マカオ返還へんかん

出典しゅってん: フリー百科ひゃっか事典じてん『ウィキペディア（Wikipedia）』
マカオ返還へんかん
澳門まかお回歸かいき
Transferência da soberania de Macau
リスボン協定きょうてい（1887年ねん）
日程にってい 1999年ねん12月がつ20日はつか (24年ねん前まえ) (1999-12-20)
会場かいじょう所在地しょざいち マカオ
参加さんか者しゃ 中華人民共和国の旗 中国ちゅうごく
ポルトガルの旗 ポルトガル
マカオ返還へんかん
中国ちゅうごく語ご
繁体字はんたいじ 澳門まかお回歸かいき
簡体字かんたいじ 澳门回かい归
発音はつおん記号きごう
標準ひょうじゅん中国語ちゅうごくご
漢語かんご拼音Àomén Huíguī
粤語
粤拼ou3 mun4*2 wui4 gwai1
ポルトガル語ご
ポルトガル語ごTransferência da soberania de Macau

マカオ返還へんかん（マカオへんかん）あるいはマカオ主権しゅけん移譲いじょう（マカオしゅけんいじょう）は、1999年ねん12月20日にちにマカオの主権しゅけんがポルトガルから中華人民共和国ちゅうかじんみんきょうわこくに返還へんかん、移譲いじょうされた出来事できごとである。

マカオには明朝みょうちょう時代じだいの1557年ねんにポルトガル商人しょうにんが入植にゅうしょくし、程度ていどの差さこそあれ、マカオは1999年ねんまでポルトガルの支配しはい下かにあった。ポルトガルによるマカオへの関与かんよは清朝せいちょうにより1749年ねんに正式せいしきに認みとめられている。ポルトガルの総督そうとくJoão Maria Ferreira do Amaralは、アヘン戦争せんそうの勝利しょうりと南京なんきん条約じょうやくの締結ていけつの勢いきおいのままに、清朝せいちょうの現地げんち当局とうきょくを追放ついほうしてマカオを併合へいごうしようとしたが、暗殺あんさつされた[1]。アロー戦争せんそうの終結しゅうけつ後ご、1887年ねんにポルトガル政府せいふは、イギリス代表だいひょうとともに、中ちゅう葡和好こう通商つうしょう条約じょうやくを締結ていけつし、アヘン密輸みつゆを終おわらせるための取とり組くみに協力きょうりょくするという条件じょうけんでポルトガルによるマカオの永続えいぞく領有りょうゆうが認みとめられた[1]。

1949年ねんに中華人民共和国ちゅうかじんみんきょうわこくが成立せいりつし、1971年ねんのアルバニア決議けつぎで国際こくさい連合れんごうの代表だいひょう権けんが中華民国ちゅうかみんこくから中華人民共和国ちゅうかじんみんきょうわこくに移うつると、当時とうじの外交がいこう部長ぶちょう黄き華はなが国際こくさい連合れんごうの脱だつ植民しょくみん地ち化か特別とくべつ委員いいん会かい（英語えいご版ばん）に対たいしてマカオ（と香港ほんこん）を植民しょくみん地ち一覧いちらんから除外じょがいするように求もとめ、一覧いちらんへの掲載けいさいにより暗示あんじされた当地とうちの独立どくりつではなく主権しゅけん返還へんかんに向むけた二に国こく間あいだ交渉こうしょうの方ほうが望のぞましいと発言はつげんした。

1974年ねん4月がつ25日にち、カーネーション革命かくめいでポルトガル軍ぐんの将校しょうこうらが48年間ねんかん続つづいた保守ほしゅ的てきな独裁どくさい政権せいけんエスタド・ノヴォを打倒だとうし、新しん政府せいふの下したでポルトガルが民主みんしゅ主義しゅぎに移行いこうし、脱だつ植民しょくみん地ち化かが行おこなわれることになり、1978年ねんに中華人民共和国ちゅうかじんみんきょうわこくに対たいしてマカオ返還へんかんを打診だしんした[2]。しかし、中華人民共和国ちゅうかじんみんきょうわこく政府せいふは、マカオの早期そうき返還へんかんは香港ほんこんとの関係かんけいに影響えいきょうすると判断はんだんし、打診だしんを拒否きょひした[2][要ようページ番号ばんごう]。

1975年ねん12月31日にちにマカオに残のこるポルトガル軍ぐんが撤退てったいし、1979年ねん2月がつ8日にちにポルトガル政府せいふは中華民国ちゅうかみんこくとの断交だんこうを決定けっていし、翌日よくじつに中華人民共和国ちゅうかじんみんきょうわこくとの国交こっこうを開ひらいた。その後ご、ポルトガル政府せいふと中華人民共和国ちゅうかじんみんきょうわこく政府せいふはともにマカオを中華人民共和国ちゅうかじんみんきょうわこくの領土りょうどと認みとめ、1999年ねん12月がつ20日はつかにマカオの主権しゅけんが中華人民共和国ちゅうかじんみんきょうわこくに移譲いじょうされ、マカオ特別とくべつ行政ぎょうせい区くとなり、約やく600年ねんにわたるヨーロッパの植民しょくみん地ち時代じだいに終おわりを告つげた。

交渉こうしょう[編集へんしゅう]

1986年ねん5月がつ20日はつか、ポルトガル政府せいふと中華人民共和国ちゅうかじんみんきょうわこく政府せいふは6月がつ30日にちにマカオに関かんする会談かいだんを北京ぺきんで行おこなうと正式せいしきに発表はっぴょうし、6月がつにポルトガル代表だいひょうが北京ぺきんを訪問ほうもんすると、周しゅう南みなみを始はじめとした中華人民共和国ちゅうかじんみんきょうわこく代表だいひょうによる歓迎かんげいを受うけた[3][4]。

北京ぺきんにおける両国りょうこくの会談かいだんは以下いかの4回かいに分わけて行おこなわれた。

  • 第だい1回かい：1986年ねん6月がつ30日にち - 7月がつ1日にち
  • 第だい2回かい：1986年ねん9月がつ9日にち - 10日とおか
  • 第だい3回かい：1986年ねん10月がつ21日にち - 22日にち
  • 第だい4回かい：1987年ねん3月がつ18日にち - 23日にち

会談かいだんにおいて、ポルトガルは1987年ねんのマカオ返還へんかんを提案ていあんしたとされるが、中華人民共和国ちゅうかじんみんきょうわこくは拒否きょひし（過去かこにも1967年ねん、1975年ねん、1977年ねんの要求ようきゅうを拒否きょひしていた）、代かわりに香港ほんこん返還へんかんと同年どうねんの1997年ねんの返還へんかんを要求ようきゅうしたが、ポルトガルが拒否きょひした。その他た、ポルトガルは2004年ねんやマカオ租借そしゃく450周年しゅうねんとなる2007年ねんを提案ていあんしたものの、中華人民共和国ちゅうかじんみんきょうわこくは中ちゅう英えい合同ごうどう連絡れんらくグループが2000年ねんに解散かいさんされる予定よていのため、2000年ねん以前いぜんの返還へんかんを主張しゅちょうし[5]、最終さいしゅう的てきに1999年ねんの返還へんかんで合意ごういした[6]。

1987年ねん4月がつ13日にち、マカオ問題もんだいに関かんする中ちゅう葡共同どう声明せいめいがポルトガル政府せいふと中華人民共和国ちゅうかじんみんきょうわこく政府せいふにより正式せいしきに発表はっぴょうされ、北京ぺきんにおいて両国りょうこくの首相しゅしょうが調印ちょういんした[7]。

移行いこう期間きかん（1987年ねん - 1999年ねん）[編集へんしゅう]

中ちゅう葡共同どう声明せいめい（英語えいご版ばん）が調印ちょういんされた1987年ねん4月がつ13日にちからマカオが返還へんかんされた1999年ねん12月20日にちまでの12年間ねんかんは、いわゆる移行いこう期間きかんとされていた。

1988年ねん1月がつ15日にち、中華人民共和国ちゅうかじんみんきょうわこく外交がいこう部ぶは移行いこう期間きかん中ちゅうにマカオ問題もんだいについて協議きょうぎするグループの構成こうせい員いんを発表はっぴょうし、4月がつ13日にちにマカオ特別とくべつ行政ぎょうせい区く基本きほん法ほうの起草きそう委員いいん会かいが全国ぜんこく人民じんみん代表だいひょう大会たいかいで設立せつりつされると、10月25日にちに最初さいしょの委員いいん会かいの会合かいごうで草案そうあんと起草きそう段階だんかいの概要がいようが採択さいたくされ、マカオ特別とくべつ行政ぎょうせい区く情報じょうほう委員いいん会かい基本きほん法ほう草案そうあんが設もうけられることが決きまった[8]。1993年ねん3月がつ31日にち、全国ぜんこく人民じんみん代表だいひょう大会たいかいでマカオ基本きほん法案ほうあんが可決かけつされ、移行いこう期間きかんの後半こうはんの始はじまりとなった[9]。

主権しゅけん移譲いじょう[編集へんしゅう]

中国ちゅうごく人民じんみん解放かいほう軍ぐん

1999年ねん12月19日にち、マカオ特別とくべつ行政ぎょうせい区くの設立せつりつ式典しきてんへの前置まえおきとして、ポルトガルの第だい127代だいマカオ総督そうとくヴァスコ・ロシャ・ヴィエイラがマカオで旗はたを下おろした[10]。正式せいしきな主権しゅけん移譲いじょうはCultural Centre of Macau Gardenで同日どうじつ夜よるに行おこなわれ、式典しきてんは夜よるに始はじまり12月がつ20日はつかの未明みめいに終おわった。

12月19日にちの夜よるは龍りゅう舞まいと獅子舞ししまいで始はじまり、マカオの歴史れきし的てき出来事できごとと特色とくしょくのスライドショーが続つづき、これには東西とうざいの宗教しゅうきょうと人種じんしゅの混合こんごうとマカオで生うまれたポルトガル人じんの特有とくゆうの社会しゃかいが含ふくまれた。最後さいごのパフォーマンスでは、マカオでのポルトガルの歴史れきし442年ねんを代表だいひょうし、442人にんの子こどもが、国際こくさい的てきなスターとともに「Praise for Peace」の歌うたを披露ひろうした。

余波よは[編集へんしゅう]

ポルトガルによるマカオの返還へんかん後ご、マカオ特別とくべつ行政ぎょうせい区く、立法りっぽう会かい、司法しほうは基本きほん法ほうの規定きていに基もとづいて実施じっしされた。

Individual Visit Scheme政策せいさくの導入どうにゅうにより中国ちゅうごく本土ほんどの観光かんこう客きゃくの往来おうらいが容易よういになり、2005年ねんだけでも本土ほんどから観光かんこう客きゃく1000万まん人にんが訪おとずれ、これはマカオへの観光かんこう客きゃくの60%に相当そうとうする。マカオのカジノの収入しゅうにゅうは56億おくUSドルに上のぼる[11]。2005年ねん7月がつ15日にち、マカオ歴史れきし地区ちくが世界せかい文化ぶんか遺産いさんに登録とうろくされた。観光かんこう業ぎょうの発展はってんがマカオ経済けいざいの急速きゅうそくな発展はってんの主おもな要因よういんになっている。

ポルトガルにとって、マカオ返還へんかんはポルトガル帝国ていこく、ポルトガルの脱だつ植民しょくみん地ち化かだけでなく、中国ちゅうごく大陸たいりくとアジアにおけるヨーロッパの帝国ていこく主義しゅぎの終焉しゅうえんをも意味いみする出来事できごととなった[12]。

返還へんかんの前後ぜんご[編集へんしゅう]

変更へんこうされない（1999年ねん12月20日にち以降いこう） 変更へんこうされた（1999年ねん12月20日にち以降いこう）
  1. Portuguese remains an official language.[13] per[14] Public signs are bilingual in Portuguese and Traditional Chinese, although signs may also include English.[15] However, many schools teach in Cantonese in parallel with Mandarin and Portuguese.
  2. The legal system remains separate from that of mainland China, broadly based on the Portuguese civil system, with some Portuguese judges continuing to serve.[16]
  3. Macau retained the pataca as its currency, which remained the responsibility of the Monetary Authority of Macau, and pegged to the Hong Kong dollar.[17] However, the Bank of China began issuing banknotes in 1995.[18]
  4. The border with the mainland, while now known as the boundary, continues to be patrolled as before, with separate immigration and customs controls.[19]
  5. Macau citizens are still required to apply for a Mainland Travel Permit, in order to visit mainland China.[20]
  6. Citizens of mainland China still do not have the right of abode in Macau, except if he/she was born in Macau (before or after the establishment of the SAR).[21] Instead, they had to apply for a permit to visit or settle in Macau from the PRC government.[22]
  7. Macau continues to operate as a separate customs territory from mainland China.[23]
  8. It remains an individual member of various international organizations, such as APEC and WTO.[24]
  9. Macau continued to negotiate and maintain its own aviation bilateral treaties with foreign countries and territories.[25] These include flights to Taiwan.[26]
  10. Macau remains an individual member of sporting organizations such as FIFA.[27] However, the Sports and Olympic Committee of Macau, China, while a member of the Olympic Council of Asia, is not a member of the International Olympic Committee.[28]
  11. It continues to drive on the left unlike Mainland China, all of which has driven on the right since 1946, or Portugal and most other Portuguese colonies, which switched to the right in 1928.[29] Vehicle registration plates continued to follow the old Portuguese format, with white characters on a black plate.[30] This had been discontinued in Portugal in 1992.[31]
  12. Macau-registered vehicles can travel to and from mainland China, but require special cross-border plates, similar to those of Guangdong.[32]
  13. Macau citizens continue to have easier access to many countries, including those in Europe and North America, with Macau SAR passport holders having visa-free access to 117 other countries and territories.[33]
  14. Foreign nationals, including Portuguese citizens, are allowed to hold high-level positions in the administration, except the office of Chief Executive; those who will apply for Chief Executive position will have to be naturalized as Chinese.[34] This was in contrast to Hong Kong, where such positions were restricted to citizens of the SAR.[35]
  15. Members of the existing Legislative Assembly, who had been elected in 1996, remained in office until 2001, although those who had been appointed by the Governor were replaced by those appointed by the incoming Chief Executive.[36]
  16. Foreign nationals, including Portuguese citizens, are still allowed to stand for directly elected seats in the Legislative Assembly.[37] This is in contrast to Hong Kong, where foreign nationals can only stand for indirectly elected seats in the Legislative Council.[38]
  17. Macau continues to have more political freedoms than mainland China, with the holding of demonstrations and annual memorials to commemorate the Tiananmen Square protests of 1989 in Senado Square.[39] However, pro-democracy politicians and academics from Hong Kong were refused entry.[40]
  18. It continues to have more freedom of the press than mainland China despite the growing influence of Beijing and Hong Kong journalists being refused entry.[41]
  19. Macau continues to have its own civic groups participating in the political system.[42] These are separate from the Communist-led United Front on the mainland.[43]
  20. It also continues to have more religious freedoms, with the Roman Catholic Diocese of Macau remaining under the jurisdiction of the Holy See, instead of the Chinese Patriotic Catholic Association on the mainland.[44] However, the Falun Gong spiritual practice has faced restrictions.[45]
  21. Macau retains a separate international dialling code (853) and telephone numbering plan from that of the mainland.[46] Calls between Macau and the mainland still require international dialling.[47]
  22. It retains different technical standards from mainland China, such as British-style electrical plugs.[48] However, Macau would later adopt the digital TV standard devised in mainland China, instead of DVB-T, replacing PAL-I for TV transmissions.[49]
  23. Macau retains a separate ISO 3166 code, MO.[50] It also retains a top-level domain, .mo.[51] However, the Chinese code CN-92 was also used.[52]
  24. It retains its own separate postal services, with Correios de Macau operating separately from China Post.[53] Macau was not made part of the Chinese postcode system, nor did it introduce a postcode system of its own.[54]
  25. Portuguese-influenced place names remain unchanged, although their unrelated Chinese equivalents are already in use; for example, Avenida Almeida Ribeiro is known as San Ma Lou or "new road".[55]
  26. Portuguese monuments remain, although the statue of former Governor João Maria Ferreira do Amaral was taken down in 1992.[56] The statue is now located at the Bairro da Encarnação, Lisbon, Portugal, where it was placed in December 1999.[57]
  27. The floor on the ground level continues to be officially referred to by the Portuguese abbreviation R/C (rés-do-chão).[58]
  1. The Chief Executive of Macau became the head of government, elected by a selection committee with 300 members, who mainly are elected from among professional sectors and business leaders in Macau.[59] The Governor was appointed by Portugal.[60]
  2. The former Governor's Palace is now known as the Government Headquarters.[61]
  3. The Court of Final Appeal became the highest court of appeal in Macau.[62] This replaced the Superior Court of Justice, established in April 1993.[63] Appeals to the Court of Appeal of the Judiciary District of Lisbon ceased in 1999.[64]
  4. All public offices now fly the flags of the PRC and the Macau SAR.[65] The Flag of Portugal now flies only outside the Portuguese Consulate-General and other Portuguese premises.[66]
  5. The People's Liberation Army established a garrison in Macau, the first military presence there since the Portuguese military garrison had been withdrawn following the Carnation Revolution in 1974.[67]
  6. The Central People's Government is now formally represented in Macau by a Liaison Office.[68] This has been established in 1987 as a branch of Xinhua News Agency, when Macau was under Portuguese administration.[69] Before 1987, it was informally represented by the Nanguang trading company.[70]
  7. The Macau SAR Government is now formally represented in Beijing by the Office of the Government of the Macau Special Administrative Region.[71]
  8. Elsewhere, the Macau SAR Government is now represented by Macau Economic and Trade Offices in Lisbon (Portugal), Brussels (European Union), Geneva (World Trade Organization) and Taipei (Taiwan).[72]
  9. The Ministry of Foreign Affairs of the People's Republic of China is represented in Macau by a Commissioner.[73]
  10. The Municipalities of Macau and the Ilhas, which had been retained provisionally following the transfer of sovereignty, were abolished and replaced by the Civic and Municipal Affairs Bureau with effect from 1 January 2002.[74]
  11. Portugal was now represented in Macau by the Portuguese Consulate-General, also accredited to Hong Kong.[75] This had responsibility for matters relating to Portuguese nationals. However, residents of Macau born after 3 October 1981 were no longer entitled to Portuguese nationality.[76][77]
  12. The Taipei Trade and Tourism Office, the de facto mission of Taiwan, was renamed the Taipei Trade and Cultural Office, and was allowed to issue visas in 2002.[78] It was later renamed the Taipei Economic and Cultural Office in Macau in 2011.[79]
  13. The words "República Portuguesa" no longer appear on postage stamps, which now display the words "Macau, China".[80] The Portuguese coat of arms had already been removed from Macanese pataca banknotes and coins issued since 1988.[81]
  14. The Macau Police badge now displays the Macau SAR emblem.[82]
  15. The Portuguese honours system was replaced by a local system, with the Grand Medal of Lotus Flower as the highest award.[83]
  16. Public holidays changed, with Macau SAR Establishment Day being introduced and Portuguese-inspired occasions, such as Republic Day and Freedom Day, being abolished.[84] PRC National Day had been made a public holiday in 1981.[85]
  17. Macau's aircraft registration prefix changed from Portugal's CS to B, as used by mainland China, Taiwan and Hong Kong.[86][87]
  18. The Portuguese national anthem A Portuguesa, is no longer played after closedown on television stations. The Chinese national anthem, March of the Volunteers, is now played instead.
  19. A giant golden statue of a lotus, erected in a public space outside the Macau Forum named Lotus Square, was presented by the State Council of the People's Republic of China to commemorate the return of Macau to Chinese sovereignty.[88]
  20. The University of Macau was relocated to a new campus on Hengqin Island in 2009.[89] This was under the jurisdiction of the Macau SAR government, which had leased a plot of land for M$1.2 billion until 2049.[90]

関連かんれん項目こうもく[編集へんしゅう]

脚注きゃくちゅう[編集へんしゅう]

  1. ^ a b Mayers, William Frederick (1902). Treaties Between the Empire of China and Foreign Powers (4th ed.). Shanghai: North-China Herald. pp. 156–157.
  2. ^ a b Naked Tropics: Essays on Empire and Other Rogues, Kenneth Maxwell, Psychology Press, 2003
  3. ^ “澳門まかお回歸かいき”. 中ちゅう葡文化ぶんか交流こうりゅう. 2022年ねん10月がつ閲覧えつらん。 “4月がつ13日にち，中國ちゅうごく國務こくむ院いん總理そうり 趙ちょう紫むらさき陽ひ、葡萄ぶどう牙きば總理そうり 席せき爾なんじ瓦かわら分別ふんべつ代表だいひょう兩國りょうこく政府せいふ在ざい北京ぺきん正式せいしき簽署《中華人民共和國ちゅうかじんみんきょうわこく政府せいふ和わ葡萄ぶどう牙きば共和きょうわ國こく政府せいふ關せき於澳門もん問題もんだい的てき聯合れんごう聲明せいめい》，確認かくにん中華人民共和國ちゅうかじんみんきょうわこく政府せいふ將はた於1999年ねん12月がつ20日はつか對たい澳門まかお恢復かいふく行使こうし主權しゅけん。”
  4. ^ 《澳門まかお歷史れきし的てき見み證しょう：中ちゅう葡關於澳門もん問題もんだい聯合れんごう聲明せいめい簽署儀式ぎしき圖ず輯》. 澳門まかお日報にっぽう出社しゅっしゃ. (January 2000). https://www.macaudata.com/macaubook/book222/html/02201.htm 
  5. ^ “Sino-British Joint Liaison Group | South China Morning Post”. 2014年ねん3月がつ6日にち時点じてんのオリジナルよりアーカイブ。2019年ねん4月がつ25日にち閲覧えつらん。
  6. ^ Cheng, Kris (2017年ねん11月27日にち). “Declassified: Portugal may have hoped for a 2004 Handover of Macau to China, instead of 1999”. Hong Kong Free Press. 2022年ねん10月がつ閲覧えつらん。
  7. ^ Portugal, China Sign Accord to Return Tiny Macao to Chinese Control in 1999, United Press International, Los Angeles Times, 14 April 1987
  8. ^ 关于澳门特とく别行政ぎょうせい区く基本きほん法ほう起草きそう委い员会名めい单（草案そうあん）的てき说明[リンク切きれ]，中国人ちゅうごくじん大だい网，1988年ねん08月がつ29日にち
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