天馬てんま

Chinese

		day; sky; heaven	horse; surname
trad. (天馬てんま)		天てん	馬うま
simp. (天てん马)		天てん	马

Pronunciation

• Mandarin

  (Pinyin): tiānmǎ

  (Zhuyin): ㄊㄧㄢ ㄇㄚˇ

• Cantonese (Jyutping): tin¹ maa⁵

---

• Mandarin
  • (Standard Chinese)⁺
    • Hanyu Pinyin: tiānmǎ
    • Zhuyin: ㄊㄧㄢ ㄇㄚˇ
    • Tongyong Pinyin: tianmǎ
    • Wade–Giles: tʻien¹-ma³
    • Yale: tyān-mǎ
    • Gwoyeu Romatzyh: tianmaa
    • Palladius: тяньма (tjanʹma)
    • Sinological IPA ^(key): /tʰi̯ɛn⁵⁵ mä²¹⁴⁻²¹⁽⁴⁾/
• Cantonese
  • (Standard Cantonese, Guangzhou–Hong Kong)⁺
    • Jyutping: tin¹ maa⁵
    • Yale: tīn máh
    • Cantonese Pinyin: tin¹ maa⁵
    • Guangdong Romanization: tin¹ ma⁵
    • Sinological IPA ^(key): /tʰiːn⁵⁵ maː¹³/

---

• Middle Chinese: then maeX

Rime
Character	天てん	馬うま
Reading #	1/1	1/1
Initial (聲こえ)	透とおる (6)	明あきら (4)
Final (韻いん)	先さき (85)	麻あさ (98)
Tone (調しらべ)	Level (Ø)	Rising (X)
Openness (開ひらき合あい)	Open	Open
Division (等ひとし)	IV	II
Fanqie	他た前まえ切きり	莫下した切きり
Baxter	then	maeX
Reconstructions
Zhengzhang Shangfang	/tʰen/	/mˠaX/
Pan Wuyun	/tʰen/	/mᵚaX/
Shao Rongfen	/tʰɛn/	/maX/
Edwin Pulleyblank	/tʰɛn/	/maɨX/
Li Rong	/tʰen/	/maX/
Wang Li	/tʰien/	/maX/
Bernard Karlgren	/tʰien/	/maX/
Expected Mandarin Reflex	tiān	mǎ
Expected Cantonese Reflex	tin1	maa5

• Old Chinese

  (Baxter–Sagart): /*l̥ˤi[n]|l̥ˤi[n]  mˤraʔ/

  (Zhengzhang): /*qʰl'iːn  mraːʔ/

Baxter–Sagart system 1.1 (2014)
Character	天てん	天てん	馬うま
Reading #	1/2	2/2	1/1
Modern Beijing (Pinyin)	tiān	xiān	mǎ
Middle Chinese	‹ then ›	‹ xen ›	‹ mæX ›
Old Chinese	/*l̥ˁi[n]/	/*l̥ˁi[n]/ (W dialect: l̥ˁ- > Hàn-time *xˁ- > MC x-)	/*mˁraʔ/
English	heaven	heaven	horse
Notes for Old Chinese notations in the Baxter–Sagart system: * Parentheses "()" indicate uncertain presence; * Square brackets "[]" indicate uncertain identity, e.g. *[t] as coda may in fact be *-t or *-p; * Angle brackets "<>" indicate infix; * Hyphen "-" indicates morpheme boundary; * Period "." indicates syllable boundary.

Zhengzhang system (2003)
Character	天てん	馬うま
Reading #	1/1	1/1
No.	12387	8715
Phonetic component	天てん	馬うま
Rime group	眞しん	魚さかな
Rime subdivision	1	0
Corresponding MC rime	天てん	馬うま
Old Chinese	/*qʰl'iːn/	/*mraːʔ/

Noun

天馬てんま

1. (literary, laudatory) fine horse
2. serow (Capricornis sumatraensis)
3. (literary, Chinese mythology) mythical horse ridden by the Celestial Emperor
4. (literary, Chinese mythology) white dog-like beast with a black head, which flies when it sees people
5. (literary, Chinese astronomy) a star in the Legs mansion
6. (literary) praying mantis
7. (literary, Greek mythology) Pegasus

Synonyms

(mantis):

Dialectal synonyms of 螳螂 (“praying mantis”) [map]

Variety	Location	Words edit
Classical Chinese		螳蜋, 螳蠰, 蟷蜋, 蟷蠰, 䖨蜋, 莫貈, 蛑, 髦, 不ふ過か, 虰, 蝆蝆, 天馬てんま, 齕疣, 食しょく疣いぼ, 蚚父, 拒こばめ斧おの, 蜛蚥, 馬うま敫, 勇いさむ蟲むし
Formal (Written Standard Chinese)		螳螂
Taxonomic name		螳螂
Northeastern Mandarin	Beijing	刀かたな螂
	Taiwan	螳螂
	Chengde	刀かたな螂
	Chifeng	刀かたな螂子
	Hulunbuir (Hailar)	刀かたな螂
	Heihe	刀かたな螂
	Qiqihar	刀かたな螂
	Harbin	刀かたな螂, 螳螂
	Jiamusi	刀かたな螂
	Baicheng	刀かたな螂
	Changchun	刀かたな螂
	Tonghua	刀かたな螂
	Shenyang	螳螂, 刀かたな螂
	Jinzhou	螳螂, 刀かたな螂
	Singapore	螳螂
Jilu Mandarin	Tianjin	刀かたな螂
	Tangshan	刀かたな螂
	Cangzhou	刀かたな螂
	Baoding	刀かたな螂
	Shijiazhuang	刀かたな螂
	Lijin	刀かたな螂
	Jinan	刀かたな螂
Jiaoliao Mandarin	Dalian	刀かたな螂
	Dandong	刀かたな螂
	Yantai	刀かたな螂
	Yantai (Muping)	刀かたな龍りゅう
	Qingdao	刀かたな螂
	Zhucheng	刀かたな螂
Central Plains Mandarin	Luoyang	螳螂
	Lingbao	螳螂
	Jining	螳螂
	Wanrong	鋤すき田老たろう漢かん
	Linfen	螂蹦蹦
	Shangqiu	螳螂, 砍刀
	Yuanyang	螳螂, 砍刀
	Zhengzhou	砍刀
	Xinyang	刀かたな龍りゅう
	Baihe	螳螂
	Xi'an	猴子
	Baoji	砍刀
	Tianshui	螳螂
	Xining	螳螂
	Xuzhou	砍頭螂
	Fuyang	螳螂, 刀かたな刀がたな
	Sokuluk (Gansu Dungan)	猴子
Lanyin Mandarin	Yinchuan	螳螂
	Lanzhou	螳螂
	Dunhuang	猴子
	Hami	螳螂
	Ürümqi	刀かたな螂, 猴子
Southwestern Mandarin	Chengdu	螳螂, 猴子, 孫まご猴子
	Nanchong	螳螂, 蚱蠓
	Dazhou	猴三さん兒じ
	Hanyuan	千せん蛋哥兒じ
	Xichang	螳螂
	Zigong	香こう猴三さん兒じ
	Chongqing	猴子, 猴三さん兒じ
	Wuhan	螳螂, 䗛子, 蔥擔婆ばば
	Yichang	螳螂
	Xiangyang	螳螂
	Tianmen	螳螂
	Guiyang	螳螂
	Zunyi	螳螂
	Bijie	螳螂
	Liping	螳螂
	Zhaotong	螳螂, 鬼おに螞蚱
	Dali	螳螂
	Kunming	螳螂, 鬼おに螞蚱
	Mengzi	大だい螞蚱
	Guilin	螳螂
	Liuzhou	螳螂, 馬うま螂䗧
	Nanning (Wuming)	馬うま螂䗧
	Jishou	螳螂兒じ
	Changde	螳螂
	Hanzhong	螳螂, 刀かたな螂
Jianghuai Mandarin	Nanjing	螳螂, 刀かたな螂
	Yangzhou	刀かたな螂, 刀かたな螂子
	Lianyungang	刀かたな螂
	Lianshui	刀かたな螂
	Nantong	啄ついばめ螂
	Anqing	刀かたな螂
	Wuhu	刀かたな螂
	Hefei	刀かたな螂
	Huanggang	猴子頭あたま兒じ
	Hong'an	螳螂, 䗛子
Cantonese	Guangzhou	馬うま螂狂
	Hong Kong	螳螂, 馬うま螂狂 dated
	Hong Kong (San Tin Weitou)	斬き柴しば郎ろう
	Hong Kong (Ting Kok)	羊ひつじ貓哥
	Hong Kong (Tung Ping Chau)	斬き刀かたな娘むすめ
	Taishan	鉸剪霎
	Kaiping (Chikan)	馬うま交螂
	Dongguan	螳螂
	Yunfu	馬うま螂狂
	Yangjiang	馬うま騮狂
	Nanning	馬うま螂狂
	Nanning (Tanka)	馬うま螂狂
	Wuzhou	馬うま螂狂
	Yulin	馬うま螂狂
	Hepu (Lianzhou)	馬うま螂狂
	Hepu (Shatian)	馬うま螂狂
	Beihai	馬うま螂狂
	Beihai (Nankang)	馬うま螂狂
	Beihai (Yingpan)	馬うま螂狂
	Beihai (Qiaogang - Cô Tô)	馬うま螂狂
	Beihai (Qiaogang - Cát Bà)	馬うま螂狂
	Fangchenggang (Fangcheng)	馬うま螂狂
	Kuala Lumpur (Guangfu)	螳螂
	Ipoh (Guangfu)	螳螂
	Ho Chi Minh City (Guangfu)	馬うま螂狂
	Móng Cái	馬うま螂狂, 狂きょう螂
Gan	Nanchang	螳螂
	Lichuan	螳螂
	Pingxiang	猴子
	Liuyang	禾猴哩まいる
Hakka	Meixian	螳螂仔こ, 螳螂
	Zengcheng (Zhengguo)	老ろう虎とら阿おもね哥
	Zhongshan (Wuguishan)	老ろう虎とら哥
	Wuhua (Shuizhai)	豹ひょう虎とら哥
	Wuhua (Huacheng)	禾擔竿ざお, 擔竿板ばん, 生なま黸刀嫲
	Wuhua (Changbu)	豹ひょう虎とら哥
	Wuhua (Mianyang)	豹ひょう虎とら哥
	Yudu	碓うす雞公, 猴子
	Miaoli (N. Sixian)	老ろう虎とら哥
	Miaoli (Toufen; N. Sixian)	豹ひょう虎とら哥
	Miaoli (Gongguan; N. Sixian)	草くさ猴, 草くさ馬ば
	Miaoli (Zhuolan; N. Sixian)	螳螂
	Pingtung (Neipu; S. Sixian)	㧡水擔竿, 竹たけ篙仔
	Pingtung (Wuluo, Ligang; S. Sixian)	草くさ猴
	Kaohsiung (Meinong; S. Sixian)	調しらべ羹あつもの仔こ, 摳考
	Kaohsiung (Shanlin; S. Sixian)	草くさ猴
	Hsinchu County (Zhudong; Hailu)	老ろう虎とら哥, 挨礱披波, 草くさ馬ば仔こ
	Taichung (Dongshi; Dabu)	草くさ馬ば, 挨礱噓呼, 草くさ鞋耙
	Hsinchu County (Qionglin; Raoping)	挨礱披波, 草くさ馬ば仔こ, 草くさ馬ば, 老ろう虎とら哥
	Miaoli (Zhuolan; Raoping)	螳𫋐
	Yunlin (Lunbei; Zhao'an)	草くさ猴, 草くさ蝦えび
	Hong Kong	豹ひょう虎とら哥
	Luchuan (Daqiao)	馬うま猴螳
	Senai (Huiyang)	螳螂, 斬き刀かたな羊ひつじ dated
Huizhou	Jixi	滾たぎ龍りゅう狂きょう
	Shexian	螳螂, 鐵てつ絲いと蛇へび
	Fuliang	剪頭髮かみ個こ
Jin	Taiyuan	扁ひらた擔婆, 吃ども猴蟲
	Pingyao	扁ひらた擔, 吃ども猴蟲兒じ
	Yangyuan	燒しょう火ひ人じん
	Datong	螳螂兒じ
	Xinzhou	掐猴猴蟲, 槌づち敲
	Lüliang (Lishi)	螳螂
	Changzhi	砍瓜郎ろう
	Taibus (Baochang)	簸ひ簸ひ箕み
	Linhe	簸ひ簸ひ箕み
	Jining	螳螂
	Hohhot	螳螂, 扁ひらた擔
	Erenhot	扁ひらた擔
	Pingshan	鍘刀, 砍三刀がたな兒じ
	Zhangjiakou	刀かたな螂
	Handan	螳螂, 磕頭螂
	Suide	螳螂
Jiuxing Yumin	Lanxi	蜣螂
Northern Min	Jian'ou	蘆あし螞
Eastern Min	Fuzhou	草くさ蜢哥
	Fuqing	慘むご蜢
	Matsu	草くさ蜢哥, 馬うま蟧琊啷
Southern Min	Xiamen	草くさ猴, 草くさ衝
	Quanzhou	芒すすき螳
	Zhangzhou	虎とら魯舅
	Pinghe	老ろう虎とら舅しゅうと
	Zhangpu	樹き猴
	Zhao'an	草くさ猴
	Zhao'an (Sidu)	草くさ猴
	Zhao'an (Tingyang, Baiyang)	草くさ猴
	Zhao'an (Wenshan, Taiping)	草くさ馬ば
	Taipei	草くさ猴
	New Taipei (Sanxia)	草くさ猴
	Kaohsiung	草くさ猴
	Yilan	草くさ猴
	Changhua (Lukang)	螳芒
	Taichung	草くさ猴
	Taichung (Wuqi)	螳芒
	Tainan	草くさ猴
	Taitung (Green Island)	螳芒
	Hsinchu	草くさ猴, 鐵てつ頭あたま
	Pingtung (Liuqiu)	草くさ猴
	Kinmen	國くに舅しゅうと, 樹き貓
	Penghu (Magong)	草くさ猴
	Penghu (Huxi)	草くさ猴
	Penghu (Jibei)	草くさ猴
	Singapore (Hokkien)	草くさ猴, 草くさ衝, 樹き貓
	Zhangping (Yongfu)	灶雞
	Chaozhou	草くさ猴
	Raoping	草くさ猴
	Shantou	草くさ猴
	Shantou (Chenghai)	草くさ猴
	Jieyang	草くさ猴
	Haifeng	苦く舅しゅうと
	Johor Bahru (Teochew)	杜もり猴
	Singapore (Teochew)	草くさ猴
	Pontianak (Teochew)	草くさ猴
	Wenchang	擔油公こう, 日にち頭あたま翼つばさ
	Haikou	擔油公こう
Puxian Min	Putian	草くさ猴
	Xianyou	草くさ猴
Central Min	Yong'an	螳螂
Zhongshan Min	Zhongshan (Sanxiang)	馬うま喵螂
Southern Pinghua	Nanning (Tingzi)	馬うま螂䗧
Northern Pinghua	Guilin (Dahe)	虎とら頭あたま劈
Wu	Shanghai	螳螂
	Shanghai (Chongming)	螳螂
	Suzhou	螳螂
	Danyang	蚱螂
	Hangzhou	螳螂
	Ningbo	斧おの頭あたま蟑螂, 吃ども髮かみ螂, 吃ども頭髮とうはつ郎ろう
	Wenzhou	頭あたま毛もう公こう公おおやけ, 頭あたま毛げ娘むすめ, 頭あたま毛げ虎とら, 頭あたま毛げ吊つるし, 打だ刀かたな娘むすめ, 剪裾娘むすめ, 紫むらさき金きん娘むすめ
Xiang	Changsha	禾老蟲ちゅう
	Xiangtan	禾老虎とら
	Loudi	禾老蟲ちゅう
	Shuangfeng	禾老蟲ちゅう
	Quanzhou	螳螂
Xiangnan Tuhua	Jiangyong	螳螂
	Dong'an	螳螂
Yuebei Tuhua	Shaoguan (Dacun, Baitu, Qujiang)	老ろう虎とら瓜ふり瓜ふり
	Shaoguan (Xiangyang, Xihe, Wujiang)	馬うま螂狂
	Shaoguan (Shibei, Xinshao, Zhenjiang)	猴哥
	Renhua (Shitang)	老ろう虎とら哥哥
	Lechang (Beixiang)	蜉螂狂きょう
	Lechang (Huangpu)	猴牯灶雞
	Lechang (Guitang, Pingshi)	麥むぎ崽, 草くさ猴
	Lechang (Sanxi)	老ろう虎とら灶雞

Proper noun

天馬てんま

1. (～街道かいどう) Tianma (a subdistrict of Changshan, Quzhou, Zhejiang, China)

Derived terms

• 天馬てんば座ざ／天てん马座
• 天馬てんま行こう空そら／天てん马行空むなし (tiānmǎxíngkōng)

 

Japanese

Etymology 1

Kanji in this term
天てん	馬うま
てん Grade: 1	ま Grade: 2
on'yomi

From Chinese 天馬てんま／天てん马 (tiānmǎ).

Pronunciation

• IPA^(key): [tẽ̞mːa̠]

Noun

天てん(てん)馬うま(ま) • (tenma) 

1. (Japanese mythology, fiction) Heavenly steed

Proper noun

天てん(てん)馬うま(ま) • (Tenma) 

1. a surname

Descendants

• English: Tenma

Etymology 2

Kanji in this term
天てん	馬うま
ペガサス
Grade: 1	Grade: 2
irregular

天てん (“sky”) +‎ 馬うま (“horse”). From Ancient Greek Πήγασος (Pḗgasos), and associated with the term sky horse.

Pronunciation

• IPA^(key): [pe̞ɡa̠sa̠sɨ]

Noun

天馬てんま(ペガサス) • (pegasasu) 

1. (mythology, fiction) pegasus, a winged horse

Proper noun

天馬てんま(ペガサス) • (Pegasasu) 

1. (Greek mythology) The Pegasus winged horse

Korean

Hanja in this term
天てん	馬うま

Proper noun

天馬てんま • (Cheonma) (hangeul 천마)

1. hanja form^? of 천마

Vietnamese

Han character

天馬てんま

1. chữ Hán form of thiên mã.
2. chữ Hán form of Thiên Mã.