侍さむらい

侍さむらい U+4F8D, 侍 CJK UNIFIED IDEOGRAPH-4F8D ← 侌 [U+4F8C] CJK Unified Ideographs 侎 → [U+4F8E]

Translingual

Stroke order

Han character

侍さむらい (Kangxi radical 9, 人ひと+6, 8 strokes, cangjie input 人ひと土木どぼく戈ほこ (OGDI), four-corner 2424₁, composition ⿰亻寺てら)

Derived characters

• 㣥, 𤲔, 𨂄, 𦱎

References

• Kangxi Dictionary: page 101, character 26
• Dai Kanwa Jiten: character 589
• Dae Jaweon: page 215, character 7
• Hanyu Da Zidian (first edition): volume 1, page 143, character 17
• Unihan data for U+4F8D

Chinese

trad.		侍さむらい
simp. #		侍さむらい

Glyph origin

Historical forms of the character 侍さむらい
Small seal script s05766 Transcribed ancient scripts L19117 L19118 L19119 L19120
References: Mostly from Richard Sears' Chinese Etymology site (authorisation), which in turn draws data from various collections of ancient forms of Chinese characters, including: Shuowen Jiezi (small seal), Jinwen Bian (bronze inscriptions), Liushutong (Liushutong characters) and Yinxu Jiaguwen Bian (oracle bone script).

Characters in the same phonetic series (寺てら) (Zhengzhang, 2003) 

	Old Chinese
等ひとし	*tɯːʔ, *tɯːŋʔ
待まち	*dɯːʔ
寺てら	*ljɯs
持もち	*l'ɯ
峙	*dɯʔ
痔じ	*dɯʔ
跱	*dɯʔ
歭	*dɯʔ
洔	*dɯʔ, *tjɯʔ
畤	*dɯʔ, *tjɯʔ, *djɯʔ
秲	*dɯʔ, *djɯs
庤	*dɯʔ
時とき	*djɯ
鰣	*djɯ
塒ねぐら	*djɯ
蒔	*djɯ, *djɯs
榯	*djɯ
恃	*djɯʔ
侍さむらい	*djɯs
詩し	*hljɯ
邿	*hljɯ
特とく	*dɯːɡ

Pronunciation

• Mandarin

  (Pinyin): shì (shi⁴)

  (Zhuyin): ㄕˋ

• Cantonese (Jyutping): si⁶
• Hakka (Sixian, PFS): sṳ
• Eastern Min (BUC): sê
• Southern Min

  (Hokkien, POJ): sī / sīr / sāi / sū

  (Teochew, Peng'im): se⁶

• Wu (Shanghai, Wugniu): ⁶zy

---

• Mandarin
  • (Standard Chinese)⁺
    • Hanyu Pinyin: shì
    • Zhuyin: ㄕˋ
    • Tongyong Pinyin: shìh
    • Wade–Giles: shih⁴
    • Yale: shr̀
    • Gwoyeu Romatzyh: shyh
    • Palladius: ши (ši)
    • Sinological IPA ^(key): /ʂʐ̩⁵¹/
• Cantonese
  • (Standard Cantonese, Guangzhou–Hong Kong)
    • Jyutping: si⁶
    • Yale: sih
    • Cantonese Pinyin: si⁶
    • Guangdong Romanization: xi⁶
    • Sinological IPA ^(key): /siː²²/
• Hakka
  • (Sixian, incl. Miaoli and Neipu)
    • Pha̍k-fa-sṳ: sṳ
    • Hakka Romanization System: sii
    • Hagfa Pinyim: si⁴
    • Sinological IPA: /sɨ⁵⁵/
• Eastern Min
  • (Fuzhou)
    • Bàng-uâ-cê: sê
    • Sinological IPA ^(key): /sɛi²⁴²/
• Southern Min
  • (Hokkien: Xiamen, Quanzhou, Zhangzhou)
    • Pe̍h-ōe-jī: sī
    • Tâi-lô: sī
    • Phofsit Daibuun: si
    • IPA (Quanzhou): /si⁴¹/
    • IPA (Xiamen, Zhangzhou): /si²²/
  • (Hokkien: Quanzhou)
    • Pe̍h-ōe-jī: sīr
    • Tâi-lô: sīr
    • IPA (Quanzhou): /sɯ⁴¹/
  • (Hokkien: Xiamen, Quanzhou, Zhangzhou, General Taiwanese)
    • Pe̍h-ōe-jī: sāi
    • Tâi-lô: sāi
    • Phofsit Daibuun: sai
    • IPA (Quanzhou): /sai⁴¹/
    • IPA (Xiamen, Zhangzhou): /sai²²/
    • IPA (Taipei, Kaohsiung): /sai³³/
  • (Hokkien: Xiamen, Zhangzhou)
    • Pe̍h-ōe-jī: sū
    • Tâi-lô: sū
    • Phofsit Daibuun: su
    • IPA (Xiamen, Zhangzhou): /su²²/

Note:

• sī/sīr - literary;
• sāi - vernacular;
• sū - vernacular (俗ぞく).

• (Teochew)
  • Peng'im: se⁶
  • Pe̍h-ōe-jī-like: sṳ̆
  • Sinological IPA ^(key): /sɯ³⁵/
• Wu
  • (Northern: Shanghai)
    • Wugniu: ⁶zy
    • MiniDict: zy^去さ
    • Wiktionary Romanisation (Shanghai): ³zr
    • Sinological IPA (Shanghai): /zz̩²³/

---

• Middle Chinese: dzyiH

Rime
Character	侍さむらい
Reading #	1/1
Initial (聲こえ)	常つね (25)
Final (韻いん)	之これ (19)
Tone (調しらべ)	Departing (H)
Openness (開ひらき合あい)	Open
Division (等ひとし)	III
Fanqie	時とき吏切きり
Baxter	dzyiH
Reconstructions
Zhengzhang Shangfang	/d͡ʑɨH/
Pan Wuyun	/d͡ʑɨH/
Shao Rongfen	/d͡ʑieH/
Edwin Pulleyblank	/d͡ʑɨH/
Li Rong	/ʑiəH/
Wang Li	/ʑĭəH/
Bernard Karlgren	/ʑiH/
Expected Mandarin Reflex	shì
Expected Cantonese Reflex	si6

• Old Chinese

  (Baxter–Sagart): /*[d]əʔ-s/

  (Zhengzhang): /*djɯs/

Baxter–Sagart system 1.1 (2014)
Character	侍さむらい
Reading #	1/1
Modern Beijing (Pinyin)	shì
Middle Chinese	‹ dzyiH ›
Old Chinese	/*[d]əʔ-s/
English	accompany, wait upon
Notes for Old Chinese notations in the Baxter–Sagart system: * Parentheses "()" indicate uncertain presence; * Square brackets "[]" indicate uncertain identity, e.g. *[t] as coda may in fact be *-t or *-p; * Angle brackets "<>" indicate infix; * Hyphen "-" indicates morpheme boundary; * Period "." indicates syllable boundary.

Zhengzhang system (2003)
Character	侍さむらい
Reading #	1/1
No.	12049
Phonetic component	寺てら
Rime group	之これ
Rime subdivision	0
Corresponding MC rime	侍さむらい
Old Chinese	/*djɯs/

Definitions

侍さむらい

1. to wait upon; to serve
2. attendant; servant
3. a surname: Shi

Compounds

• 中ちゅう常つね侍さむらい (zhōngchángshì)
• 伏ふく侍さむらい
• 侍さむらい中ちゅう (shìzhōng)
• 侍さむらい人じん
• 侍さむらい候こう (shìhòu)
• 侍さむらい兒じ／侍さむらい儿 (shì'ér)
• 侍さむらい奉たてまつ (shìfèng)
• 侍女じじょ (shìnǚ)
• 侍さむらい妾わらわ (shìqiè)
• 侍さむらい子こ
• 侍さむらい巾はば櫛くし／侍さむらい巾はば栉
• 侍さむらい弄ろう (shìnòng)
• 侍さむらい役やく
• 侍從じじゅう／侍さむらい从 (shìcóng)
• 侍さむらい御お
• 侍さむらい應おう生せい／侍さむらい应生 (shìyìngshēng)
• 侍さむらい生せい
• 侍立じりつ (shìlì)
• 侍者じしゃ (shìzhě)
• 侍さむらい衛まもる／侍さむらい卫 (shìwèi)
• 侍講じこう／侍さむらい讲
• 侍讀じどく／侍さむらい读 (shìdú)
• 侍さむらい郎ろう (shìláng)
• 侍醫じい／侍医じい
• 俠侍／侠侍
• 內侍／内侍ないし (nèishì)
• 奉たてまつ侍さむらい
• 女おんな侍さむらい (nǚshì)
• 姬ひめ侍さむらい
• 媵侍 (yìngshì)
• 常つね侍さむらい (chángshì)
• 接せっ侍さむらい
• 散ち騎き常つね侍さむらい／散ち骑常侍さむらい
• 服ふく侍さむらい
• 近侍きんじ (jìnshì)
• 選せん侍さむらい／选侍
• 重じゅう侍さむらい下か
• 閽侍／阍侍
• 陪侍 (péishì)
• 隨ずい侍さむらい／随ずい侍さむらい
• 鵠くぐい侍さむらい／鹄侍

 

Japanese

Kanji

侍さむらい

(Jōyō kanji)

1. samurai
2. wait upon, serve

Readings

• Go-on: じ (ji, Jōyō)
• Kan-on: し (shi)
• Kun: さぶらい (saburai, 侍さむらい)^{←さぶらひ (saburafi, さぶらひ, historical)}、さぶらう (saburau, 侍さむらいう)^{←さぶらふ (saburafu, 侍さむらいふ, historical)}、さむらい (samurai, 侍さむらい, Jōyō)^{←さむらひ (samurafi, さむらひ, historical)}、さむらう (samurau, 侍さむらいう)^{←さむらふ (samurafu, 侍さむらいふ, historical)}、はべる (haberu, 侍はべる)
• Nanori: つこ (tsuko)、ひと (hito)

Compounds

Compounds

• 侍さむらい(じ)医い(い) (jī)
• 侍さむらい(じ)衛まもる(えい) (jiei)
• 侍さむらい(じ)御お(ぎょ) (jigyo)
• 侍さむらい(じ)講こう(こう) (jikō)
• 侍さむらい(じ)祭まつり(さい) (jisai)
• 侍さむらい(じ)史ふみ(し) (jishi)
• 侍さむらい(じ)者もの(しゃ) (jisha)
• 侍さむらい(じ)臣しん(しん) (jishin)
• 侍さむらい(じ)従したがえ(じゅう) (jijū)
• 侍さむらい(じ)女おんな(じょ) (jijo)
• 侍さむらい(じ)僧そう(そう) (jisō)
• 侍さむらい(じ)読(どく) (jidoku)
• 侍さむらい(じ)婢(ひ) (jihi)
• 侍さむらい(じ)立だて(りつ) (jiritsu)
• 近ちか(きん)侍さむらい(じ) (kinji)
• 典てん(てん)侍さむらい(じ) (tenji)
• 内うち(ない)侍さむらい(じ) (naiji)
• 陪(ばい)侍さむらい(じ) (baiji)

Etymology 1

Kanji in this term
侍さむらい
さむらい Grade: S
kun'yomi

Alternative spelling
士し

⟨sa morapi₁⟩ → /saburapi/ → /saburafi/ → /samurawi/ → /samurai/

Sound shift from saburai (see below), itself the 連用形れんようけい (ren'yōkei, stem or continuative form) of classical verb 侍さむらいふ (saburafu, “to serve”, modern saburau), ultimately derived from さ (sa-, prefix of uncertain meaning) + 守まもらふ (morafu, “to keep watch”, modern morau).

The shift from saburaf- → samuraf- is due to the development of the 女性じょせい語ご (josei-go, “women's language”) in Middle Japanese. A different development of this b is seen in 候こう (sōrō, “service”, classical saurafu).

Pronunciation

• (Tokyo) さむらい [sàmúráí] (Heiban – [0])
• IPA^(key): [sa̠mɯ̟ɾa̠i]

• Audio:

  (file)

Noun

侍さむらい(さむらい) • (samurai) ^{←さむらひ (samurafi)?}

1. (historical) a warrior class in medieval and pre-modern Japan; samurai

   Synonym: (partial synonym; see "Usage notes") 武士ぶし (bushi)

2. one who serves nearby:
   1. a servant
   2. a retainer
3. Short for 侍さむらい所しょ (samurai-dokoro): the Board of Retainers in the Kamakura and Muromachi periods.
4. an above-average person

Derived terms

Derived terms

• 侍さむらい(さむらい)気質きしつ(かたぎ) (samurai katagi)
• 田舎いなか(いなか)侍さむらい(ざむらい) (inaka-zamurai)
• 犬いぬ(いぬ)侍さむらい(ざむらい) (inuzamurai)
• 忰(かせ)侍さむらい(ざむらい) (kase-zamurai)
• 国くに(くに)侍さむらい(ざむらい) (kuni-zamurai)
• 若わか(わか)侍さむらい(ざむらい) (waka-zamurai)

Usage notes

In modern popular usage, the terms bushi and samurai are often used in both English and Japanese somewhat loosely to refer to any soldier or warrior during Japan's feudal age (prior to the Meiji period). In historical contexts, these terms may be used with more specific senses, wherein bushi refers to any professional warrior, and samurai refers more strictly to a hereditary social class. See also Samurai on Wikipedia.Wikipedia

Idioms

• 黄き(こ)金きむ(がね)と侍さむらい(さむらい)は朽くち(く)ちても朽くち(く)ちぬ (kogane to samurai wa kuchite mo kuchinu)

See also

• 武士ぶし(ぶし)道みち(どう) (bushidō, “samurai code of conduct”)
• 浪人ろうにん(ろうにん) (rōnin, “masterless samurai”)

Etymology 2

Kanji in this term
侍さむらい
さぶらい Grade: S
kun'yomi

⟨sa morapi₁⟩ → /saburapi/ → /saburafi/ → /saburawi/ → /saburai/

The 連用形れんようけい (ren'yōkei, stem or continuative form) of classical verb 侍さむらいふ (saburafu, “to serve”).

Pronunciation

• IPA^(key): [sa̠bɯ̟ɾa̠i]

Noun

侍さむらい(さぶらい) • (saburai) ^{←さぶらひ (saburafi)?}

1. (archaic) one who serves nearby:
   1. a servant
   2. a retainer
   3. a warrior; particularly, a samurai
      • 1603–1604, Nippo Jisho, page 545:

        Saburai. サブライ(侍さむらい) 貴族きぞく, または,尊敬そんけいすべき人ひと〔武士ぶし〕.

2. Synonym of 下しも侍さむらい (shimosaburai, “office attendants to the emperor gathered in, on the south side of the 清涼せいりょう殿どの (Seiryōden, “Emperor's dwelling”)”)
3. Short for 侍さむらい所しょ (saburai-dokoro): a samurai guardhouse in the Heian period

Korean

Hanja

侍さむらい (eum 시 (si))

1. This term needs a translation to English. Please help out and add a translation, then remove the text {{rfdef}}.

Vietnamese

Han character

侍さむらい: Hán Nôm readings: thị

1. to be close, near
2. to serve, to take care of, to look after
3. attendant; servant
4. short of 侍さむらい生せい, humble pronoun when speaking to a superior
5. a surname: Shi

References

• Nom Foundation
• Từ điển Hán Nôm