艱難かんなん

See also: 艰难

Chinese

		difficult; hard; hardship	disaster; distress; to scold disaster; distress; to scold; difficult (to...); problem; difficulty; difficult; not good
trad. (艱難かんなん)		艱	難なん
simp. (艰难)		艰	难

Pronunciation

• Mandarin

  (Pinyin): jiānnán

  (Zhuyin): ㄐㄧㄢ ㄋㄢˊ

• Cantonese (Jyutping): gaan¹ naan⁴
• Hakka (Sixian, PFS): kân-nàn / kiên-nàn / kiân-nàn
• Southern Min

  (Hokkien, POJ): kan-lân / kian-lân

  (Teochew, Peng'im): gang¹ lang⁵

---

• Mandarin
  • (Standard Chinese)⁺
    • Hanyu Pinyin: jiānnán
    • Zhuyin: ㄐㄧㄢ ㄋㄢˊ
    • Tongyong Pinyin: jiannán
    • Wade–Giles: chien¹-nan²
    • Yale: jyān-nán
    • Gwoyeu Romatzyh: jiannan
    • Palladius: цзяньнань (czjanʹnanʹ)
    • Sinological IPA ^(key): /t͡ɕi̯ɛn⁵⁵ nän³⁵/
• Cantonese
  • (Standard Cantonese, Guangzhou–Hong Kong)⁺
    • Jyutping: gaan¹ naan⁴
    • Yale: gāan nàahn
    • Cantonese Pinyin: gaan¹ naan⁴
    • Guangdong Romanization: gan¹ nan⁴
    • Sinological IPA ^(key): /kaːn⁵⁵ naːn²¹/
• Hakka
  • (Northern Sixian, incl. Miaoli)
    • Pha̍k-fa-sṳ: kân-nàn / kiên-nàn
    • Hakka Romanization System: gan^ˊ nan^ˇ / gien^ˊ nan^ˇ
    • Hagfa Pinyim: gan¹ nan² / gian¹ nan²
    • Sinological IPA: /kan²⁴ nan¹¹/, /ki̯en²⁴ nan¹¹/
  • (Southern Sixian, incl. Neipu)
    • Pha̍k-fa-sṳ: kân-nàn / kiân-nàn
    • Hakka Romanization System: gan^ˊ nan^ˇ / gian^ˊ nan^ˇ
    • Hagfa Pinyim: gan¹ nan² / gian¹ nan²
    • Sinological IPA: /kan²⁴ nan¹¹/, /ki̯an²⁴ nan¹¹/
• Southern Min
  • (Hokkien: Xiamen, Quanzhou, Zhangzhou, General Taiwanese)
    • Pe̍h-ōe-jī: kan-lân
    • Tâi-lô: kan-lân
    • Phofsit Daibuun: kanlaan
    • IPA (Zhangzhou): /kan⁴⁴⁻²² lan¹³/
    • IPA (Taipei): /kan⁴⁴⁻³³ lan²⁴/
    • IPA (Quanzhou): /kan³³ lan²⁴/
    • IPA (Kaohsiung): /kan⁴⁴⁻³³ lan²³/
    • IPA (Xiamen): /kan⁴⁴⁻²² lan²⁴/
  • (Hokkien: Zhangzhou)
    • Pe̍h-ōe-jī: kian-lân
    • Tâi-lô: kian-lân
    • Phofsit Daibuun: kienlaan
    • IPA (Zhangzhou): /kiɛn⁴⁴⁻²² lan¹³/
  • (Teochew)
    • Peng'im: gang¹ lang⁵
    • Pe̍h-ōe-jī-like: kang lâng
    • Sinological IPA ^(key): /kaŋ³³⁻²³ laŋ⁵⁵/

---

• Middle Chinese: kean nan

Rime
Character	艱	難なん
Reading #	1/1	1/2
Initial (聲こえ)	見み (28)	泥どろ (8)
Final (韻いん)	山やま (73)	寒さむ (61)
Tone (調しらべ)	Level (Ø)	Level (Ø)
Openness (開ひらき合あい)	Open	Open
Division (等ひとし)	II	I
Fanqie	古ふる閑切きり	那な干ひ切きり
Baxter	kean	nan
Reconstructions
Zhengzhang Shangfang	/kˠɛn/	/nɑn/
Pan Wuyun	/kᵚæn/	/nɑn/
Shao Rongfen	/kæn/	/nɑn/
Edwin Pulleyblank	/kəɨn/	/nan/
Li Rong	/kɛn/	/nɑn/
Wang Li	/kæn/	/nɑn/
Bernard Karlgren	/kăn/	/nɑn/
Expected Mandarin Reflex	jiān	nán
Expected Cantonese Reflex	gaan1	naan4

• Old Chinese

  (Baxter–Sagart): /*kˤrə[r]  nˤar/

  (Zhengzhang): /*krɯːn  n̥ʰaːn/

Baxter–Sagart system 1.1 (2014)
Character	艱	難なん
Reading #	1/1	1/2
Modern Beijing (Pinyin)	jiān	nán
Middle Chinese	‹ kɛn ›	‹ nan ›
Old Chinese	/*kˁrə[r]/	/*nˁar/
English	difficulty	difficult
Notes for Old Chinese notations in the Baxter–Sagart system: * Parentheses "()" indicate uncertain presence; * Square brackets "[]" indicate uncertain identity, e.g. *[t] as coda may in fact be *-t or *-p; * Angle brackets "<>" indicate infix; * Hyphen "-" indicates morpheme boundary; * Period "." indicates syllable boundary.

Zhengzhang system (2003)
Character	艱	難なん
Reading #	1/1	1/2
No.	3912	4897
Phonetic component	艮うしとら	暵
Rime group	文ぶん	元もと
Rime subdivision	1	1
Corresponding MC rime	閒あいだ	難なん
Old Chinese	/*krɯːn/	/*n̥ʰaːn/
Notes		朱しゅ駿しゅん聲こえ暵省しょう聲こえ

Adjective

艱難かんなん

1. hard; difficult; challenging

   時局じきょく艱難かんなん／时局艰难  ―  shíjú jiānnán  ―  difficult political situation

Synonyms

edit

• 不ふ容易ようい (bùróngyì)
• 勤つとむ (qín) (literary, or in compounds)
• 困難こんなん／困こま难
• 疑うたぐ難がた／疑うたぐ难 (yínán)
• 良りょう苦く (liángkǔ) (literary)
• 艱巨／艰巨 (jiānjù)
• 艱苦かんく／艰苦 (jiānkǔ)
• 艱辛／艰辛 (jiānxīn)
• 苦難くなん／苦く难 (kǔnàn)
• 辛勞しんろう／辛からし劳 (xīnláo)
• 辛苦しんく (xīnkǔ)
• 難なん／难

 

Dialectal synonyms of 難なん (“difficult”) [map]

Variety	Location	Words edit
Classical Chinese		難なん, 困難こんなん, 艱難かんなん
Formal (Written Standard Chinese)		難なん, 困難こんなん, 艱難かんなん
Northeastern Mandarin	Beijing	難なん
	Taiwan	難なん
	Singapore	難なん
Jilu Mandarin	Jinan	難なん
Central Plains Mandarin	Xi'an	難なん
Southwestern Mandarin	Chengdu	難なん
	Wuhan	難なん
	Guilin	難なん
Jianghuai Mandarin	Yangzhou	難なん
	Hefei	難なん
Cantonese	Guangzhou	難なん, 惡あく †
	Hong Kong	難なん, 惡あく †
	Zhongshan (Shiqi)	難なん
	Taishan	難なん, 惡あく †
	Yangjiang	難なん, 惡あく †
	Singapore (Guangfu)	難なん
Gan	Nanchang	難なん
Hakka	Meixian	難なん
	Miaoli (N. Sixian)	難なん
	Pingtung (Neipu; S. Sixian)	難なん
	Hsinchu County (Zhudong; Hailu)	難なん
	Taichung (Dongshi; Dabu)	難なん
	Hsinchu County (Qionglin; Raoping)	難なん
	Yunlin (Lunbei; Zhao'an)	難なん
Jin	Taiyuan	難なん
Northern Min	Jian'ou	難なん
Eastern Min	Fuzhou	艱難かんなん, 難なん
Southern Min	Xiamen	惡あく, 艱苦かんく, 歹 †
	Quanzhou	惡あく
	Jinjiang	難なん
	Zhangzhou	惡あく
	Zhao'an	惡あく, 䆀 †
	Dongshan	惡あく
	Taipei	惡あく
	New Taipei (Sanxia)	惡あく
	Kaohsiung	惡あく
	Yilan	惡あく
	Changhua (Lukang)	惡あく
	Taichung	惡あく
	Tainan	惡あく, 歹 †
	Hsinchu	惡あく
	Kinmen	惡あく
	Penghu (Magong)	惡あく
	Penang (Hokkien)	艱苦かんく, 歹 †
	Singapore (Hokkien)	惡あく, 艱苦かんく, 歹 †
	Manila (Hokkien)	艱苦かんく, 惡あく, 歹 †
	Chaozhou	惡あく
	Shantou	難なん, 惡あく
	Shantou (Chenghai)	惡あく
	Jieyang	惡あく, 艱苦かんく
	Haifeng	惡あく
	Singapore (Teochew)	惡あく, 歹 †
	Wenchang	惡あく
	Haikou	惡あく
	Singapore (Hainanese)	惡あく
Wu	Suzhou	難なん
	Wenzhou	難なん
Xiang	Changsha	難なん
	Shuangfeng	難なん
Note	† - only used with a verbal complement

Derived terms

• 艱難かんなん困苦こんく／艰难困苦こんく (jiānnánkùnkǔ)
• 艱難かんなん竭蹶／艰难竭蹶 (jiānnánjiéjué)
• 艱難かんなん險阻けんそ／艰难险阻 (jiānnánxiǎnzǔ)

 

Descendants

Sino-Xenic (艱難かんなん):

• → Japanese: 艱難かんなん(かんなん) (kannan)
• → Korean: 간난(艱難かんなん) (gannan)
• → Vietnamese: gian nan (艱難かんなん)

See also

• 艱危／艰危 (jiānwēi)
• 危急ききゅう (wēijí)

Japanese

Kanji in this term
艱	難なん
かん Hyōgai	なん Grade: 6
on'yomi

Alternative spelling
艱難 (kyūjitai)

Pronunciation

• (Tokyo) かんなん [káꜜǹnàǹ] (Atamadaka – [1])
• (Tokyo) かんなん [kàńnáń] (Heiban – [0])
• IPA^(key): [kã̠nːã̠ɴ]

Noun

艱(かん)難なん(なん) • (kannan) 

1. hardships, difficulties

Verb

艱(かん)難なん(なん)する • (kannan suru) suru (stem 艱(かん)難なん(なん)し (kannan shi), past 艱(かん)難なん(なん)した (kannan shita))

1. to experience hardships, difficulties

Conjugation

Conjugation of "艱難かんなんする" (See Appendix:Japanese verbs.)

Katsuyōkei ("stem forms")
Mizenkei ("imperfective")	艱難かんなんし	かんなんし	kannan shi
Ren’yōkei ("continuative")	艱難かんなんし	かんなんし	kannan shi
Shūshikei ("terminal")	艱難かんなんする	かんなんする	kannan suru
Rentaikei ("attributive")	艱難かんなんする	かんなんする	kannan suru
Kateikei ("hypothetical")	艱難かんなんすれ	かんなんすれ	kannan sure
Meireikei ("imperative")	艱難かんなんせよ¹ 艱難かんなんしろ²	かんなんせよ¹ かんなんしろ²	kannan seyo¹ kannan shiro²
Key constructions
Passive	艱難かんなんされる	かんなんされる	kannan sareru
Causative	艱難かんなんさせる 艱難かんなんさす	かんなんさせる かんなんさす	kannan saseru kannan sasu
Potential	艱難かんなんできる	かんなんできる	kannan dekiru
Volitional	艱難かんなんしよう	かんなんしよう	kannan shiyō
Negative	艱難かんなんしない	かんなんしない	kannan shinai
Negative continuative	艱難かんなんせず	かんなんせず	kannan sezu
Formal	艱難かんなんします	かんなんします	kannan shimasu
Perfective	艱難かんなんした	かんなんした	kannan shita
Conjunctive	艱難かんなんして	かんなんして	kannan shite
Hypothetical conditional	艱難かんなんすれば	かんなんすれば	kannan sureba
¹ Written imperative ² Spoken imperative

Derived terms

• 艱難辛苦かんなんしんく(かんなんしんく) (kannanshinku)
• 艱難かんなん苦労くろう(かんなんくろう) (kannankurō)
• 艱難かんなん汝なんじ(かんなんなんじ)を玉たま(たま)にす (kannannanji o tamanisu)

Korean

Hanja in this term
艱	難なん

Noun

艱難かんなん • (gannan) (hangeul 간난)

1. hanja form^? of 간난 (“hardships, privations, tribulations”)

Vietnamese

chữ Hán Nôm in this term
艱	難なん

Adjective

艱難かんなん

1. chữ Hán form of gian nan (“miserably hard; difficult; tough”).