It has been suggested that this article be merged with Heavenly Stems and Earthly Branches to Chinese cyclical signs. (Discuss) Proposed since July 2024. |
The sexagenary cycle, also known as the stems-and-branches or ganzhi (Chinese:
Sexagenary cycle | |||||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Chinese | |||||||||
| |||||||||
stems-and-branches | |||||||||
Chinese | |||||||||
|
This traditional method of numbering days and years no longer has any significant role in modern Chinese time-keeping or the official calendar. However, the sexagenary cycle is used in the names of many historical events, such as the Chinese Xinhai Revolution, the Japanese Boshin War, the Korean Imjin War and the Vietnamese Famine of Ất Dậu, Tết Mậu Thân. It also continues to have a role in contemporary Chinese astrology and fortune telling. There are some parallels in this with the current 60-year cycle of the Hindu calendar.
Overview
editSexagenary cycle | |||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|
1 Wood Rat |
2 Wood Ox |
3 Fire Tiger |
4 Fire Rabbit |
5 Earth Dragon |
6 Earth Snake |
7 Metal Horse |
8 Metal Goat |
9 Water Monkey |
10 Water Rooster |
11 Wood Dog |
12 Wood Pig |
13 Fire Rat |
14 Fire Ox |
15 Earth Tiger |
16 Earth Rabbit |
17 Metal Dragon |
18 Metal Snake |
19 Water Horse |
20 Water Goat |
21 Wood Monkey |
22 Wood Rooster |
23 Fire Dog |
24 Fire Pig |
25 Earth Rat |
26 Earth Ox |
27 Metal Tiger |
28 Metal Rabbit |
29 Water Dragon |
30 Water Snake |
31 Wood Horse |
32 Wood Goat |
33 Fire Monkey |
34 Fire Rooster |
35 Earth Dog |
36 Earth Pig |
37 Metal Rat |
38 Metal Ox |
39 Water Tiger |
40 Water Rabbit |
41 Wood Dragon |
42 Wood Snake |
43 Fire Horse |
44 Fire Goat |
45 Earth Monkey |
46 Earth Rooster |
47 Metal Dog |
48 Metal Pig |
49 Water Rat |
50 Water Ox |
51 Wood Tiger |
52 Wood Rabbit |
53 Fire Dragon |
54 Fire Snake |
55 Earth Horse |
56 Earth Goat |
57 Metal Monkey |
58 Metal Rooster |
59 Water Dog |
60 Water Pig |
Heavenly Stems ・ Earthly Branches |
Each term in the sexagenary cycle consists of two Chinese characters, the first being one of the ten Heavenly Stems of the Shang-era week and the second being one of the twelve Earthly Branches representing the years of Jupiter's duodecennial orbital cycle. The first term jiǎzǐ (
This combination of two sub-cycles to generate a larger cycle and its use to record time have parallels in other calendrical systems, notably the Akan calendar.[7]
History
editThe sexagenary cycle is attested as a method of recording days from the earliest written records in China, records of divination on oracle bones, beginning c. 1100 BC.[8] Almost every oracle bone inscription includes a date in this format. This use of the cycle for days is attested throughout the Zhou dynasty and remained common into the Han period for all documentary purposes that required dates specified to the day.
Almost all the dates in the Spring and Autumn Annals, a chronological list of events from 722 to 481 BC, use this system in combination with regnal years and months (lunations) to record dates. Eclipses recorded in the Annals demonstrate that continuity in the sexagenary day-count was unbroken from that period onwards. It is likely that this unbroken continuity went back still further to the first appearance of the sexagenary cycle during the Shang period.[9]
The use of the sexagenary cycle for recording years is much more recent. The earliest discovered documents showing this usage are among the silk manuscripts recovered from Mawangdui tomb 3, sealed in 168 BC. In one of these documents, a sexagenary grid diagram is annotated in three places to mark notable events. For example, the first year of the reign of Qin Shi Huang (
In Japan, according to Nihon shoki, the calendar was transmitted to Japan in 553. But it was not until the Suiko era that the calendar was used for politics. The year 604, when the Japanese officially adopted the Chinese calendar, was the first year of the cycle.[13]
The Korean (환갑;
The Tibetan calendar also counts years using a 60-year cycle based on 12 animals and 5 elements, but while the first year of the Chinese cycle is always the year of the Wood Rat, the first year of the Tibetan cycle is the year of the Fire Rabbit (
Ten Heavenly Stems
editNo. | Heavenly Stem |
Ahom Name | Chinese name |
Japanese name |
Korean name |
Vietnamese name |
Yin Yang | Wu Xing | |||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Mandarin (Pinyin) |
Cantonese (Jyutping) |
Middle Chinese (Baxter) |
Old Chinese (Baxter–Sagart) |
Onyomi | Kunyomi with corresponding kanji |
Romanized | Hangul | ||||||
1 | kap | jiǎ | gaap3 | kæp | *[k]ˤr[a]p | kō (こう) | kinoe ( |
gap | 갑 | giáp | yang | wood | |
2 | dap | yǐ | jyut3 | ʔit | *qrət | otsu (おつ) | kinoto ( |
eul | 을 | ất | yin | ||
3 | rai | bǐng | bing2 | pjængX | *praŋʔ | hei (へい) | hinoe ( |
byeong | 병 | bính | yang | fire | |
4 | Mueang | dīng | ding1 | teng | *tˤeŋ | tei (てい) | hinoto ( |
jeong | 정 | đinh | yin | ||
5 | plaek | wù | mou6 | muwH | *m(r)uʔ-s (~ *m(r)uʔ) | bo (ぼ) | tsuchinoe ( |
mu | 무 | mậu | yang | earth | |
6 | kat | jǐ | gei2 | kiX | *k(r)əʔ | ki (き) | tsuchinoto ( |
gi | 기 | kỷ | yin | ||
7 | khut | gēng | gang1 | kæng | *kˤraŋ | kō (こう) | kanoe ( |
gyeong | 경 | canh | yang | metal | |
8 | rung | xīn | san1 | sin | *si[n] | shin (しん) | kanoto ( |
sin | 신 | tân | yin | ||
9 | tao | rén | jam4 | nyim | *n[ə]m | jin (じん) | mizunoe ( |
im | 임 | nhâm | yang | water | |
10 | ka | guǐ | gwai3 | kjwijX | *kʷijʔ | ki (き) | mizunoto ( |
gye | 계 | quý | yin |
Twelve Earthly Branches
editNo. | Earthly Branch |
Chinese name |
Japanese name |
Korean name |
Vietnamese name |
Vietnamese zodiac |
Chinese zodiac |
Corresponding hours | |||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Mandarin (Pinyin) |
Cantonese (Jyutping) |
Middle Chinese (Baxter) |
Old Chinese (Baxter–Sagart) |
Onyomi | Kunyomi | Romanized | Hangul | ||||||
1 | zǐ | zi2 | tsiX | *[ts]əʔ | shi (し) | ne (ね) | ja | 자 | tý | Rat (chuột 𤝞) | Rat ( |
11 p.m. to 1 a.m. | |
2 | chǒu | cau2 | trhjuwX | *[n̥]ruʔ | chū (ちゅう) | ushi (うし) | chuk | 축 | sửu | Water buffalo (trâu 𤛠) | Ox ( |
1 to 3 a.m. | |
3 | yín | jan4 | yij | *[ɢ] (r)ər | in (いん) | tora (とら) | in | 인 | dần | Tiger (hổ |
Tiger ( |
3 to 5 a.m. | |
4 | mǎo | maau5 | mæwX | *mˤruʔ | bō (ぼう) | u (う) | myo | 묘 | mão/mẹo | Cat (mèo |
Rabbit ( |
5 to 7 a.m. | |
5 | chén | san4 | dzyin | *[d]ər | shin (しん) | tatsu (たつ) | jin | 진 | thìn | Dragon (rồng |
Dragon ( |
7 to 9 a.m. | |
6 | sì | zi6 | ziX | *s-[ɢ]əʔ | shi (し) | mi (み) | sa | 사 | tỵ | Snake (rắn 𧋻) | Snake ( |
9 to 11 a.m. | |
7 | wǔ | ng5 | nguX | *[m].qʰˤaʔ | go (ご) | uma (うま) | o | 오 | ngọ | Horse (ngựa 馭) | Horse ( |
11 a.m. to 1 p.m. | |
8 | wèi | mei6 | mjɨjH | *m[ə]t-s | mi (み) or bi (び) | hitsuji (ひつじ) | mi | 미 | mùi | Goat (dê 羝) | Goat ( |
1 to 3 p.m. | |
9 | shēn | san1 | syin | *l̥i[n] | shin (しん) | saru (さる) | sin | 신 | thân | Monkey (khỉ 𤠳) | Monkey (猴) | 3 to 5 p.m. | |
10 | yǒu | jau5 | yuwX | *N-ruʔ | yū (ゆう) | tori (とり) | yu | 유 | dậu | Rooster (gà 𪂮) | Rooster (雞) | 5 to 7 p.m. | |
11 | xū | seot1 | swit | *s.mi[t] | jutsu (じゅつ) | inu (いぬ) | sul | 술 | tuất | Dog (chó 㹥) | Dog ( |
7 to 9 p.m. | |
12 | hài | hoi6 | hojX | *[g]ˤəʔ | gai (がい) | i (い) | hae | 해 | hợi | Pig (lợn 𤞼/heo 㺧) | Pig (豬) | 9 to 11 p.m. |
*The names of several animals can be translated into English in several different ways. The Vietnamese Earthly Branches use cat instead of Rabbit.
Sexagenary years
editNo. | Stem-Branch | Mandarin Chinese Pinyin | Korean | Japanese | Vietnamese | Associations | AD | BC | Current Cycle |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
1 | jiǎ-zǐ | gapja 갑자 |
|
Giáp Tý | Yang Wood Rat | 4 | 57 | 1984 | |
2 | yǐ-chǒu | eulchuk 을축 |
|
Ất Sửu | Yin Wood Ox | 5 | 56 | 1985 | |
3 | bǐng-yín | byeongin 병인 |
|
Bính Dần | Yang Fire Tiger | 6 | 55 | 1986 | |
4 | dīng-mǎo | jeongmyo 정묘 |
|
Đinh Mão | Yin Fire Rabbit | 7 | 54 | 1987 | |
5 | wù-chén | mujin 무진 |
|
Mậu Thìn | Yang Earth Dragon | 8 | 53 | 1988 | |
6 | jǐ-sì | gisa 기사 |
|
Kỷ Tỵ | Yin Earth Snake | 9 | 52 | 1989 | |
7 | gēng-wǔ | gyeongo 경오 |
|
Canh Ngọ | Yang Metal Horse | 10 | 51 | 1990 | |
8 | xīn-wèi | sinmi 신미 |
|
Tân Mùi | Yin Metal Goat | 11 | 50 | 1991 | |
9 | rén-shēn | imsin 임신 |
|
Nhâm Thân | Yang Water Monkey | 12 | 49 | 1992 | |
10 | guǐ-yǒu | gyeyu 계유 |
|
Quý Dậu | Yin Water Rooster | 13 | 48 | 1993 | |
11 | jiǎ-xū | gapsul 갑술 |
|
Giáp Tuất | Yang Wood Dog | 14 | 47 | 1994 | |
12 | yǐ-hài | eulhae 을해 |
|
Ât Hợi | Yin Wood Pig | 15 | 46 | 1995 | |
13 | bǐng-zǐ | byeongja 병자 |
|
Bính Tý | Yang Fire Rat | 16 | 45 | 1996 | |
14 | dīng-chǒu | jeongchuk 정축 |
|
Đinh Sửu | Yin Fire Ox | 17 | 44 | 1997 | |
15 | wù-yín | muin 무인 |
|
Mậu Dần | Yang Earth Tiger | 18 | 43 | 1998 | |
16 | jǐ-mǎo | gimyo 기묘 |
|
Kỷ Mão | Yin Earth Rabbit | 19 | 42 | 1999 | |
17 | gēng-chén | gyeongjin 경진 |
|
Canh Thìn | Yang Metal Dragon | 20 | 41 | 2000 | |
18 | xīn-sì | sinsa 신사 |
|
Tân Tỵ | Yin Metal Snake | 21 | 40 | 2001 | |
19 | rén-wǔ | imo 임오 |
|
Nhâm Ngọ | Yang Water Horse | 22 | 39 | 2002 | |
20 | guǐ-wèi | gyemi 계미 |
|
Quý Mùi | Yin Water Goat | 23 | 38 | 2003 | |
21 | jiǎ-shēn | gapsin 갑신 |
|
Giáp Thân | Yang Wood Monkey | 24 | 37 | 2004 | |
22 | yǐ-yǒu | euryu 을유 |
|
Ất Dậu | Yin Wood Rooster | 25 | 36 | 2005 | |
23 | bǐng-xū | byeongsul 병술 |
|
Bính Tuất | Yang Fire Dog | 26 | 35 | 2006 | |
24 | dīng-hài | jeonghae 정해 |
|
Đinh Hợi | Yin Fire Pig | 27 | 34 | 2007 | |
25 | wù-zǐ | muja 무자 |
|
Mậu Tý | Yang Earth Rat | 28 | 33 | 2008 | |
26 | jǐ-chǒu | gichuk 기축 |
|
Kỷ Sửu | Yin Earth Ox | 29 | 32 | 2009 | |
27 | gēng-yín | gyeongin 경인 |
|
Canh Dần | Yang Metal Tiger | 30 | 31 | 2010 | |
28 | xīn-mǎo | sinmyo 신묘 |
|
Tân Mão | Yin Metal Rabbit | 31 | 30 | 2011 | |
29 | rén-chén | imjin 임진 |
|
Nhâm Thìn | Yang Water Dragon | 32 | 29 | 2012 | |
30 | guǐ-sì | gyesa 계사 |
|
Quý Tỵ | Yin Water Snake | 33 | 28 | 2013 | |
31 | jiǎ-wǔ | gabo 갑오 |
|
Giáp Ngọ | Yang Wood Horse | 34 | 27 | 2014 | |
32 | yǐ-wèi | eulmi 을미 |
|
Ất Mùi | Yin Wood Goat | 35 | 26 | 2015 | |
33 | bǐng-shēn | byeongsin 병신 |
|
Bính Thân | Yang Fire Monkey | 36 | 25 | 2016 | |
34 | dīng-yǒu | jeongyu 정유 |
|
Đinh Dậu | Yin Fire Rooster | 37 | 24 | 2017 | |
35 | wù-xū | musul 무술 |
|
Mậu Tuất | Yang Earth Dog | 38 | 23 | 2018 | |
36 | jǐ-hài | gihae 기해 |
|
Kỷ Hợi | Yin Earth Pig | 39 | 22 | 2019 | |
37 | gēng-zǐ | gyeongja 경자 |
|
Canh Tý | Yang Metal Rat | 40 | 21 | 2020 | |
38 | xīn-chǒu | sinchuk 신축 |
|
Tân Sửu | Yin Metal Ox | 41 | 20 | 2021 | |
39 | rén-yín | imin 임인 |
|
Nhâm Dần | Yang Water Tiger | 42 | 19 | 2022 | |
40 | guǐ-mǎo | gyemyo 계묘 |
|
Quý Mão | Yin Water Rabbit | 43 | 18 | 2023 | |
41 | jiǎ-chén | gapjin 갑진 |
|
Giáp Thìn | Yang Wood Dragon | 44 | 17 | 2024 | |
42 | yǐ-sì | eulsa 을사 |
|
Ất Tỵ | Yin Wood Snake | 45 | 16 | 2025 | |
43 | bǐng-wǔ | byeongo 병오 |
|
Bính Ngọ | Yang Fire Horse | 46 | 15 | 2026 | |
44 | dīng-wèi | jeongmi 정미 |
|
Đinh Mùi | Yin Fire Goat | 47 | 14 | 2027 | |
45 | wù-shēn | musin 무신 |
|
Mậu Thân | Yang Earth Monkey | 48 | 13 | 2028 | |
46 | jǐ-yǒu | giyu 기유 |
|
Kỷ Dậu | Yin Earth Rooster | 49 | 12 | 2029 | |
47 | gēng-xū | gyeongsul 경술 |
|
Canh Tuất | Yang Metal Dog | 50 | 11 | 2030 | |
48 | xīn-hài | sinhae 신해 |
|
Tân Hợi | Yin Metal Pig | 51 | 10 | 2031 | |
49 | rén-zǐ | imja 임자 |
|
Nhâm Tý | Yang Water Rat | 52 | 9 | 2032 | |
50 | guǐ-chǒu | gyechuk 계축 |
|
Quý Sửu | Yin Water Ox | 53 | 8 | 2033 | |
51 | jiǎ-yín | gabin 갑인 |
|
Giáp Dần | Yang Wood Tiger | 54 | 7 | 2034 | |
52 | yǐ-mǎo | eulmyo 을묘 |
|
Ất Mão | Yin Wood Rabbit | 55 | 6 | 2035 | |
53 | bǐng-chén | byeongjin 병진 |
|
Bính Thìn | Yang Fire Dragon | 56 | 5 | 2036 | |
54 | dīng-sì | jeongsa 정사 |
|
Đinh Tỵ | Yin Fire Snake | 57 | 4 | 2037 | |
55 | wù-wǔ | muo 무오 |
|
Mậu Ngọ | Yang Earth Horse | 58 | 3 | 2038 | |
56 | jǐ-wèi | gimi 기미 |
|
Kỷ Mùi | Yin Earth Goat | 59 | 2 | 2039 | |
57 | gēng-shēn | gyeongsin 경신 |
|
Canh Thân | Yang Metal Monkey | 60 | 1 | 2040 | |
58 | xīn-yǒu | sinyu 신유 |
|
Tân Dậu | Yin Metal Rooster | 1 | 60 | 2041 | |
59 | rén-xū | imsul 임술 |
|
Nhâm Tuất | Yang Water Dog | 2 | 59 | 2042 | |
60 | guǐ-hài | gyehae 계해 |
|
Quý Hợi | Yin Water Pig | 3 | 58 | 2043 |
Conversion between cyclic years and Western years
editAs mentioned above, the cycle first started to be used for indicating years during the Han dynasty, but it also can be used to indicate earlier years retroactively. Since it repeats, by itself it cannot specify a year without some other information, but it is frequently used with the Chinese era name (
As for example, the year 2697 BC (or −2696, using the astronomical year count), traditionally the first year of the reign of the legendary Yellow Emperor, was the first year (
Thus, to find out the Gregorian year's equivalent in the sexagenary cycle use the appropriate method below.
- For any year number greater than 4 AD, the equivalent sexagenary year can be found by subtracting 3 from the Gregorian year, dividing by 60 and taking the remainder. See example below.
- For any year before 1 AD, the equivalent sexagenary year can be found by adding 2 to the Gregorian year number (in BC), dividing it by 60, and subtracting the remainder from 60.
- 1 AD, 2 AD and 3 AD correspond respectively to the 58th, 59th and 60th years of the sexagenary cycle.
- The formula for years AD is (year – 3) mod 60 and for years BC is (year + 2) mod 60.
The result will produce a number between 0 and 59, corresponding to the year order in the cycle; if the remainder is 0, it corresponds to the 60th year of a cycle. Thus, using the first method, the equivalent sexagenary year for 2012 AD is the 29th year (
Examples
editStep-by-step example to determine the sign for 1967:
- 1967 – 3 = 1964 ("subtracting 3 from the Gregorian year")
- 1964 ÷ 60 = 32 ("divide by 60 and discard any fraction")
- 1964 – (60 × 32) = 44 ("taking the remainder")
- Show one of the Sexagenary Cycle tables (the following section), look for 44 in the first column (No) and obtain Fire Goat (
丁未 ; dīng-wèi).
Step-by-step example to determine the cyclic year of first year of the reign of Qin Shi Huang (246 BC):
- 246 + 2 = 248 ("adding 2 to the Gregorian year number (in BC)")
- 248 ÷ 60 = 4 ("divide by 60 and discard any fraction")
- 248 – (60 × 4) = 8 ("taking the remainder")
- 60 – 8 = 52 ("subtract the remainder from 60")
- Show one of the Sexagenary Cycle table (the following section), look for 52 in the first column (No) and obtain Wood Rabbit (
乙 卯 ; yǐ-mǎo).
A shorter equivalent method
editStart from the AD year (1967), take directly the remainder mod 60, and look into column AD of the table "Sexagenary years" (just above).
- 1967 = 60 × 32 + 47.
Remainder is therefore 47 and the AD column says 'Fire Goat' as it should be.
For a BC year: discard the minus sign, take the remainder of the year mod 60 and look into column BC. Applied to year -246, this gives:
- 246 = 60 × 4 + 6. Remainder is therefore 6 and the BC column of table "Sexagenary years" (just above) gives 'Wood Rabbit'.
When doing these conversions, year 246 BC cannot be treated as −246 AD due to the lack of a year 0 in the Gregorian AD/BC system.
The following tables show recent years (in the Gregorian calendar) and their corresponding years in the cycles:
1804–1923
editNo. | 1804–1863 | Heavenly stem | Earthly branch | 1864–1923 |
---|---|---|---|---|
Year | (Elements) | (Animals) | Year | |
1 | Feb 11 1804 – Jan 30 1805 | Feb 8 1864 – Jan 26 1865 | ||
2 | Jan 31 1805 – Feb 17 1806 | Jan 27 1865 – Feb 14 1866 | ||
3 | Feb 18 1806 – Feb 6 1807 | Feb 15 1866 – Feb 4 1867 | ||
4 | Feb 7 1807 – Jan 27 1808 | Feb 5 1867 – Jan 24 1868 | ||
5 | Jan 28 1808 – Feb 14 1809 | Jan 25 1868 – Feb 10 1869 | ||
6 | Feb 15 1809 – Feb 3 1810 | Feb 11 1869 – Jan 31 1870 | ||
7 | Feb 4 1810 – Jan 24 1811 | Feb 01 1870 – Feb 19 1871 | ||
8 | Jan 25 1811 – Feb 12 1812 | Feb 20 1871 – Feb 8 1872 | ||
9 | Feb 13 1812 – Jan 31 1813 | Feb 9 1872 – Jan 28 1873 | ||
10 | Feb 1 1813 – Jan 20 1814 | Jan 29 1873 – Feb 16 1874 | ||
11 | Jan 21 1814 – Feb 8 1815 | Feb 17 1874 – Feb 5 1875 | ||
12 | Feb 9 1815 – Jan 28 1816 | Feb 6 1875 – Jan 25 1876 | ||
13 | Jan 29 1816 – Feb 15 1817 | Jan 26 1876 – Feb 12 1877 | ||
14 | Feb 16 1817 – Feb 5 1818 | Feb 13 1877 – Feb 1 1878 | ||
15 | Feb 6 1818 – Jan 25 1819 | Feb 2 1878 – Jan 22 1879 | ||
16 | Jan 26 1819 – Feb 13 1820 | Jan 23 1879 – Feb 9 1880 | ||
17 | Feb 14 1820 – Feb 2 1821 | Feb 10 1880 – Jan 29 1881 | ||
18 | Feb 3 1821 – Jan 22 1822 | Jan 30 1881 – Feb 17 1882 | ||
19 | Jan 23 1822 – Feb 10 1823 | Feb 18 1882 – Feb 7 1883 | ||
20 | Feb 11 1823 – Jan 30 1824 | Feb 8 1883 – Jan 27 1884 | ||
21 | Jan 31 1824 – Feb 17 1825 | Jan 28 1884 – Feb 14 1885 | ||
22 | Feb 18 1825 – Feb 6 1826 | Feb 15 1885 – Feb 3 1886 | ||
23 | Feb 7 1826 – Jan 26 1827 | Feb 4 1886 – Jan 23 1887 | ||
24 | Jan 27 1827 – Feb 15 1828 | Jan 24 1887 – Feb 11 1888 | ||
25 | Feb 16 1828 – Feb 3 1829 | Feb 12 1888 – Jan 30 1889 | ||
26 | Feb 4 1829 – Jan 24 1830 | Jan 31 1889 – Jan 20 1890 | ||
27 | Jan 25 1830 – Feb 12 1831 | Jan 21 1890 – Feb 08 1891 | ||
28 | Feb 13 1831 – Feb 1 1832 | Feb 09 1891 – Jan 29 1892 | ||
29 | Feb 2 1832 – Feb 19 1833 | Jan 30 1892 – Feb 16 1893 | ||
30 | Feb 20 1833 – Feb 8 1834 | Feb 17 1893 – Feb 5 1894 | ||
31 | Feb 9 1834 – Jan 28 1835 | Feb 6 1894 – Jan 25 1895 | ||
32 | Jan 29 1835 – Feb 16 1836 | Jan 26 1895 – Feb 12 1896 | ||
33 | Feb 17 1836 – Feb 5 1837 | Feb 13 1896 – Feb 01 1897 | ||
34 | Feb 6 1837 – Jan 25 1838 | Feb 02 1897 – Jan 21 1898 | ||
35 | Jan 26 1838 – Feb 13 1839 | Jan 22 1898 – Feb 09 1899 | ||
36 | Feb 14 1839 – Feb 2 1840 | Feb 10 1899 – Jan 30 1900 | ||
37 | Feb 3 1840 – Jan 22 1841 | Jan 31 1900 – Feb 18 1901 | ||
38 | Jan 23 1841 – Feb 9 1842 | Feb 19 1901 – Feb 07 1902 | ||
39 | Feb 10 1842 – Jan 29 1843 | Feb 08 1902 – Jan 28 1903 | ||
40 | Jan 30 1843 – Feb 17 1844 | Jan 29 1903 – Feb 15 1904 | ||
41 | Feb 18 1844 – Feb 6 1845 | Feb 16 1904 – Feb 03 1905 | ||
42 | Feb 7 1845 – Jan 26 1846 | Feb 04 1905 – Jan 24 1906 | ||
43 | Jan 27 1846 – Feb 15 1847 | Jan 25 1906 – Feb 12 1907 | ||
44 | Feb 16 1847 – Feb 4 1848 | Feb 13 1907 – Feb 01 1908 | ||
45 | Feb 5 1848 – Jan 23 1849 | Feb 02 1908 – Jan 21 1909 | ||
46 | Jan 24 1849 – Feb 11 1850 | Jan 22 1909 – Feb 09 1910 | ||
47 | Feb 12 1850 – Jan 31 1851 | Feb 10 1910 – Jan 29 1911 | ||
48 | Feb 1 1851 – Feb 19 1852 | Jan 30 1911 – Feb 17 1912 | ||
49 | Feb 20 1852 – Feb 7 1853 | Feb 18 1912 – Feb 05 1913 | ||
50 | Feb 8 1853 – Jan 28 1854 | Feb 06 1913 – Jan 25 1914 | ||
51 | Jan 29 1854 – Feb 16 1855 | Jan 26 1914 – Feb 13 1915 | ||
52 | Feb 17 1855 – Feb 6 1856 | Feb 14 1915 – Feb 02 1916 | ||
53 | Feb 7 1856 – Jan 25 1857 | Feb 03 1916 – Jan 22 1917 | ||
54 | Jan 26 1857 – Feb 13 1858 | Jan 23 1917 – Feb 10 1918 | ||
55 | Feb 14 1858 – Feb 2 1859 | Feb 11 1918 – Jan 31 1919 | ||
56 | Feb 3 1859 – Jan 22 1860 | Feb 01 1919 – Feb 19 1920 | ||
57 | Jan 23 1860 – Feb 9 1861 | Feb 20 1920 – Feb 07 1921 | ||
58 | Feb 10 1861 – Jan 29 1862 | Feb 08 1921 – Jan 27 1922 | ||
59 | Jan 30 1862 – Feb 17 1863 | Jan 28 1922 – Feb 15 1923 | ||
60 | Feb 18 1863 – Feb 7 1864 | Feb 16 1923 – Feb 04 1924 |
1924–2043
editNo. | 1924–1983 | Heavenly stem | Earthly branch | 1984–2043 |
---|---|---|---|---|
Year | (Elements) | (Animals) | Year | |
1 | Feb 05 1924 – Jan 23 1925 | Feb 02 1984 – Jan 20 1985 | ||
2 | Jan 24 1925 – Feb 12 1926 | Jan 21 1985 – Feb 08 1986 | ||
3 | Feb 13 1926 – Feb 01 1927 | Feb 09 1986 – Jan 29 1987 | ||
4 | Feb 02 1927 – Jan 22 1928 | Jan 30 1987 – Feb 17 1988 | ||
5 | Jan 23 1928 – Feb 09 1929 | Feb 18 1988 – Feb 05 1989 | ||
6 | Feb 10 1929 – Jan 29 1930 | Feb 06 1989 – Jan 26 1990 | ||
7 | Jan 30 1930 – Feb 16 1931 | Jan 27 1990 – Feb 14 1991 | ||
8 | Feb 17 1931 – Feb 06 1932 | Feb 15 1991 – Feb 03 1992 | ||
9 | Feb 07 1932 – Jan 25 1933 | Feb 04 1992 – Jan 22 1993 | ||
10 | Jan 26 1933 – Feb 13 1934 | Jan 23 1993 – Feb 10 1994 | ||
11 | Feb 14 1934 – Feb 03 1935 | Feb 11 1994 – Jan 30 1995 | ||
12 | Feb 04 1935 – Jan 23 1936 | Jan 31 1995 – Feb 18 1996 | ||
13 | Jan 24 1936 – Feb 10 1937 | Feb 19 1996 – Feb 06 1997 | ||
14 | Feb 11 1937 – Jan 30 1938 | Feb 07 1997 – Jan 27 1998 | ||
15 | Jan 31 1938 – Feb 18 1939 | Jan 28 1998 – Feb 15 1999 | ||
16 | Feb 19 1939 – Feb 07 1940 | Feb 16 1999 – Feb 04 2000 | ||
17 | Feb 08 1940 – Jan 26 1941 | Feb 05 2000 – Jan 23 2001 | ||
18 | Jan 27 1941 – Feb 14 1942 | Jan 24 2001 – Feb 11 2002 | ||
19 | Feb 15 1942 – Feb 04 1943 | Feb 12 2002 – Jan 31 2003 | ||
20 | Feb 05 1943 – Jan 24 1944 | Feb 01 2003 – Jan 21 2004 | ||
21 | Jan 25 1944 – Feb 12 1945 | Jan 22 2004 – Feb 08 2005 | ||
22 | Feb 13 1945 – Feb 01 1946 | Feb 09 2005 – Jan 29 2006 | ||
23 | Feb 02 1946 – Jan 21 1947 | Jan 30 2006 – Feb 17 2007 | ||
24 | Jan 22 1947 – Feb 09 1948 | Feb 18 2007 – Feb 06 2008 | ||
25 | Feb 10 1948 – Jan 28 1949 | Feb 07 2008 – Jan 25 2009 | ||
26 | Jan 29 1949 – Feb 16 1950 | Jan 26 2009 – Feb 13 2010 | ||
27 | Feb 17 1950 – Feb 05 1951 | Feb 14 2010 – Feb 02 2011 | ||
28 | Feb 06 1951 – Jan 26 1952 | Feb 03 2011 – Jan 22 2012 | ||
29 | Jan 27 1952 – Feb 13 1953 | Jan 23 2012 – Feb 09 2013 | ||
30 | Feb 14 1953 – Feb 03 1954 | Feb 10 2013 – Jan 30 2014 | ||
31 | Feb 04 1954 – Jan 23 1955 | Jan 31 2014 – Feb 18 2015 | ||
32 | Jan 24 1955 – Feb 11 1956 | Feb 19 2015 – Feb 07 2016 | ||
33 | Feb 12 1956 – Jan 30 1957 | Feb 08 2016 – Jan 27 2017 | ||
34 | Jan 31 1957 – Feb 18 1958 | Jan 28 2017 – Feb 15 2018 | ||
35 | Feb 19 1958 – Feb 07 1959 | Feb 16 2018 – Feb 04 2019 | ||
36 | Feb 08 1959 – Jan 27 1960 | Feb 05 2019 – Jan 24 2020 | ||
37 | Jan 28 1960 – Feb 14 1961 | Jan 25 2020 – Feb 11 2021 | ||
38 | Feb 15 1961 – Feb 04 1962 | Feb 12 2021 – Jan 31 2022 | ||
39 | Feb 05 1962 – Jan 25 1963 | Feb 01 2022 – Jan 21 2023 | ||
40 | Jan 26 1963 – Feb 12 1964 | Jan 22 2023 – Feb 09 2024 | ||
41 | Feb 13 1964 – Feb 01 1965 | Feb 10 2024 – Jan 28 2025 | ||
42 | Feb 02 1965 – Jan 21 1966 | Jan 29 2025 – Feb 16 2026 | ||
43 | Jan 22 1966 – Feb 08 1967 | Feb 17 2026 – Feb 05 2027 | ||
44 | Feb 09 1967 – Jan 29 1968 | Feb 06 2027 – Jan 25 2028 | ||
45 | Jan 30 1968 – Feb 16 1969 | Jan 26 2028 – Feb 12 2029 | ||
46 | Feb 17 1969 – Feb 05 1970 | Feb 13 2029 – Feb 02 2030 | ||
47 | Feb 06 1970 – Jan 26 1971 | Feb 03 2030 – Jan 22 2031 | ||
48 | Jan 27 1971 – Feb 14 1972 | Jan 23 2031 – Feb 10 2032 | ||
49 | Feb 15 1972 – Feb 02 1973 | Feb 11 2032 – Jan 30 2033 | ||
50 | Feb 03 1973 – Jan 22 1974 | Jan 31 2033 – Feb 18 2034 | ||
51 | Jan 23 1974 – Feb 10 1975 | Feb 19 2034 – Feb 07 2035 | ||
52 | Feb 11 1975 – Jan 30 1976 | Feb 08 2035 – Jan 27 2036 | ||
53 | Jan 31 1976 – Feb 17 1977 | Jan 28 2036 – Feb 14 2037 | ||
54 | Feb 18 1977 – Feb 06 1978 | Feb 15 2037 – Feb 03 2038 | ||
55 | Feb 07 1978 – Jan 27 1979 | Feb 04 2038 – Jan 23 2039 | ||
56 | Jan 28 1979 – Feb 15 1980 | Jan 24 2039 – Feb 11 2040 | ||
57 | Feb 16 1980 – Feb 04 1981 | Feb 12 2040 – Jan 31 2041 | ||
58 | Feb 05 1981 – Jan 24 1982 | Feb 01 2041 – Jan 21 2042 | ||
59 | Jan 25 1982 – Feb 12 1983 | Jan 22 2042 – Feb 09 2043 | ||
60 | Feb 13 1983 – Feb 01 1984 | Feb 10 2043 – Jan 29 2044 |
Sexagenary months
editThe branches are used marginally to indicate months. Despite there being twelve branches and twelve months in a year, the earliest use of branches to indicate a twelve-fold division of a year was in the 2nd century BC. They were coordinated with the orientations of the Great Dipper, (
One system follows the ordinary Chinese lunar calendar and connects the names of the months directly to the central solar term (
The branch names are not usual month names; the main use of the branches for months is astrological. However, the names are sometimes used to indicate historically which (lunar) month was the first month of the year in ancient times. For example, since the Han dynasty, the first month has been jiànyínyuè, but earlier the first month was jiànzǐyuè (during the Zhou dynasty) or jiànchǒuyuè (traditionally during the Shang dynasty) as well.[20]
For astrological purposes stems are also necessary, and the months are named using the sexagenary cycle following a five-year cycle starting in a jiǎ (
Earthly Branches of the certain months | Solar term | Zhongqi (the Middle solar term) | Starts at | Ends at | Names in year of Jia or Ji( |
Names in year of Yi or Geng ( |
Names in year of Bing or Xin ( |
Names in year of Ding or Ren ( |
Names in year of Wu or Gui ( |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Month of Yin ( |
Lichun – Jingzhe | Yushui / |
February 4 | March 6 | Bingyin / |
Wuyin / |
Gengyin / |
Renyin / |
Jiayin / |
Month of Mao ( |
Jingzhe – Qingming | Chunfen / |
March 6 | April 5 | Dingmao / |
Jimao / |
Xinmao / |
Guimao / |
Yimao / |
Month of Chen ( |
Qingming – Lixia | Guyu / |
April 5 | May 6 | Wuchen / |
Gengchen / |
Renchen / |
Jiachen / |
Bingchen / |
Month of Si ( |
Lixia – Mangzhong | Xiaoman / |
May 6 | June 6 | Jisi / |
Xinsi / |
Guisi / |
Yisi / |
Dingsi / |
Month of Wu ( |
Mangzhong – Xiaoshu | Xiazhi / |
June 6 | July 7 | Gengwu / |
Renwu / |
Jiawu / |
Bingwu / |
Wuwu / |
Month of Wei ( |
Xiaoshu – Liqiu | Dashu / |
July 7 | August 8 | Xinwei / |
Guiwei / |
Yiwei / |
Dingwei / |
Jiwei / |
Month of Shen ( |
Liqiu – Bailu | Chushu / 处暑 | August 8 | September 8 | Renshen / |
Jiashen / |
Bingshen / |
Wushen / |
Gengshen / |
Month of You ( |
Bailu – Hanlu | Qiufen / |
September 8 | October 8 | Guiyou / |
Yiyou / |
Dingyou / |
Jiyou / |
Xinyou / |
Month of Xu ( |
Hanlu – Lidong | Shuangjiang / |
October 8 | November 7 | Jiaxu / |
Bingxu / |
Wuxu / |
Gengxu / |
Renxu / |
Month of Hai ( |
Lidong – Daxue | Xiaoxue / |
November 7 | December 7 | Yihai / |
Dinghai / |
Jihai / |
Xinhai / |
Guihai / |
Month of Zi ( |
Daxue – Xiaohan | Dongzhi / |
December 7 | January 6 | Bingzi / |
Wuzi / |
Gengzi / |
Renzi / |
Jiazi / |
Month of Chou ( |
Xiaohan – Lichun | Dahan / |
January 6 | February 4 | Dingchou / |
Jichou / |
Xinchou / |
Guichou / |
Yichou / |
Sexagenary days
editDay (stem) |
Month (stem) |
2-digit year mod 40 (stem) |
Century (stem) |
N | Century (branch) |
2-digit year mod 16 (branch) |
Month (branch) |
Day (branch) | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Julian mod 2 |
Gregorian | Julian mod 4 |
Gregorian | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
00 | 10 | 20 | 30 | Aug | 00 | 02 | 21 | 23 | 00 | 16 | 00 | 00 | 00 | 07 | Nov | 00 | 12 | 24 | ||||||||||||||||||
01 | 11 | 21 | 31 | Sep | Oct | 04 | 06 | 25 | 27 | 21 | 01 | 14 | 01 | 13 | 25 | |||||||||||||||||||||
02 | 12 | 22 | Nov | Dec | 08 | 10 | 29 | 31 | 19 | 02 | 16 | 19 | 05 | Feb | Apr | 02 | 14 | 26 | ||||||||||||||||||
03 | 13 | 23 | 12 | 14 | 33 | 35 | 03 | 03 | 22 | 03 | 12 | Feb | Jun | 03 | 15 | 27 | ||||||||||||||||||||
04 | 14 | 24 | 16 | 18 | 37 | 39 | 17 | 24 | 04 | 10 | Aug | 04 | 16 | 28 | ||||||||||||||||||||||
05 | 15 | 25 | 01 | 03 | 20 | 22 | 01 | 22 | 15 | 05 | 15 | 01 | Oct | 05 | 17 | 29 | ||||||||||||||||||||
06 | 16 | 26 | 05 | 07 | 24 | 26 | 06 | 02 | 18 | 08 | 15 | Dec | 06 | 18 | 30 | |||||||||||||||||||||
07 | 17 | 27 | Mar | Jan | 09 | 11 | 28 | 30 | 20 | 07 | 21 | 06 | Jan | Mar | 07 | 19 | 31 | |||||||||||||||||||
08 | 18 | 28 | Jan | Apr | May | Feb | 13 | 15 | 32 | 34 | 18 | 08 | 24 | 13 | Jan | May | 08 | 20 | ||||||||||||||||||
09 | 19 | 29 | Feb | Jun | Jul | 17 | 19 | 36 | 38 | 23 | 09 | 01 | 04 | 11 | Jul | 09 | 21 | |||||||||||||||||||
Dates with the pale yellow background indicate they are for this year. | 10 | 17 | 02 | 10 | 22 | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
11 | 20 | 23 | 09 | Sep | 11 | 23 |
- N for the year: (5y + [y/4]) mod 10, y = 0–39 (stem); (5y + [y/4]) mod 12, y = 0–15 (branch)
- N for the Gregorian century: (4c + [c/4] + 2) mod 10 (stem); (8c + [c/4] + 2) mod 12 (branch), c ≥ 15
- N for the Julian century: 5c mod 10, c = 0–1 (stem); 9c mod 12, c = 0–3 (branch)
The table above allows one to find the stem & branch for any given date. For both the stem and the branch, find the N for the row for the century, year, month, and day, then add them together. If the sum for the stems' N is above 10, subtract 10 until the result is between 1 and 10. If the sum for the branches' N is above 12, subtract 12 until the result is between 1 and 12.
For any date before October 15, 1582, use the Julian century column to find the row for that century's N. For dates after October 15, 1582, use the Gregorian century column to find the century's N. When looking at dates in January and February of leap years, use the bold & italic Feb and Jan.
Examples
edit- Step-by-step example to determine the stem-branch for October 1, 1949.
- Stem
- (day stem N + month stem N + year stem N + century stem N) = number of stem. If over 10, subtract 10 until within 1 – 10.
- Day 1: N = 1,
- Month of October: N = 1,
- Year 49: N = 7,
- 49 isn't on the table, so we'll have to mod 49 by 40. This gives us year 9, which we can follow to find the N for that row.
- Century 19: N = 2.
- (1 + 1 + 7 + 2) = 11. This is more than 10, so we'll subtract 10 to bring it between 1 and 10.
- 11 – 10 = 1,
- Stem = 1,
甲 .
- (day stem N + month stem N + year stem N + century stem N) = number of stem. If over 10, subtract 10 until within 1 – 10.
- Branch
- (day branch N + month branch N + year branch N + century branch N)= number of branch. If over 12, subtract 12 until within 1 – 12.
- Day 1: N = 1,
- Month of October: N = 5,
- Year 49: N = 5,
- Again, 49 is not in the table for year. Modding 49 by 16 gives us 1, which we can look up to find the N of that row.
- Century 19: N = 2.
- (1 + 5 + 5 + 2) = 13. Since 13 is more than 12, we'll subtract 12 to bring it between 1 and 12.
- 13 – 12 = 1,
- Branch = 1,
子 .
- (day branch N + month branch N + year branch N + century branch N)= number of branch. If over 12, subtract 12 until within 1 – 12.
- Stem-branch = 1, 1 (
甲子 , 1 in sexagenary cycle = 32 – 5 + 33 + 1 – 60).
- Stem
More detailed examples
| |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Algorithm for mental calculation
|
Gregorian | 17 24 |
15 22 |
20 |
18 |
23 |
16 |
21 |
19 |
Centuries | ||||||||||||||||
Julian | 01 | 00 | |||||||||||||||||||||||
Dates | Mar Jan |
Nov Dec |
Sep Oct |
Aug |
Feb Jun Jul |
Jan Apr May Feb |
Years of the century | ||||||||||||||||||
01 11 21 31 |
02 12 22 |
03 13 23 |
04 14 24 |
05 15 25 |
06 16 26 |
07 17 27 |
08 18 28 |
09 19 29 |
10 20 30 | ||||||||||||||||
Heavenly stems | A | B | C | D | E | F | G | H | I | J | 00 | 02 | 21 | 23 | 40 | 42 | 61 | 63 | 80 | 82 | |||||
B | C | D | E | F | G | H | I | J | A | 04 | 06 | 25 | 27 | 44 | 46 | 65 | 67 | 84 | 86 | ||||||
C | D | E | F | G | H | I | J | A | B | 08 | 10 | 29 | 31 | 48 | 50 | 69 | 71 | 88 | 90 | ||||||
D | E | F | G | H | I | J | A | B | C | 12 | 14 | 33 | 35 | 52 | 54 | 73 | 75 | 92 | 94 | ||||||
E | F | G | H | I | J | A | B | C | D | 16 | 18 | 37 | 39 | 56 | 58 | 77 | 79 | 96 | 98 | ||||||
F | G | H | I | J | A | B | C | D | E | 01 | 03 | 20 | 22 | 41 | 43 | 60 | 62 | 81 | 83 | ||||||
G | H | I | J | A | B | C | D | E | F | 05 | 07 | 24 | 26 | 45 | 47 | 64 | 66 | 85 | 87 | ||||||
H | I | J | A | B | C | D | E | F | G | 09 | 11 | 28 | 30 | 49 | 51 | 68 | 70 | 89 | 91 | ||||||
I | J | A | B | C | D | E | F | G | H | 13 | 15 | 32 | 34 | 53 | 55 | 72 | 74 | 93 | 95 | ||||||
J | A | B | C | D | E | F | G | H | I | 17 | 19 | 36 | 38 | 57 | 59 | 76 | 78 | 97 | 99 | ||||||
Earthly branches | A | B | C | D | E | F | G | H | I | J | K | L | 00 | 07 | 16 | 23 | 32 | 39 | 48 | 55 | 64 | 71 | 80 | 87 | 96 |
B | C | D | E | F | G | H | I | J | K | L | A | 14 | 30 | 46 | 62 | 78 | 94 | ||||||||
C | D | E | F | G | H | I | J | K | L | A | B | 05 | 21 | 37 | 53 | 69 | 85 | ||||||||
D | E | F | G | H | I | J | K | L | A | B | C | 03 | 12 | 19 | 28 | 35 | 44 | 51 | 60 | 67 | 76 | 83 | 92 | 99 | |
E | F | G | H | I | J | K | L | A | B | C | D | 10 | 26 | 42 | 58 | 74 | 90 | ||||||||
F | G | H | I | J | K | L | A | B | C | D | E | 01 | 17 | 33 | 49 | 65 | 81 | 97 | |||||||
G | H | I | J | K | L | A | B | C | D | E | F | 08 | 15 | 24 | 31 | 40 | 47 | 56 | 63 | 72 | 79 | 88 | 95 | ||
H | I | J | K | L | A | B | C | D | E | F | G | 06 | 22 | 38 | 54 | 70 | 86 | ||||||||
I | J | K | L | A | B | C | D | E | F | G | H | 13 | 29 | 45 | 61 | 77 | 93 | ||||||||
J | K | L | A | B | C | D | E | F | G | H | I | 04 | 11 | 20 | 27 | 36 | 43 | 52 | 59 | 68 | 75 | 84 | 91 | ||
K | L | A | B | C | D | E | F | G | H | I | J | 02 | 18 | 34 | 50 | 66 | 82 | 98 | |||||||
L | A | B | C | D | E | F | G | H | I | J | K | 09 | 25 | 41 | 57 | 73 | 89 | ||||||||
Dates | 01 13 25 |
02 14 26 |
03 15 27 |
04 16 28 |
05 17 29 |
06 18 30 |
07 19 31 |
08 20 |
09 21 |
10 22 |
11 23 |
12 24 |
Years of the century | ||||||||||||
Mar Jan |
Dec |
Oct |
Aug |
Feb Jun |
Apr Feb |
Nov |
Sep |
Jul |
Jan May | ||||||||||||||||
Gregorian | 15 18 |
21 |
24 |
17 |
20 23 |
16 19 |
22 |
Centuries | |||||||||||||||||
Julian | 02 | 01 | 00 | 03 |
Sexagenary hours
editStem of the day | Zǐ hour 23:00–1:00 |
Chǒu hour 1:00–3:00 |
Yín hour 3:00–5:00 |
Mǎo hour 5:00–7:00 |
Chén hour 7:00–9:00 |
Sì hour 9:00–11:00 |
Wǔ hour 11:00–13:00 |
Wèi hour 13:00–15:00 |
Shēn hour 15:00–17:00 |
Yǒu hour 17:00–19:00 |
Xū hour 19:00–21:00 |
Hài hour 21:00–23:00 |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Jia or Ji day ( |
1 |
2 |
3 |
4 |
5 |
6 |
7 |
8 |
9 |
10 |
11 |
12 |
Yi or Geng day ( |
13 |
14 |
15 |
16 |
17 |
18 |
19 |
20 |
21 |
22 |
23 |
24 |
Bing or Xin day ( |
25 |
26 |
27 |
28 |
29 |
30 |
31 |
32 |
33 |
34 |
35 |
36 |
Ding or Ren day ( |
37 |
38 |
39 |
40 |
41 |
42 |
43 |
44 |
45 |
46 |
47 |
48 |
Wu or Gui day ( |
49 |
50 |
51 |
52 |
53 |
54 |
55 |
56 |
57 |
58 |
59 |
60 |
See also
edit- Doumu (
斗 母 元 君 ) - Tai Sui (
太 歲 ) - Chinese calendar
- Chinese era name
- Japanese invasions of Korea (1592–1598), known in Korean as the "Imjin War", after the "Yang Water (im) Dragon (jin)" year 1592.
- Koshien Stadium (Japan), named after the "Yang Wood (kō) Rat (shi)" year 1924. One of the last examples of general usage of the cycle in Japan.
- Lunisolar calendar
- Tet Offensive – Vietnamese name of the event, "Tết Mậu Thân Event", named after the "Yang Earth (mậu) Monkey (thân)" year 1968.
- Xinhai Revolution (China), named after the "Yin Metal (xin) Pig (hai)" year 1911[21]
References
editCitations
edit- ^ Nussbaum, Louis-Frédéric (2005). "Jikkan-jūnishi". Japan Encyclopedia. Translated by Roth, Käthe. p. 420. ISBN 9780674017535.
- ^ For non-mathematical readers, a simple explanation for the number "60" in the 60-year cycle of the Lunar calendar can be found in Vu-Quoc-Loc; Vu-Quoc-Hung; Vu-Le-Thao-Uyen; Lee-Collins (2024), The triennial Hương exam: Deducing laureates' birth years, Internet Archive, retrieved 2024-05-12.
- ^ Smith 2011, pp. 1, 28.
- ^ For example, the annual Lunar New Year's Eve Chunwan gala has continued to announce the sexagenary term of the upcoming year (
庚 子 , gengzi for 2020). - ^ "...the Ahom reckoned time by means of a sexa- genary cycle"(Kapoor 2021:666)
- ^ "..migration from Mong Mao in Yunnan into Mungdunshunkhām..."(Kapoor 2021:666)
- ^ For the Akan calendar, see (Bartle 1978).
- ^ Selin, Helaine (2012-12-06). Mathematics Across Cultures: The History of Non-Western Mathematics. Springer Science & Business Media. p. 390. ISBN 978-94-011-4301-1.
- ^ Smith 2011, pp. 24, 26–27.
- ^ Kalinowski 2007, p. 145, fig. 3.
- ^ Smith 2011, p. 29.
- ^ Smith 2011, p. 28.
- ^ "Calendar History; the Source". National Diet Library. Archived from the original on January 6, 2013. Retrieved January 1, 2013.
- ^ "Kanreki". Encyclopedia of Shinto. Retrieved January 1, 2013.
- ^ Chattopadhyaya, Alaka (1999). Atisa and Tibet: Life and Works of Dipamkara Srijnana in relation to the history and religion of Tibet. Motilal Banarsidass Publ. pp. 566–568. ISBN 9788120809284.
- ^ Aslaksen, Helmer (July 17, 2010). "Mathematics of the Chinese calendar". www.math.nus.edu.sg/aslaksen. Department of Maths, National University of Singapore. Archived from the original (PDF) on April 24, 2006. Retrieved December 12, 2011.
- ^ Smith 2011, pp. 28, 29 fn2.
- ^
建 す. Kōjien. Tokyo: Iwanami Shoten. - ^ "Records part 6"
本紀 第 六 肅宗代 宗 . Xīn Tángshū新 唐 書 [New Book of Tang].二 年 ……,九 月 壬 寅 ,大赦 ,去 「乾 元 大 圣光天文 武 孝 感 」号 ,去 「上 元 」号 ,称 元年 ,以十 一 月 为岁首 ,月 以斗所 建 辰 为名。赐文武官 阶、勋、爵,版 授侍老 官 ,先 授者叙 进之。停 四 京 号 。
元年 建子 月 癸巳 ,曹州刺史 常 休 明 及史朝 义将薛崿战,败之。己 亥 ,朝 圣皇天帝 于西内 。丙午 ,卫伯玉 及史朝 义战于永宁,败之。己 酉 ,朝 献 于太清 宫。庚 戌 ,朝 享 于太庙及元 献 皇后 庙。建 丑 月 辛 亥 ,有事 于南郊 。己 未 ,来 瑱及史 朝 义战于汝州 ,败之。乙 亥 ,侯 希 逸 及朝义将李 怀仙战于范阳,败之。宝 应元年 建 寅 月 甲 申 ,追 册 靖 德 太子 琮为皇帝 ,妃 窦氏为皇后 。乙 酉 ,葬 王公 妃 主 遇 害 者 。丙 戌 ,盗 发敬陵 、惠 陵 。甲 辰 ,李 光 弼克许州。吐蕃请和。戊 申 ,史 朝 义陷营州。建 卯月 辛 亥 ,大赦 。赐文武官 阶、爵。五品以上清望及郎官、御 史 荐流人 有 行 业情可 矜者。停 贡鹰、鹞、狗 、豹 。以京兆 府 为上都 ,河南 府 为东都 ,凤翔府 为西都 ,江 陵 府 为南都 ,太 原 府 为北都 。壬 子 ,羌、浑、奴 剌寇梁 州 。癸 丑 ,河 东军乱 ,杀其节度使 邓景山 ,都 知 兵 马使辛 云 京 自称 节度使 。乙 丑 ,河中 军乱,杀李国 贞及其节度 使 荔非元 礼 。戊 辰 ,淮西节度使 王 仲 升 及史朝 义将谢钦让战于申州 ,败绩。庚午 ,敦子 仪知朔 方 、河中 、北 庭 、潞仪泽沁节度行 营,兴平、定国 军兵马副元 帅。壬 申 ,鄜州刺史 成 公 意 及党项战,败之。建 辰 月 壬 午 ,大赦 ,官吏 听纳赃免罪 ,左 降 官 及流人 罚镇效力 者 还之。甲 午 ,奴 剌寇梁 州 。戊 申 ,萧华罢。户部侍 郎 元 载同中 书门下平 章 事 。建 巳 月 庚 戌 ,史 朝 义寇泽州,刺史 李 抱 玉 败之。壬 子 ,楚 州 献 定国 宝玉 十 有 三 。甲 寅 ,圣皇天帝 崩 。乙 丑 ,皇太子 监国。大赦 ,改元 年 为宝应元年 ,复以正月 为岁首 ,建 巳 月 为四 月 。丙 寅 ,闲厩使 李 辅国、飞龙厩 副使 程 元 振 迁皇后 于别殿 ,杀越王 系 、兗王亻闲。是 夜 ,皇帝 崩 于长生 殿 ,年 五 十 二 。查《壽 星 萬 年 曆 》,唐 肅宗之 元年 冬至 所在 月 (761.12):初 一 壬 午 大雪 ,十 三 癸巳 ,十 七 冬至 ,十 九 己 亥 ,廿 五 丙午 ,廿 八 己 酉 ,廿 九 庚 戌 大寒 所在 月 (762.02):初 一 辛 亥 ,初 三 小寒 ,初 九 己 未 ,十 八 大寒 ,廿 五 乙 亥 雨水 所在 月 (762.03):初 一 辛 巳 ,初 三 立春 ,初 四 甲 申 ,初 五 乙 酉 ,初 六 丙 戌 ,十 八 雨水 ,廿 四 甲 辰 ,廿 八 戊 申 春分 所在 月 (762.3):初 一 辛 亥 ,初 四 驚 蜇,初 二 壬 子 ,初 三 癸 丑 ,十 五 乙 丑 ,十 八 戊 辰 ,十 九 春分 ,二 十 庚午 ,廿 一 壬 申 ,穀雨 所在 月 (762.4):初 一 庚 辰 ,初 三 壬 午 ,初 五 清明 ,十 五 甲 午 ,二 十 穀雨 ,廿 九 戊 申 小滿 所在 月 (762.5):初 一 庚 戌 ,初 三 壬 子 ,初 五 甲 寅 立夏 ,初 五 乙 丑 ,十 六 丙 寅 。大寒 所在 月 初 一 辛 亥 ,已 稱 建 丑 月 ,初 三 才 小寒 春分 所在 月 初 一 辛 亥 ,已 稱 建 卯月 ,初 四 才 驚 蜇穀雨 所在 月 初 三 壬 午 ,已 稱 建 辰 月 ,初 五 才 清明 小滿 所在 月 初 一 庚 戌 、初 三 壬 子 ,已 稱 建 巳 月 ,初 五 才 立夏 由 此可見 ,唐 代地 支 紀 月 自 朔日 始 ,非 自 節氣 始 。 - ^
三 正 , Kōjien, Tokyo: Iwanami Shoten - ^ Conflicting Memories: Tibetan History under Mao Retold. BRILL. 2020-09-07. p. 640. ISBN 978-90-04-43324-3.
Sources
edit- Bartle, P. F. W. (1978). "Forty days: the Akan calendar". Africa: Journal of the International African Institute. 48 (1): 80–84. doi:10.2307/1158712. JSTOR 1158712. S2CID 143751434.
- Kalinowski, Marc (2007). "Time, space and orientation: figurative representations of the sexagenary cycle in ancient and medieval China". In Francesca Bray (ed.). Graphics and text in the production of technical knowledge in China : the warp and the weft. Leiden: Brill. pp. 137–168. ISBN 978-90-04-16063-7.
- Smith, Adam (2011). "The Chinese sexagenary cycle and the ritual origins of the calendar". In Steele, John (ed.). Calendars and years II : astronomy and time in the ancient and medieval world. Oxford: Oxbow. pp. 1–37. ISBN 978-1-84217-987-1.
- Kapoor, Ramesh (2021), "Fixing the chronology in Tai-Ahom chronicles by using astronomical references", Journal of Astronomical History and Heritage, 24 (3): 665–687, doi:10.3724/SP.J.1440-2807.2021.03.07
- Phukan Baruah, B. N.N. (1964). Ahom lexicon. The government of Assam in the department of historical and antiquarian studies.
External links
edit- "Heavenly Stems and Earthly Branches". Hong Kong Observatory. Archived from the original on 2018-11-04. Retrieved 2018-11-04.
- Ganzhi.io An Open Source application and implementation of Gan & Zhi as well as Jeiqi