Emperor Ōjin
Emperor Ōjin | |||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|
Emperor of Japan | |||||
Reign | 270–310 (traditional)[1] | ||||
Predecessor | Jingū (de facto)[a] Chūai (traditional) | ||||
Successor | Nintoku | ||||
Born | 201[2] Umi (Fukuoka) | ||||
Died | 310 (aged 108–109) Karushima no Toyoakira (Nara) | ||||
Burial | Eega no Mofushi no oka no misasagi ( | ||||
Spouse | Nakatsuhime-no-Mikoto | ||||
Issue among others...] | Emperor Nintoku | ||||
| |||||
House | Imperial House of Japan | ||||
Father | Emperor Chūai | ||||
Mother | Empress Jingū | ||||
Religion | Shinto |
Emperor Ōjin (
No firm dates can be assigned to Ōjin's life or reign, but he is traditionally considered to have reigned from 270 to 310.[5] According to the Shinto religion and Buddhism in Japan, Emperor Ōjin is the divine spirit of the deity Hachiman (
Legendary narrative[edit]
The Japanese have traditionally accepted this sovereign's historical existence, and a mausoleum (misasagi) for Ōjin is currently maintained. The following information available is taken from the pseudo-historical Kojiki and Nihon Shoki, which are collectively known as Kiki (
Known information[edit]
While the historical existence of Emperor Ōjin is debated among historians, there is a general consensus that he was "probably real". There is also an agreement that Ojin's three year conception period is mythical and symbolic, rather than realistic. William George Aston has suggested that this can be interpreted as a period of less than nine months containing three "years" (some seasons), e.g. three harvests.[7] If Ōjin was an actual historical figure then historians have proposed that he ruled later than attested.[8][9][10] Dates of his actual reign have been proposed to be as early as 370 to 390 AD, to as late as the early 5th century AD.[8] At least one Japanese historian has cast doubt on this theory though, by revising a supporting statement given in 1972. In this new narrative Louis Perez states: "only kings and emperors after the reign of Ojin... ...are seen as historical figures".[11][12] In either case there is also no evidence to suggest that the title tennō was used during the time to which Ōjin's reign has been assigned. It is certainly possible that he was a chieftain or local clan leader, and that the polity he ruled would have only encompassed a small portion of modern-day Japan. The name Ōjin-tennō was more than likely assigned to him posthumously by later generations.[13]
While the actual site of Ōjin's grave is not known, this regent is traditionally venerated at a kofun-type Imperial tomb in Osaka. The Imperial Household Agency designates this location as Ōjin's mausoleum, and is formally named Eega no Mofushi no oka no misasagi.[14] At some point Ōjin was made a guardian Kami of the Hata clan, and is now also deified as Hachiman Daimyōjin.[b] Outside of the Kiki, the reign of Emperor Kinmei[c] (c. 509 – 571 AD) is the first for which contemporary historiography has been able to assign verifiable dates.[16] The conventionally accepted names and dates of the early Emperors were not confirmed as "traditional" though, until the reign of Emperor Kanmu[d] between 737 and 806 AD.[17]
Family[edit]
Emperor Ōjin's family allegedly consisted of 28 children, which include 2 unnamed princesses from a previous marriage. He had one spouse who bore him a son that would become the next Emperor, as well as 10 consorts.
Spouse & concubines[edit]
Position | Name | Father | Issue |
---|---|---|---|
Kōgō | Nakatsu-hime ( |
Homudamawaka | • Princess Arata • Prince Netori • Prince Ōosazaki[e] (later Emperor Nintoku) |
Consort | Takakiiri-hime ( |
Homudamawaka | • Prince Izanomawaka • Princess Komukuta • Prince Nukata no Ōnakatsuhiko • Princess Ohara • Prince Ōyamamori |
Consort | Oto-hime ( |
Homudamawaka | • Princess Ahe • Princess Awaji no Mihara • Princess Ki no Uno • Princess Mino no Iratsume • Princess Shigehara |
Consort | Miyanushiyaka-hime ( |
Wani no Hifure no Omi | • Princess Metori • Prince Uji no Wakiiratsuko • Princess Yata |
Consort | Onabe-hime ( |
Wani no Hifure no Omi | • Princess Uji no Wakiiratsu-hime |
Consort | Okinaga Mawakanakatsu-hime ( |
Kawamata Nakatsuhiko | • Prince Wakanuke no Futamata |
Consort | Ito-hime ( |
Sakuraitabe no Muraji Shimatarine | • Prince Hayabusawake |
Consort | Himuka no Izumi no Naga-hime ( |
Unknown | • Princess Hatabi no Wakairatsume • Prince Ōhae • Prince Ohae |
Consort | Kaguro-hime (迦具 |
Sumeiroōnakatsuhiko[f] | • Prince Kataji • Princess Kawarata no Iratsume • Princess Tama no Iratsume |
Consort | Katsuragi no Irome ( |
Takenouchi no Sukune | • Prince Izanomawaka[g] |
Consort | E-hime ( |
Kibi-no-Takehiko | — |
Issue[edit]
Status | Name | Mother | Comments |
---|---|---|---|
Princess | Arata ( |
Nakatsu-hime | Very little is known about this person. |
Prince | Ōosazaki ( |
Nakatsu-hime | Would later become Emperor Emperor Nintoku. |
Prince | Netori ( |
Nakatsu-hime | Ancestor of Ōta no Kimi ( |
Prince | Izanomawaka ( |
Takakiiri-hime | Ancestor of Fukakawawake ( |
Prince | Nukata no Ōnakatsuhiko ( |
Takakiiri-hime | Very little is known about this person. |
Prince | Ōyamamori ( |
Takakiiri-hime | Ōyamamori died in 310 AD.[h] |
Princess | Komukuta (澇来 |
Takakiiri-hime | Very little is known about this person. |
Princess | Ōhara ( |
Takakiiri-hime | Very little is known about this person. |
Princess | Ahe ( |
Oto-hime | Very little is known about this person. |
Princess | Awaji no Mihara ( |
Oto-hime | Married to Prince Netori |
Princess | Ki no Uno ( |
Oto-hime | Very little is known about this person. |
Princess | Mino no Iratsume ( |
Oto-hime | Very little is known about this person. |
Princess | Shigehara ( |
Oto-hime | Very little is known about this person. |
Prince | Uji no Wakiiratsuko ( |
Miyanushiyaka-hime | Uji was a Crown Prince. |
Princess | Metori ( |
Miyanushiyaka-hime | Metori died in 353 AD, and was married to Prince "Hayabusawake" (see below). |
Princess | Yata ( |
Miyanushiyaka-hime | Yata was later married to Emperor Nintoku. |
Princess | Uji no Wakiiratsu-hime ( |
Onabe-hime | Uji was later married to Emperor Nintoku. |
Prince | Wakanuke no Futamata ( |
Okinaga Mawakanakatsu-hime | Ancestor of Okinaga clan ( |
Prince | Hayabusawake ( |
Ito-hime | Hayabusawake was the husband of Princess Metori ( |
Prince | Ōhae ( |
Himuka no Izumi no Naga-hime | Very little is known about this person. |
Prince | Ohae ( |
Himuka no Izumi no Naga-hime | Very little is known about this person. |
Princess | Kusakanohatabino-hime ( |
Himuka no Izumi no Naga-hime | Hatabi was later married to Emperor Richū |
Princess | Kawarata no Iratsume ( |
Kaguro-hime | Very little is known about this person. |
Princess | Tama no Iratsume ( |
Kaguro-hime | Very little is known about this person. |
Prince | Kataji (迦多 |
Kaguro-hime | Very little is known about this person. |
Prince | Izanomawaka ( |
Katsuragi no Irome | Very little is known about this person. |
Family tree[edit]
See also[edit]
Notes[edit]
- ^ Jingū's reign as Empress is now confined to legends rather than fact. Modern historians have labeled her as an "Empress regent", who was the de facto ruler until Homutawake (Ōjin) became emperor.
- ^ Ōjin's Hachiman name is translated to "Guardian of warriors"
- ^ The 29th Emperor[4][15]
- ^ Kanmu was the 50th sovereign of the Yamato dynasty
- ^ It is only known that "Ōosazaki" was the Fourth son of Emperor Ōjin. No mention is given about a numerical order of sons or daughters other than this historical footnote.
- ^ Additionally, there are 2 more unnamed princesses speculated to be Prince "Wakanuke no Futamata"s daughters.
- ^ This is unconfirmed
- ^ Ōyamamori is also known as being an ancestor of Hijikata no Kimi (
土 形 君 ) and Haibara no Kimi (榛原 君 ). - ^ There are two ways this name is transcribed: "Ika-gashiko-me" is used by Tsutomu Ujiya, while "Ika-shiko-me" is used by William George Aston.[48]
References[edit]
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- ^ Ponsonby-Fane, Richard (1959). The Imperial House of Japan. Ponsonby Memorial Society. p. 36.
- ^ Aston, William George. (1998). Nihongi, p. 254–271.
- ^ Aston, William. (1998). Nihongi, Vol. 1, pp. 224–253.
- ^ a b Kelly, Charles F. "Kofun Culture". www.t-net.ne.jp. Retrieved August 2, 2019.
- ^ Jestice, Phyllis G. (2004). Holy People of the World: A Cross-cultural Encyclopedia, Volumes 1–3. ABC-CLIO. p. 653. ISBN 9781576073551.
- ^ Wakabayashi, Tadashi (1995). Japanese loyalism reconstrued. University of Hawaii Press. p. 108. ISBN 9780824816674.
- ^ Mikiso, Hane (1972). Japan; a Historical Survey. Scribner. p. 32. ISBN 9780684127071.
- ^ Louis Perez (2018). Premodern Japan: A Historical Survey. Routledge. ISBN 9780429974441.
- ^ Brinkley, Frank (1915). A History of the Japanese People from the Earliest Times to the end of the Meiji Era. Encyclopaedia Britannica Company. p. 21.
Posthumous names for the earthly Mikados were invented in the reign of Emperor Kanmu (782–805), i.e., after the date of the compilation of the Records and the Chronicles.
- ^ Ponsonby-Fane, p. 419.
- ^ Brown, Delmer M. and Ichirō Ishida (1979). A Translation and Study of the Gukanshō, an Interpretative History of Japan Written in 1219. University of California Press. pp. 248, 261–262. ISBN 9780520034600.
- ^ Hoye, Timothy. (1999). Japanese Politics: Fixed and Floating Worlds. Prentice Hall. p. 78. ISBN 9780132712897.
According to legend, the first Japanese Emperor was Jimmu. Along with the next 13 Emperors, Jimmu is not considered an actual, historical figure. Historically verifiable Emperors of Japan date from the early sixth century with Kimmei.
- ^ Aston, William George. (1896). Nihongi: Chronicles of Japan from the Earliest Times to A.D. 697, Volume 2. The Japan Society London. p. 109 & 217–223. ISBN 9780524053478.
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日本 の神 々神社 と聖地 7山陰 』(新装 復刊 ) 2000年 白水 社 ISBN 978-4-560-02507-9 - ^ a b Kazuhiko, Nishioka (26 April 2005). "Isukeyorihime". Encyclopedia of Shinto. Archived from the original on 2023-03-21. Retrieved 2010-09-29.
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図説 歴代 天 皇紀 』p42-43「綏靖天皇 」 - ^ a b c d e Anston, p. 144 (Vol. 1)
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日本 古典 文学 大 辞典 (in Japanese). Vol. 1. Tokyo: Iwanami Shoten. pp. 586–588. OCLC 11917421. - ^ a b c Aston, William George. (1896). Nihongi: Chronicles of Japan from the Earliest Times to A.D. 697, Volume 2. The Japan Society London. pp. 150–164. ISBN 9780524053478.
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- ^ a b Aston, William. (1998). Nihongi, Vol. 1, pp. 224–253.
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文也 (2019-05-26). "仲 姫 命 とはどんな人 ?".歴史 好 きブログ (in Japanese). Retrieved 2023-01-19. - ^
日本人 名 大 辞典 +Plus,朝 日 日本 歴史 人物 事典 ,デジタル版 . "仲 姫 命 (なかつひめのみこと)とは?意味 や使 い方 ". コトバンク (in Japanese). Retrieved 2023-01-19.{{cite web}}
: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (link) - ^ "Nunasoko Nakatsuhime • . A History . . of Japan .
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Further reading[edit]
- Aston, William George. (1896). Nihongi: Chronicles of Japan from the Earliest Times to A.D. 697. London: Kegan Paul, Trench, Trubner. OCLC 448337491
- Brown, Delmer M. and Ichirō Ishida, eds. (1979). Gukanshō: The Future and the Past. Berkeley: University of California Press. ISBN 978-0-520-03460-0; OCLC 251325323
- Chamberlain, Basil Hall. (1920). The Kojiki. Read before the Asiatic Society of Japan on April 12, May 10, and June 21, 1882; reprinted, May 1919. OCLC 1882339
- Ponsonby-Fane, Richard Arthur Brabazon. (1959). The Imperial House of Japan. Kyoto: Ponsonby Memorial Society. OCLC 194887
- Titsingh, Isaac. (1834). Nihon Ōdai Ichiran; ou, Annales des empereurs du Japon. Paris: Royal Asiatic Society, Oriental Translation Fund of Great Britain and Ireland. OCLC 5850691
- Varley, H. Paul. (1980). Jinnō Shōtōki: A Chronicle of Gods and Sovereigns. New York: Columbia University Press. ISBN 978-0-231-04940-5; OCLC 59145842
- Wakabayashi, Tadashi. (1995). Japanese loyalism reconstrued: Yamagata Daini's Ryūshi shinron of 1759. Honolulu: University of Hawaii Press. ISBN 9780824816674; OCLC 31078696