蒂萨河かわ之の战

蒂萨河かわ之の战
	蒙こうむ古こ侵略しんりゃく欧おう洲しゅう的てき一いち部分ぶぶん
日にち期き	1241年ねん4月がつ11日にち
地点ちてん	绍约河かわ（今いま匈牙利り包つつみ尔绍德とく-奥おく包つつみ乌伊-曾普伦州穆きよし希のぞみ）
结果	蒙こうむ古こ帝国ていこく胜利
参まいり战方
匈牙利り王国おうこく	蒙こうむ古こ帝国ていこく
指ゆび挥官与あずか领导者しゃ
贝拉四よん世せい	拔都; 速はや不ふ台だい; 昔むかし班はん
兵力へいりょく
80,000人にん; 50,000人にん; 25,000人にん	~15,000–30,000名めい騎兵きへい (現代げんだい估計); 其他估計:; 70,000人にん; 50,000人にん; 20,000人にん至いたり少しょう七なな台だい投石とうせき機き
伤亡与あずか损失
約やく 10,000人にん (現代げんだい估計); Most of the army	數すう百ひゃく人にん; 很重

赛约河かわ之の战，1241年ねん3月がつ蒙こうむ古こ帝國ていこく在ざい第だい二に次じ西にし征せい中ちゅう入にゅう侵おかせ匈牙利り，由ゆかり拔都率りつ領りょう的てき蒙こうむ古こ军在赛约河かわ（今こん匈牙利り东部蒂薩河かわ）戰勝せんしょう了りょう時任ときとう匈牙利り國王こくおう貝かい拉ひしげ四よん世せい率りつ領りょう的てき匈牙利り軍隊ぐんたい。此場戰役せんえき又また名めい為ため蒂萨河かわ之の战（Battle of Mohi）。

拔都与あずか速はや不ふ台たい率りつ领的蒙こうむ古こ军在征服せいふく斡罗斯后，乘じょう匈牙利り准じゅん备不及而实行突袭，将しょう所しょ辖军队分成なり四よん个纵队，先さき扫荡匈牙利り守もり备薄弱じゃく地区ちく，以造成ぞうせい对匈牙きば利り主力しゅりょく的てき钳击之の势。匈牙利り貝かい拉ひしげ四世避战待援。匈牙利り联军约三さん万まん人にん，声こえ势浩大だい，士し气较旺，自じ认为有ゆう信心しんじん抵抗ていこう蒙こうむ古こ军。

蒙こうむ古こ军进抵佩斯特城じょう附近ふきん，得知とくち匈牙利り军两倍ばい于蒙古こ军兵力りょく，且勇而善战。蒙こうむ古こ军决定てい采さい取と诱敌歼灭之の计，将はた其已到いた达多瑙河的てき兵へい马开始はじめ向こう东撤退てったい。匈牙利り联军以为蒙こうむ古こ军不敢渡河とか攻おさむ击，便びん过多瑙河同どう蒙こうむ古こ军决战。匈牙利り军渡河とか后きさき没ぼつ有ゆう发现蒙こうむ古こ军主力りょく，只ただ见到少しょう数すう巡じゅん逻部队，误认为蒙古こ军大部ぶ队已先行せんこう撤走，貝かい拉ひしげ四世于是率领匈牙利联军向东追击，连续数日すうじつ，已やめ远离多た瑙河，仍未追おい上じょう撤退てったい的てき蒙こうむ古こ军，于是驻营在ざい赛约河西かさい的てき索さく尔诺克かつ。为防止ぼうし蒙こうむ古こ军的偷袭，以赛约河为天然てんねん障さわ阻，四よん周しゅう又また环拱小山こやま，构筑工事こうじ。当夜とうや得知とくち蒙こうむ古こ军隔河かわ仅六ろく里り之の遥はるか，貝かい拉ひしげ四世又派一千精兵把守桥头和营外，还以货车排列はいれつ构成防ぼう护圈。

是ぜ夜よる黎明れいめい之の前まえ，拔都军向赛约河かわ对岸桥头发起突然とつぜん攻おさむ击，攻おさむ击受阻，以弩炮猛攻もうこう。匈牙利り军守卫桥头的部ぶ队发现他们自己じこ遭到石せき与あずか箭や的てき猛烈もうれつ攻おさむ击，并“伴ばん随ずい着ぎ雷かみなり鸣般的てき声音こわね和わ火ひ光こう”。当とう时，蒙こうむ古こ军队是ぜ否いや正せい在ざい使用しよう東歐とうおう军事史上しじょう的てき第だい一いち门加か农炮，因いん证据不足ふそく，只ただ能のう存疑そんぎ。不ふ管かん怎样，这是现代火ひ炮雏形がた在ざい13世せい纪的表ひょう现。如现代だい战术一いち样，紧跟着ぎ就是猛烈もうれつ的てき突击。

被ひ声音こわね、死亡しぼう和わ毁灭搞得晕头转向的てき守まもり桥者被ひ迅速じんそく压倒，匈牙利り联軍被ひ迫せり后きさき撤，蒙こうむ古こ军队顺利连续地ち过了桥。受此骚乱刺激しげき的てき贝拉军主力りょく急きゅう忙せわし从其防御ぼうぎょ营地出で击，随ずい之の发生激烈げきれつ的てき战斗。然しか而，战局突然とつぜん明朗めいろう了りょう，这只是ぜ蒙こうむ古こ军队牵制性せい的てき攻おさむ击。

主しゅ攻おさむ是ぜ由ゆかり速はや不ふ台だい亲自指ゆび挥的3个万まん戶こ约3万まん人にん实施的てき。在ざい黎明れいめい前まえ的てき黑くろ暗くら之これ中ちゅう，他た率りつ部ぶ队在桥头之の南みなみ涉わたる过蒂萨河冰冷的てき河水こうすい，然しか后きさき转向北きた打だ击匈牙きば利り军队的てき左翼さよく及侧后きさき。匈牙利り人じん不能ふのう抵挡这一毁灭性的冲击，慌忙退すさ入にゅう其营地ち，到いた上うわ午うま7点てん被ひ蒙こうむ古こ军队完全かんぜん包つつみ围。蒙こうむ古こ骑兵渡河とか，在ざい平原へいげん展てん开攻势。速はや不ふ台たい率りつ部ぶ沿河下か，联军立りつ即そく以密集みっしゅう队形向こう蒙こうむ古こ军冲击，蒙こうむ古こ军从正面しょうめん后きさき退すさ到いた匈牙利り军两侧，形成けいせい两翼包つつみ围。蒙こうむ古こ军队以石、箭や和わ燃もえ烧的石油せきゆ精せい持じ续进行ぎょう了りょう几小时的轰击。对一些绝望的匈牙利军队来说，西にし面めん似に乎有一道いちどう缝隙，有ゆう几个士し兵へい安全あんぜん地ち逃了出で去ざ。由よし于蒙古こ军队攻おさむ击的密度みつど转至别处，越来ごえく越えつ多た的てき匈牙利り士し兵へい溜ため了りょう出で去ざ。

蒙こうむ古こ军队同どう时还施ほどこせ放ひ烟けむり幕まく使し匈牙利り军迷失しつ方向ほうこう，渐次进入错综复杂的てき地形ちけい，蒙こうむ古こ军缩小包こづつみ围圈，以远距离火箭かせん焚烧匈牙利り军营地ち。由よし于防线崩溃，残存ざんそん者しゃ急きゅう于同那な些已逃出去さ的てき人じん会合かいごう。战斗队形演えんじ散ち，许多逃跑者しゃ丢盔弃甲，以保性せい命いのち。突然とつぜん，他た们发现自己おのれ已やめ陷おちい入にゅう蒙こうむ古こ军队的てき陷おちい阱。蒙こうむ古こ士し兵へい骑上快速かいそく的てき战马，从四面めん八方はっぽう出で现，分割ぶんかつ了りょう精せい疲つかれ力りょく竭的匈牙利り士し兵へい，将はた他た们赶进沼泽之中ちゅう，并突击了有ゆう些士兵へい企くわだて图避难的村むら子こ。经过几小时恐怖きょうふ的てき屠ほふ杀，匈牙利り军队被ひ彻底摧毁，死亡しぼう數すう千せん人にん。但ただし各かく条じょう道路どうろ均ひとし被ひ蒙こうむ古こ军堵塞ふさが，蒙こうむ古こ军为避免匈牙利り军死鬥，在ざい平原へいげん西方せいほう通どおり多た瑙河处开一いち缺かけ口こう，故意こい让匈牙きば利り军逃走とうそう，尔后连续追つい击六ろく日にち，歼灭联军一いち萬まん余人よにん。

匈牙利り國王こくおう貝かい拉ひしげ四世及整個匈牙利王室出逃維也納尋求協助，但ただし被ひ他た們的仇かたき人じん奧地おくち利り大公たいこう腓こむら特とく烈れつ二に世せい軟禁なんきん並なみ勒索償還しょうかん六年前腓特烈被迫向貝拉支付的賠償金，貝かい拉ひしげ妥協だきょう被ひ釋放しゃくほう後ご又また逃往仍在匈牙利り控ひかえ制せい下か的てき達いたる爾なんじ馬ば提つつみ亞あ。更さら为严重じゅう的てき是ぜ，匈牙利り军队的てき失しつ败使蒙こうむ古人こじん控ひかえ制せい了りょう从第だい聂伯河かわ到いた奧おく得とく河かわ和かず从波なみ罗的海うみ到いた多た瑙河的てき整せい个东欧，並なみ攻おさむ佔了其首都しゅと佩斯。巴ともえ爾なんじ幹みき半島はんとう強國きょうこく之の一的匈牙利被擊敗令整個亞得里亞海東岸陷入恐慌。

註腳[编辑]

^ Carey, Brian Todd, p. 124
^ ^2.0 ^2.1 Sverdrup, p. 115, citing Kosztolnyik.
^ Markó, László, Great Honours of the Hungarian State, Budapest: Magyar Könyvklub, 2000, ISBN 963-547-085-1
^ Liptai, Ervin, Military History of Hungary, Budapest: Zrínyi Katonai Kiadó, 1985, ISBN 963-326-337-9
^ Frank McLynn, Genghis Khan: His Conquests, His Empire, His Legacy, (Da Capo Press, 2015), p. 469: "The older authorities used to give statistics of 70,000 Hungarians and 40,000 Mongols but it seems likely that these numbers are too high; modern historians tend to opt for about 20,000 Mongols versus 25,000 Hungarians, but certainty is impossible."
^ Sverdrup, pp. 114–115, citing Rashid al-Din's chronicles, 1:198, 2:152. Rashid Al-Din's figures give Batu and Subutai about 40,000 horsemen total when they invaded Central Europe in 1241 (including Turkic auxiliaries recruited since the conquest of Rus), divided into five columns (three in Hungary, one in Transylvania, and one in Poland). He proceeds to say that while the nominal total of the Mongol force in Hungary was 30,000, the effective total on the field at Mohi would have been between that number and 15,000, close to the latter.
^ Carey states on p. 128 that Batu had 40,000 in the main body and ordered Subotai to take 30,000 troops in an encircling maneuver. Batu commanded the central prong of the Mongols' three-pronged assault on eastern Europe. This number seems correct when compared with the numbers reported at the Battles of Leignitz to the North and Hermannstadt (Sibiu) to the South. All three victories occurred in the same week.
^ McLynn, p. 469
^ Sverdrup, p. 115
^ Thomas of Spalato, Historia, 163;
^ McLynn, p. 473
^ The Mongols in the West, Denis Sinor, Journal of Asian History, Vol. 33, No. 1 (1999), page 15; "... on April 11, Batu's forces executed a night attack on the Hungarian camp, inflicting terrible losses on its trapped defenders ... While the outcome of the encounter is beyond dispute—some call it a massacre rather than a battle—historians disagree on their assessments of Béla's apparent ineptitude. Of course the Hungarians could have done better; but it is beyond doubt that no "ad hoc", feudal type force could have matched the well disciplined, highly trained, professional soldiers of the Mongol army. A seldom considered measure of the efficacy of the Hungarian resistance is the size of the losses sustained by the attackers. These were very heavy."
^ John France, Perilous Glory: The Rise of Western Military Power, (Yale University Press, 2011), 144.
^ 引证错误：没ぼつ有ゆう为名为Tucker279的てき参考さんこう文献ぶんけん提供ていきょう内容ないよう
^ The Mongol Empire: A Historical Encyclopedia, Vol. II, ed. Timothy May, (ABC-CLIO, 2017), 103.

《中国ちゅうごく战典上じょう》. 中国ちゅうごく人民じんみん革命かくめい军事博物はくぶつ馆编著ちょ北京ぺきん：解放かいほう军出版しゅっぱん社しゃ 1994 第だい775页.

參考さんこう文獻ぶんけん[编辑]

Amitai-Preiss, Reuven. The Mamluk-Ilkhanid War. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. 1998. ISBN 0-521-52290-0.
Carey, Brian Todd. Warfare in the Medieval World. Pen & Sword Books. 2007. ISBN 978-1-84415-339-8.
Gabriel, Richard A. Genghis Khan's Greatest General: Subotai the Valiant. Norman, Okla.: University of Oklahoma Press. 2006. ISBN 0-8061-3734-7.
Kosztolnyik, Z. J. Hungary in the Thirteenth Century. East European Monographs; No. CDXXXIX. New York: Columbia University Press. 1996.
Morgan, David. The Mongols. Oxford: Blackwell Publishing. 1990. ISBN 0-631-17563-6.
Nicolle, David. The Mongol Warlords. Brockhampton Press. 1998.
Regan, Geoffrey. The Guinness Book of Decisive Battles. Canopy Books. 1992. ISBN 9781558594319.
Saunders, J. J. The History of the Mongol Conquests. London: Routledge & Kegan Paul. 1971. ISBN 0-8122-1766-7.
Sicker, Martin. The Islamic World in Ascendancy: from the Arab conquests to the siege of Vienna. Praeger Publishers. 2000.
Soucek, Svatopluk. A History of Inner Asia. Cambridge University Press. 2000. ISBN 9780521657044.
Jackson, Peter. The Mongols and the West. Pearson Longman. 2005.

[1] Carey, Brian Todd, p. 124

[Sverdrup_p._115-2] 2.0 ^2.1 Sverdrup, p. 115, citing Kosztolnyik.

[Markó_2000-3] Markó, László, Great Honours of the Hungarian State, Budapest: Magyar Könyvklub, 2000, ISBN 963-547-085-1

[Liptai_1985-4] Liptai, Ervin, Military History of Hungary, Budapest: Zrínyi Katonai Kiadó, 1985, ISBN 963-326-337-9

[5] Frank McLynn, Genghis Khan: His Conquests, His Empire, His Legacy, (Da Capo Press, 2015), p. 469: "The older authorities used to give statistics of 70,000 Hungarians and 40,000 Mongols but it seems likely that these numbers are too high; modern historians tend to opt for about 20,000 Mongols versus 25,000 Hungarians, but certainty is impossible."

[6] Sverdrup, pp. 114–115, citing Rashid al-Din's chronicles, 1:198, 2:152. Rashid Al-Din's figures give Batu and Subutai about 40,000 horsemen total when they invaded Central Europe in 1241 (including Turkic auxiliaries recruited since the conquest of Rus), divided into five columns (three in Hungary, one in Transylvania, and one in Poland). He proceeds to say that while the nominal total of the Mongol force in Hungary was 30,000, the effective total on the field at Mohi would have been between that number and 15,000, close to the latter.

[7] Carey states on p. 128 that Batu had 40,000 in the main body and ordered Subotai to take 30,000 troops in an encircling maneuver. Batu commanded the central prong of the Mongols' three-pronged assault on eastern Europe. This number seems correct when compared with the numbers reported at the Battles of Leignitz to the North and Hermannstadt (Sibiu) to the South. All three victories occurred in the same week.

[8] McLynn, p. 469

[Sverdrup,_p._115-9] Sverdrup, p. 115

[10] Thomas of Spalato, Historia, 163;

[11] McLynn, p. 473

[Sinor,_p._15-12] The Mongols in the West, Denis Sinor, Journal of Asian History, Vol. 33, No. 1 (1999), page 15; "... on April 11, Batu's forces executed a night attack on the Hungarian camp, inflicting terrible losses on its trapped defenders ... While the outcome of the encounter is beyond dispute—some call it a massacre rather than a battle—historians disagree on their assessments of Béla's apparent ineptitude. Of course the Hungarians could have done better; but it is beyond doubt that no "ad hoc", feudal type force could have matched the well disciplined, highly trained, professional soldiers of the Mongol army. A seldom considered measure of the efficacy of the Hungarian resistance is the size of the losses sustained by the attackers. These were very heavy."

[13] John France, Perilous Glory: The Rise of Western Military Power, (Yale University Press, 2011), 144.

[Tucker279-14] 引证错误：没ぼつ有ゆう为名为Tucker279的てき参考さんこう文献ぶんけん提供ていきょう内容ないよう

[15] The Mongol Empire: A Historical Encyclopedia, Vol. II, ed. Timothy May, (ABC-CLIO, 2017), 103.

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