蒜ひる

蒜ひる U+849C, 蒜 CJK UNIFIED IDEOGRAPH-849C ← 蒛 [U+849B] CJK Unified Ideographs 蒝 → [U+849D]

Translingual

Han character

蒜ひる (Kangxi radical 140, 艸そうこう+10, 13 strokes, cangjie input 廿にじゅう一いち火ひ火ひ (TMFF), four-corner 4499₁, composition ⿱艹祘)

References

• Kangxi Dictionary: page 1048, character 22
• Dai Kanwa Jiten: character 31562
• Dae Jaweon: page 1510, character 4
• Hanyu Da Zidian (first edition): volume 5, page 3259, character 13
• Unihan data for U+849C

Chinese

trad.		蒜ひる
simp. #		蒜ひる
2nd round simp.		祘

Glyph origin

Characters in the same phonetic series (祘) (Zhengzhang, 2003) 

	Old Chinese
蒜ひる	*sloːns
祘	*sloːns

Phono-semantic compound (形聲けいせい／形声けいせい, OC *sloːns) : semantic 艸そうこう + phonetic 祘 (OC *sloːns).

Etymology

Matisoff considers this to be derived from Proto-Sino-Tibetan *swa-n (“garlic”), but more likely this may be a plant imported from the Western Regions in the Qin–Han era. The relatively late attestation and the earlier form of 卵たまご蒜ひる (luǎnsuàn) attest to the latter theory.

Compare Sanskrit लशुन (laśuna), Pali lasuṇa, lasuna. The Old Chinese reconstruction was revised to a *-or rhyme in the Baxter–Sagart system, akin to its homophone 算さん (“to calculate”). Hence compare Persian سیر (sir, “garlic”), Khotanese sārmā- (“the plant Basella cordifolia or B. lucida or B. rubra”), Hungarian sárma (“Ornithogalum sp.”), as well as Turkish sarımsak, Mongolian саримс (sarims).

Either way this word is cognate with the second syllable of Burmese ကြက်သွန် (krakswan, “onion”), ကြက်သွန်ဖြူ (krakswanhpru, “garlic”).

Pronunciation

• Mandarin

  (Standard)

  (Pinyin): suàn (suan⁴)

  (Zhuyin): ㄙㄨㄢˋ

  (Chengdu, Sichuanese Pinyin): suan⁴

  (Dungan, Cyrillic and Wiktionary): суан (suan, III)

• Cantonese

  (Guangzhou–Hong Kong, Jyutping): syun³

  (Taishan, Wiktionary): lhon⁴

• Gan (Wiktionary): son⁴
• Hakka

  (Sixian, PFS): son

  (Meixian, Guangdong): son⁴

• Jin (Wiktionary): suan³
• Northern Min (KCR): so̤̿ng
• Eastern Min (BUC): sáung
• Southern Min

  (Hokkien, POJ): soàn / sǹg

  (Teochew, Peng'im): seng³

• Wu (Shanghai, Wugniu): ⁵soe
• Xiang (Changsha, Wiktionary): sonn⁴

---

• Mandarin
  • (Standard Chinese)⁺
    • Hanyu Pinyin: suàn
    • Zhuyin: ㄙㄨㄢˋ
    • Tongyong Pinyin: suàn
    • Wade–Giles: suan⁴
    • Yale: swàn
    • Gwoyeu Romatzyh: suann
    • Palladius: суань (suanʹ)
    • Sinological IPA ^(key): /su̯än⁵¹/
  • (Chengdu)
    • Sichuanese Pinyin: suan⁴
    • Scuanxua Ladinxua Xin Wenz: suan
    • Sinological IPA ^(key): /suan²¹³/
  • (Dungan)
    • Cyrillic and Wiktionary: суан (suan, III)
    • Sinological IPA ^(key): /suæ̃⁴⁴/

    (Note: Dungan pronunciation is currently experimental and may be inaccurate.)

• Cantonese
  • (Standard Cantonese, Guangzhou–Hong Kong)
    • Jyutping: syun³
    • Yale: syun
    • Cantonese Pinyin: syn³
    • Guangdong Romanization: xun³
    • Sinological IPA ^(key): /syːn³³/
  • (Taishanese, Taicheng)
    • Wiktionary: lhon⁴
    • Sinological IPA ^(key): /ɬᵘɔn²¹/
• Gan
  • (Nanchang)
    • Wiktionary: son⁴
    • Sinological IPA ^(key): /sɵn³⁵/
• Hakka
  • (Sixian, incl. Miaoli and Meinong)
    • Pha̍k-fa-sṳ: son
    • Hakka Romanization System: son
    • Hagfa Pinyim: son⁴
    • Sinological IPA: /son⁵⁵/
  • (Meixian)
    • Guangdong: son⁴
    • Sinological IPA: /sɔn⁵³/
• Jin
  • (Taiyuan)⁺
    • Wiktionary: suan³
    • Sinological IPA (old-style): /suæ̃⁴⁵/
• Northern Min
  • (Jian'ou)
    • Kienning Colloquial Romanized: so̤̿ng
    • Sinological IPA ^(key): /sɔŋ³³/
• Eastern Min
  • (Fuzhou)
    • Bàng-uâ-cê: sáung
    • Sinological IPA ^(key): /sɑuŋ²¹³/
• Southern Min
  • (Hokkien: Xiamen, Quanzhou, Zhangzhou, Jinjiang, General Taiwanese)
    • Pe̍h-ōe-jī: soàn
    • Tâi-lô: suàn
    • Phofsit Daibuun: soaxn
    • IPA (Xiamen, Zhangzhou, Kaohsiung): /suan²¹/
    • IPA (Taipei): /suan¹¹/
    • IPA (Quanzhou, Jinjiang): /suan⁴¹/
  • (Hokkien: Xiamen, Quanzhou, Jinjiang)
    • Pe̍h-ōe-jī: sǹg
    • Tâi-lô: sǹg
    • Phofsit Daibuun: sngx
    • IPA (Quanzhou, Jinjiang): /sŋ̍⁴¹/
    • IPA (Xiamen): /sŋ̍²¹/

Note:

• soàn - literary;
• sǹg - vernacular.

• (Teochew)
  • Peng'im: seng³
  • Pe̍h-ōe-jī-like: sṳ̀ng
  • Sinological IPA ^(key): /sɯŋ²¹³/
• Wu
  • (Northern: Shanghai)
    • Wugniu: ⁵soe
    • MiniDict: soe^去さ
    • Wiktionary Romanisation (Shanghai): ²soe
    • Sinological IPA (Shanghai): /sø³⁴/
• Xiang
  • (Changsha)
    • Wiktionary: sonn⁴
    • Sinological IPA ^(key): /sõ⁴⁵/

---

• Middle Chinese: swanH

Rime
Character	蒜ひる
Reading #	1/1
Initial (聲こえ)	心しん (16)
Final (韻いん)	桓 (62)
Tone (調しらべ)	Departing (H)
Openness (開ひらき合あい)	Closed
Division (等ひとし)	I
Fanqie	蘇そ貫ぬき切きり
Baxter	swanH
Reconstructions
Zhengzhang Shangfang	/suɑnH/
Pan Wuyun	/sʷɑnH/
Shao Rongfen	/suɑnH/
Edwin Pulleyblank	/swanH/
Li Rong	/suɑnH/
Wang Li	/suɑnH/
Bernard Karlgren	/suɑnH/
Expected Mandarin Reflex	suàn
Expected Cantonese Reflex	syun3

• Old Chinese

  (Baxter–Sagart): /*[s]ˤor-s/

  (Zhengzhang): /*sloːns/

Baxter–Sagart system 1.1 (2014)
Character	蒜ひる
Reading #	1/1
Modern Beijing (Pinyin)	suàn
Middle Chinese	‹ swanH ›
Old Chinese	/*[s]ˁor-s/
English	garlic
Notes for Old Chinese notations in the Baxter–Sagart system: * Parentheses "()" indicate uncertain presence; * Square brackets "[]" indicate uncertain identity, e.g. *[t] as coda may in fact be *-t or *-p; * Angle brackets "<>" indicate infix; * Hyphen "-" indicates morpheme boundary; * Period "." indicates syllable boundary.

Zhengzhang system (2003)
Character	蒜ひる
Reading #	1/1
No.	12133
Phonetic component	祘
Rime group	元もと
Rime subdivision	3
Corresponding MC rime	筭
Old Chinese	/*sloːns/

Definitions

蒜ひる

1. garlic

Synonyms

• (Hokkien) 蒜ひる仔こ

Compounds

• 凍こお蒜ひる／冻蒜 (dòngsuàn)
• 卵たまご蒜ひる (luǎnsuàn)
• 大蒜にんにく (dàsuàn)
• 大蒜にんにく效こう應おう／大蒜にんにく效こう应
• 小しょう蒜ひる
• 拌蒜 (bànsuàn)
• 拌蒜加か蔥／拌蒜加か葱ねぎ
• 搗蒜／捣蒜 (dǎosuàn)
• 擣蒜／捣蒜
• 朱しゅ蒜ひる
• 牙きば蒜ひる
• 猴蒜
• 番ばん蒜ひる
• 石蒜ひがんばな
• 砂すな鍋なべ搗蒜／砂すな锅捣蒜ひる
• 砂すな鍋なべ砸蒜／砂すな锅砸蒜ひる
• 砸薑磨すり蒜ひる／砸姜磨すり蒜ひる
• 耐たい儲もうか大蒜にんにく／耐たい储大蒜ひる
• 胡えびす蒜ひる
• 臘八ろうはち蒜ひる／腊八蒜ひる
• 蒜ひる丁ひのと
• 蒜ひる仔こ
• 蒜ひる台だい
• 蒜ひる子こ
• 蒜ひる押
• 蒜ひる果はて
• 蒜ひる條じょう／蒜ひる条じょう
• 蒜ひる條じょう金きん／蒜ひる条じょう金きん
• 蒜ひる毫 (suànháo)
• 蒜ひる氣き／蒜ひる气
• 蒜ひる泥どろ (suànní)
• 蒜ひる球だま精せい
• 蒜ひる瓣べん (suànbàn)
• 蒜ひる瓣べん兒じ／蒜ひる瓣べん儿
• 蒜ひる瓣べん骨こつ朵
• 蒜ひる絨／蒜ひる绒
• 蒜ひる絨枝／蒜ひる绒枝
• 蒜ひる缽子／蒜ひる钵子
• 蒜ひる腦のう藷いも／蒜ひる脑薯
• 蒜ひる苔こけ (suàntái)
• 蒜ひる苗なえ (suànmiáo)
• 蒜ひる茸だけ (suànróng)
• 蒜ひる蓉 (suànróng)
• 蒜ひる蔥／蒜ひる葱ねぎ
• 蒜ひる薹とう (suàntái)
• 蒜ひる辮子／蒜ひる辫子
• 蒜ひる酪
• 蒜ひる醬／蒜ひる酱
• 蒜ひる頭あたま／蒜ひる头 (suàntóu)
• 蒜ひる顆／蒜ひる颗
• 蒜ひる髮かみ／蒜ひる发
• 蒜ひる黃き／蒜ひる黄き (suànhuáng)
• 血ち蒜ひる羹あつもの
• 裝そう蒜ひる／装そう蒜ひる (zhuāngsuàn)
• 裝そう蔥賣蒜ひる／装そう葱ねぎ卖蒜
• 豆まめ蒜ひる
• 銀ぎん蒜ひる／银蒜
• 雅まさ蒜ひる
• 雞毛蒜ひる皮がわ／鸡毛蒜ひる皮がわ (jīmáosuànpí)
• 青あお蒜ひる (qīngsuàn)

 

Descendants

• → Lisu: ꓢꓪꓮꓠꓸ (swɑ́n)

Japanese

Kanji

蒜ひる

(Hyōgai kanji)

Readings

• Go-on: さん (san)
• Kan-on: さん (san)
• Kun: にんにく (ninniku)、ひる (hiru)

Etymology 1

Kanji in this term
蒜ひる
にんにく Hyōgai
kun'yomi

Alternative spellings
大蒜にんにく 葫にんにく 忍辱にんにく

Origin uncertain. There are two leading theories.

• Deriving ultimately from some compound and shift of 匂におい (nioi, “smell, scent”) + 憎にくい (nikui, “hateful; bitter”). Possible progression:

⟨nipopi₁⟩ + ⟨niku⟩ → */nipopi niku/ → */nipniku/ → /ninniku/

• Deriving as a shift in meaning from Buddhist term 忍辱にんにく (ninniku, “patience, forbearance, forgiveness”). Apparently garlic was seen as stimulating, and as such it was a forbidden food and monks would have to forbear from eating it, possibly giving rise to use of the term as a euphemism.

Pronunciation

• (Tokyo) にんにく [nìńníkú] (Heiban – [0])
• IPA^(key): [ɲ̟ĩɲ̟ːikɯ̟]

Noun

蒜ひる(にんにく) or 蒜ひる(ニンニク) • (ninniku) 

1. [date uncertain] garlic

Usage notes

As with many terms that name organisms, this term is often spelled in katakana, especially in biological contexts (where katakana is customary), as ニンニク.

Derived terms

• 行者ぎょうじゃ葫にんにく(ぎょうじゃにんにく) (gyōjaninniku)
• 浜はま蒜ひる(はまにんにく) (hamaninniku)

Etymology 2

Kanji in this term
蒜ひる
ひる Hyōgai
kun'yomi

Alternative spelling
葫にんにく

From Old Japanese, from Proto-Japonic *peru (“garlic”). First attested in the Kojiki of 712 CE.

Pronunciation

• (Tokyo) ひる [híꜜrù] (Atamadaka – [1])
• IPA^(key): [çiɾɯ̟]

Noun

蒜ひる(ひる) • (hiru) 

1. [from 712] allium

Derived terms

• 大蒜にんにく(おおびる) (ōbiru, “garlic”)
• 根ね蒜ひる(ねびる) (nebiru), 沢さわ蒜ひる(ねびる) (nebiru)
• 野蒜のびる(のびる) (nobiru)
• 蒜山ひるぜん(ひるぜん) (Hiruzen, “Hiruzen”)

Kikai

Kanji

蒜ひる

(Hyōgai kanji)

Readings

• Kun: ふぃる (firu, 蒜ひる)

Etymology

Kanji in this term
蒜ひる
Hyōgai

Alternative spelling
葫にんにく

Cognate with Japanese 蒜ひる(ひる) (hiru).

Noun

蒜ひる(ふぃる) (firu) 

1. garlic

References

• “ふぃる【蒜ひる・葫にんにく】” in JLect - Japonic Languages and Dialects Database Dictionary, 2019.

Korean

Hanja

蒜ひる • (san) (hangeul 산, revised san, McCune–Reischauer san, Yale san)

1. This term needs a translation to English. Please help out and add a translation, then remove the text {{rfdef}}.

Okinawan

Kanji

蒜ひる

(Hyōgai kanji)

Readings

• Kun: ふぃる (firu, 蒜ひる)

Etymology

Kanji in this term
蒜ひる
Hyōgai

Alternative spelling
葫にんにく

Attested in the 沖縄おきなわ語ご典てん (Okinawa Goten, “Okinawan Dictionary”) as ひる.

Pronunciation

• (Shuri) IPA^(key): [ɸíɾù]

Noun

蒜ひる(ふぃる) (firu) 

1. garlic

   んかしぇー　ふぃるぬ　かー　んーち　さきぢきっし　ふぃるじゃき　ちゅくたん。どぅー　あんまさる　ばすねー、ふぃるじゃき　ぬだいっし　うぬ　みーん　かなーち　かみーねー　たでーま　はしっとぅ　なたん　どー。

   Nkashē firunu kā nnchi sakijikisshi firujaki chukutan. Dū anmasaru basunē, firujaki nudaisshi unu mīn kanāchi kamīnē tadēma hashittu natan dō.

   In the past, we made garlic sake by peeling off the skin of the garlic. When we don't feel happy, we'd drink the garlic sake and ate the contents [lit. fruit] of it, and we would feel good right away.

References

• Kokuritsu Kokugo Kenkyūjo (国立こくりつ国語こくご研究所けんきゅうじょ) (1963) 沖縄おきなわ語ご辞典じてん (Okinawa-go Jiten) [Dictionary of the Okinawan Language] (in Japanese), Tokyo (東京とうきょう): Okurashō Insatsu Kyoku (財務省ざいむしょう印刷いんさつ局きょく), page 240
• Miyara, Shinshō (宮みや良信よしのぶ詳しょう) (2021) うちなーぐち活用かつよう辞典じてん [Dictionary of the Practical Use of Okinawan] (in Japanese), Tokyo (東京とうきょう都と): Kokuritsu Kokugo Kenkyūjo, Gengo Hen'i Kenkyū Ryōiki (国立こくりつ国語こくご研究所けんきゅうじょ 言語げんご変異へんい研究けんきゅう領域りょういき), →DOI, →ISBN, page 291

Yoron

Kanji

蒜ひる

(Hyōgai kanji)

Readings

• Kun: ぴる (piru, 蒜ひる)

Etymology

Kanji in this term
蒜ひる
Hyōgai

Alternative spelling
葫にんにく

Cognate with Japanese 蒜ひる(ひる) (hiru).

Noun

蒜ひる(ぴる) (piru) 

1. garlic

References

• “ぴる【蒜ひる・葫にんにく】” in JLect - Japonic Languages and Dialects Database Dictionary, 2019.