょ施ほどこせ加か的てき，有ゆう些是私人しじん和わ集しゅう體からだ决定所しょ施ほどこせ加か的てき”。哈格斯特朗ろう表示ひょうじ“不可能ふかのう提供ていきょう所有しょゆう可か视作时空现象的てき制せい约的類別るいべつ，”但ただし他た“初步しょほ描述”了りょう三种重要的制约类别：

• 能力のうりょく制せい约（capability constraints）：由よし于個體こたい的てき生物せいぶつ学がく结构和わ/或ある他た们可掌握しょうあく的てき工具こうぐ而對其個體こたい活動かつどう的てき限きり制せい，
• 组合制せい约（coupling constraints）：“界さかい定じょう一人必须在何处、何なに时以及持續じぞく多久たく地ち與あずか其他人たにん、工具こうぐ和わ材料ざいりょう一同进行生产、消しょう费和交易こうえき”的てき限きり制せい（与あずか关键路ろ径みち分析ぶんせき密みつ切きり相しょう关），以及
• 权威制せい约（authority constraints）：对領域りょういき或ある“时空实体的てき限きり制せい，其中事物じぶつ和わ事件じけん在ざい特定とくてい的てき个人或ある特定とくてい的てき群ぐん體からだ的てき控ひかえ制せい下か”。

时间地理ちり视觉语言的てき示しめせ例れい：时空立方体りっぽうたい、軌跡きせき、棱柱、束たば和わ其他概念がいねん。

哈格斯特朗ろう用よう新しん创立的てき图形符号ふごう形式けいしき说明了りょう这些概念がいねん（一定いってい程度ていど上じょう是ぜ受音おと乐符号ごう的てき启发），如：

• 时空水すい族ぞく馆（space-time aquarium）或ある时空立方体りっぽうたい（space-time cube），以空间和时间坐标的轴测投影とうえい的てき形式けいしき表示ひょうじ各かく軌跡きせき；
• 时空棱柱（space-time prism），它表示ひょうじ在ざい特定とくてい的てき能力のうりょく制せい约和组合制せい约的情じょう况下，個體こたい在ざい时空中ちゅう可能かのう的てき行ぎょう为；
• 軌跡きせき束たば（bundles），它们是ぜ軌跡きせき的てき匯合處しょ，部分ぶぶん是ぜ由よし于它们的能力のうりょく制せい约和组合制せい约而形成けいせい的てき，并且有ゆう助じょ于创建けん“地方ちほう秩序ちつじょ嵌はま套（pockets of local order）”；
• 同心どうしん管かん（concentric tubes）或ある可か及性環たまき（rings of accessibility），標示ひょうじ特定とくてい个体的てき某ぼう些能力りょく制約せいやく，例れい如空间大小しょう有限ゆうげん，手て、口くち、听觉和わ视觉能力のうりょく有限ゆうげん；以及
• 領域りょういき的てき嵌はま套層級きゅう（nested hierarchies of domains），表示ひょうじ特定とくてい个人或ある群ぐん组的权威制せい约。

尽つき管かん这种创新的てき视觉语言是ぜ时间地理ちり学がく的てき基本きほん特とく征せい，但ただし哈格斯特朗ろう的てき同どう事ことBo Lenntorp强きょう调，它是作さく为基础的本体ほんたい论的てき产物，不能ふのう本末ほんまつ倒置とうち。记号系けい统是一种非常有用的工具，但ただし是ぜ对于丰富的てき世界せかい观而言げん却是相当そうとう贫乏的てき反映はんえい。许多情たじょう况下，记号工具こうぐ一直是时间地理学的标志。但ただし是ぜ，作さく为基础的本体ほんたい论才是ぜ最さい重要じゅうよう的てき功こう能のう。时间地理ちり并不只ただ是ぜ与あずか时间-地理ちり图有关，就像音おん乐不只ただ是ぜ与あずか音おと乐符号ごう有ゆう关一样。哈格斯特朗ろう随ずい后きさき解かい释说：“这其中ちゅう蕴含的てき是ぜ一いち个四よん维世界かい的形まとがた式しき。它不能ふのう完全かんぜん以图形がた方式ほうしき描绘。但ただし话说回かい来らい，人にん应该能のう够足够清晰地想そう象ぞう它，以便指ゆび导经验和理り论研究けんきゅう。”

到いた1981年ねん，地理ちり学がく家か奈杰尔·斯里夫おっと特とく和わ艾あい蘭らん·普ふ瑞みず德とく已やめ经在为时间地理学りがく辩护，以反驳那些认为其“只ただ是ぜ空そら间和时间组织的てき僵硬的てき描述性せい模型もけい、只ただ能のう用よう于可达性制せい约分析ぶんせき（以及社会しゃかい工程こうてい学的がくてき相しょう关活动）”的てき人じん。他た们认为，时间地理ちり学がく不ふ仅仅是ぜ制せい约的模型もけい；它是对现实的灵活而发展てん的てき思考しこう方式ほうしき，可か以补足あし多た种理论和研究けんきゅう方法ほうほう。此后的てき几十じゅう年ねん中ちゅう，哈格斯特朗ろう等とう人じん一直在努力阐明他最初的一套概念。哈格斯特朗ろう晚年ばんねん时不再さい使用しよう“时间地理ちり学がく”一词来指代这种思维方式，而改为使用しよう诸如“拓つぶせ扑生态学”等とう。

後續こうぞく發展はってん

使用しよう公こう交网络数据すえ的てき时空棱柱的てき图解和わ示しめせ例れい：右みぎ侧是时空棱柱的てき示しめせ意い图，而左侧是两个不同ふどう时间预算下か的てき可能かのう轨迹区域くいき的てき图示。

自じ1980年代ねんだい以来いらい，时间地理ちり学がく已やめ得え到いた社会しゃかい科学かがく、生物せいぶつ科学かがく和わ跨またが学科がっか领域的てき研究けんきゅう者しゃ的てき应用。

1993年ねん，英国えいこく地理ちり学がく家か吉よし莉安·罗斯指出さしで：“时间地理ちり学がく在ざい关注人じん们的日常にちじょう轨迹方面ほうめん与あずか女性じょせい主義しゅぎ是ぜ相しょう通どおり的てき，并且和わ女性じょせい主ぬし义类似に，通つう过考虑制约因素もと，将はた这类轨迹与更さら大だい的てき社会しゃかい结构联系起おこり来らい。”但ただし是ぜ，她指出で，时间地理ちり学がく尚なお未み应用于对女性じょせい主ぬし义者来らい说重要じゅうよう的てき问题上じょう，她称其为“社会しゃかい科学かがく男性だんせい化か”的てき一いち种形式しき。在ざい随ずい后きさき的てき几十じゅう年ねん中ちゅう，女性じょせい主ぬし义地理学りがく家重いえしげ新しん审视了りょう时间地理ちり学がく，并开始はじめ将はた其用作さく解かい决女权问题的工具こうぐ。

GIS软件已やめ经能够在各かく种空そら间尺度しゃくど上うえ计算和わ分析ぶんせき时间地理ちり问题。这些分析ぶんせき使用しよう了りょう不同ふどう类型的てき网络数すう据すえ集しゅう（例れい如步行ほこう网络、公おおやけ路ろ网络和わ公共こうきょう交通こうつう时刻表ひょう）以及各かく种可视化策略さくりゃく。GeoTime等とう专用软件可か以帮助じょ进行时间地理ちり視覺しかく化か和わ视觉分析ぶんせき。

时间地理ちり学がく也被用作ようさく心理しんり健康けんこう的てき治ち疗评价的てき一いち种形式しき。

本ほん杰明·巴ともえ赫（Benjamin Bach）及其同どう事こと将はた时空立方体りっぽうたい推广为一个时间数かず据すえ可か视化的てき框かまち架か，该框架か适用于所有能ゆうのう够用两个维度外がい加か时间来らい表示ひょうじ的てき数すう据すえ。

在ざい2019冠状かんじょう病毒びょうどく病びょう疫情中なか，时间地理ちり学がく方法ほうほう在ざい追つい踪密切きり接触せっしょく者しゃ方面ほうめん得え到いた了りょう应用。疫情大だい流行りゅうこう限げん制せい了りょう人じん类的物理ぶつり活かつ动，也使得とく时间地理ちり学がく在ざい后きさき疫情时代交往虚きょ拟化、数字すうじ化か的てき背景はいけい下か必须采さい用よう新しん的てき方法ほうほう。

參まいり見み

• 个体为本模型もけい
• GIS与あずか公共こうきょう卫生
• 历史生せい态学
• 历史地理ちり信しん息いき系けい统
• 物もの质流分析ぶんせき
• 社会しゃかい代だい谢多尺度しゃくど综合评估
• 桑くわ基もと图
• 时空数すう据すえ库
• 时间-距离图

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