ウルトラナショナリズム

ウルトラナショナリズム（英えい: Ultranationalism）とは、「特定とくていの国家こっかあるいは民族みんぞくの利益りえきを他たの何なによりも追求ついきゅうする極端きょくたんなナショナリズム」を意味いみする用語ようごである^[1]^[2]。日本語にほんごでは超ちょう国家こっか主義しゅぎと訳やくされるが、ほとんど逆ぎゃくの意味いみのスープラナショナリズム（国家こっかを超越ちょうえつした国際こくさい機関きかんに主権しゅけんを委ゆだねるべきとする思想しそう）にも同おなじ訳語やくごが充あてられることがあるので、本ほん項こうでは混同こんどうを避さける意味いみからも、ウルトラナショナリズムの語かたりを用もちいる。

概要がいよう

ウルトラナショナリズムは、「国家こっか再生さいせい (Palingenesis)」の概念がいねんと組くみ合あわさることにより、ファシズムの重要じゅうような基盤きばんとなり得える^[3]。政治せいじ思想しそうとしては極右きょくうに位置付いちづけられ、国くにによっては一部いちぶのウルトラナショナリズム団体だんたいをテロ組織そしきとして取とり締しまっている場合ばあいもある^[4]。

ヤヌシュ・ブガジスキによれば、「ウルトラナショナリズムは、最もっとも極端きょくたん、あるいは発展はってんした形態けいたいにおいてファシズムに似にており、特徴とくちょうとして外国がいこく人じん嫌悪けんおや全体ぜんたい主義しゅぎとさえ言いえる権威けんい主義しゅぎ的てき政策せいさく、カリスマ的てき指導しどう者しゃと国家こっか、必かならずしも政党せいとうの形態けいたいをとらない政治せいじ運動うんどう組織そしきの「有機ゆうき的てき統一とういつ」という神話しんわの強調きょうちょうなどが見みいだされる」^[5]。

ロジャー・グリフィンによれば、ウルトラナショナリズムは本質ほんしつ的てきに「外国がいこく人じん嫌悪けんお」であり、「過去かこの文化ぶんか史し・政治せいじ史しにおける自国じこくまたは自じ民族みんぞくの偉大いだいさや、敵てき勢力せいりょくを打倒だとうしてきた歴史れきしなどといったひどく神話しんわ化かされた物語ものがたりを通とおして」それ自体じたいを正当せいとう化かすることが知しられており、また、「下品げひんな形態けいたいの人類じんるい学がく、遺伝いでん学がく、優生ゆうせい学がくを利用りようして、国家こっかの優越ゆうえつ性せいと使命しめい、さらには悪徳あくとくや非ひ人間にんげん性せいを合理ごうり化かすることさえある」という^[6]。

ウルトラナショナリストの組織そしき

政党せいとう

GHQに解散かいさんさせられた団体だんたい

第だい二に次じ世界せかい大戦たいせん後ごの1946年ねん（昭和しょうわ21年ねん）1月がつ4日にち、連合れんごう国軍こくぐん最高さいこう司令しれい官かん総そう司令しれい部ぶは、大だい日本にっぽん一新いっしん会かい（前身ぜんしんは大だい日本にっぽん生産せいさん党とう）、大だい日本にっぽん興亜こうあ連盟れんめい、言論げんろん報国ほうこく会かいなど27団体だんたいを超ちょう国家こっか主義しゅぎ団体だんたいであるとして解散かいさんを指令しれいした^[42]。

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注釈ちゅうしゃく

出典しゅってん

^ Ultranationalism. Oxford English Dictionary. Retrieved 29 June 2017.
^ Ultranationalism. Collins English Dictionary. Retrieved 29 June 2017.
^ Roger Griffin, "Nationalism" in Cyprian Blamires, ed., World Fascism: A Historical Encyclopedia, vol. 2 (Santa Barbara, California: ABC-CLIO, 2006), pp. 451–53.
^ Pamuk, Humeyra. “U.S. Designates Russian Ultra-Nationalist Group as Terrorist Organization”. US News 9 October 2020閲覧えつらん。
^ The Politics of National Minority Participation in Post-communist Europe. EastWest Institute. p.65. Section author - Janusz Bugajski. Book edited by Johnathan P.Stein. Published by M.E. Sharpe. Published in New York in 2000. Retrieved via Google Books.
^ Blamires, Cyprian (2006). World fascism: a historical encyclopedia. p. 452. ISBN 9781576079409
^ Katsikas, Stefanos (2011). Negotiating Diplomacy in the New Europe: Foreign Policy in Post-Communist Bulgaria. I.B. Tauris. p. 64.
^ Cyprus and the roadmap for peace - A critical interrogation of the conflict. p.87. Edited by Michalis S. Michael and Yucel Vural. Chapter authors - Yucel Vural, Sertac Sonan and Michalis S. Michael. Published by Edward Elgar Publishing in Cheltenham, UK. Published in 2018.
^ “The 1619 Project and the far-right fear of history”. Washington Post (20 August 2019). 8 September 2019閲覧えつらん。 “A leader of Germany's ultranationalist AfD party in 2017 bemoaned how the country's focus on atoning ...”
^ “Frankenstein pact puts AfD in coalition”. The Times (23 July 2019). 8 September 2019閲覧えつらん。 “A married couple have run into trouble for forging the first local pact between Angela Merkel’s party and the ultranationalist Alternative for Germany (AfD) in defiance of the chancellor.”
^ “Greek elections: landslide victory for centre-right New Democracy party”. The Guardian (7 July 2019). 10 September 2019閲覧えつらん。 “Smaller parties, such as the ultra-nationalist Greek Solution and leftist MeRA25, headed by Yanis Varoufakis, the former finance minister, were targeting younger Greeks.”
^ Mark Magnier (8 March 2012). “In India, battle continues over Hindu temple's riches - latimes”. Los Angeles Times. Articles.latimes.com. 2015年ねん12月2日にち閲覧えつらん。
^ “Election Polls: 6-14 Seats for Bennett and Shaked's New Right-wing Party, Labor Party Crashes”. Times of Israel. (30 December 2018)
^ “Can a left-wing alliance stop Salvini from forming a far-right government in Italy?”. France 24 (2019年ねん8月がつ15日にち). 2020年ねん3月がつ15日にち閲覧えつらん。
^ “Polish Interior Minister Issues Last-Minute Ban on Neo-Fascist Show of Force Outside Israeli Embassy in Warsaw”. The Algemeiner. (31 January 2018)
^ “Ultranationalists Move to Slap Fines on Use of Foreign Words” (21 February 2013). 2019年ねん4月がつ1日にち閲覧えつらん。
^ Van Herpen, Marcel H. (2015). Putin's Propaganda Machine: Soft Power and Russian Foreign Policy. Rowman & Littlefield. p. 34
^ Ford, Peter (2018年ねん). “Serbian Radical Party surge may complicate reform”. Christian Science Monitor. 17 December 2018閲覧えつらん。
^ “Not Even a Prosperous Slovakia Is Immune to Doubts About the E.U.”. ニューヨーク・タイムズ. (17 December 2016)
^ Acha, Beatriz (6 January 2019). “No, no es un partido (neo)fascista”. Agenda Pública.
^ Antón-Mellón, Joan (29 April 2019). “Vox. Del nacional-catolicismo al ultranacionalismo neoliberal”. Agenda Pública.
^ “Danger on the Swiss Stock Exchange”. INGグループ (5 December 2018). 2020年ねん3月がつ17日にち閲覧えつらん。 “The ultra-nationalist Swiss People's Party (SVP or UDC) - the most powerful political movement in the country - is campaigning against European agreements.”
^ Arman, Murat Necip (2007). “The Sources Of Banality In Transforming Turkish Nationalism”. CEU Political Science Journal (2): 133–151.
^ Eissenstat, Howard. (November 2002). Anatolianism: The History of a Failed Metaphor of Turkish Nationalism. Middle East Studies Association Conference. Washington, D.C.
^ Gocek, Fatma Muge (2014). Denial of Violence. Oxford University Press. p. 402
^ “Svoboda: The rise of Ukraine's ultra-nationalists”. BBC. (25 December 2012) 1 March 2015閲覧えつらん。
^ Tsatsanis, Emmanouil (2011), “Hellenism under siege: the national-populist logic of antiglobalization rhetoric in Greece”, Journal of Political Ideologies 16 (1): 11–31, doi:10.1080/13569317.2011.540939, "...and far right-wing newspapers such as Alpha Ena, Eleytheros Kosmos, Eleytheri Ora and Stohos (the mouthpiece of ultra-nationalist group Chrysi Avgi)."
^ Ivarsflaten, Elisabeth (2006), Reputational Shields: Why Most Anti-Immigrant Parties Failed in Western Europe, 1980–2005, Nuffield College, University of Oxford, p. 15
^ On the Road with Golden Dawn, Greece’s Ultra-Nationalist Party. Time. Published 31 October 2012. Retrieved 11 March 2017.
^ Nippon Kaigi: The ultra-nationalistic group trying to restore the might of the Japanese Empire. ABC News Online. Author - Matthew Carney. Published 2 December 2015. Retrieved 10 October 2018.
^ “Abe's cabinet reshuffle”. East Asia Forum (14 September 2019). 2020年ねん10月がつ3日にち閲覧えつらん。 “Abe also rewarded right-wing politicians who are close to him — so-called ‘ideological friends’ who are being increasingly pushed to the forefront of his administration — such as LDP Executive Acting Secretary-General Koichi Hagiuda who was appointed Education Minister. As a member of the ultranationalist Nippon Kaigi (Japan Conference), which seeks to promote patriotic education, he can be considered ‘reliable’ as the government’s policy leader on national education.”
^ “Japanese minister becomes first in two years to visit Tokyo's controversial Yasukuni Shrine”. South China Morning Post (17 October 2019). 5 June 2020閲覧えつらん。 “Eto is serving in his first cabinet position and is a member of the ultranationalist Nippon Kaigi organisation, whose aims are to revise the “national consciousness” surrounding the prosecution of Japan’s war criminals and to change the nation’s pacifist constitution implemented after the war. The group also promotes “patriotic education”.”
^ Michal Kolmas, ed (2019). National Identity and Japanese Revisionism. Routledge. ISBN 9781351334396. "... and foreign policy are rightwing revisionists organized in groups such as the ultranationalist Nippon Kaigi ..."
^ Ugo Dessì, ed (2013). Japanese Religions and Globalization. Routledge. p. 146. ISBN 9780415811705
^ “Japan combats rise in hate speech”. Al Jazeera. (30 November 2015) 5 June 2020閲覧えつらん. "... and many don’t speak Korean or have ties to Korea. Even so, ultranationalist groups like Zaitokukai have singled them out and used Japan’s very liberal protection of speech to harass, intimidate and silence Zainichi with noisy street protests and attacks online, often anonymously."
^ “Head of anti-foreigner group Zaitokukai to step down”. Japan Times. (30 November 2015) 5 June 2020閲覧えつらん. "The longtime chairman of the ultranationalist group Zaitokukai has announced he will step down and even give up his membership in the group, saying the move will eventually bolster the organization’s influence."
^ ワグネル・グループ (PDF) 2022年ねん6月がつ30日にち閲覧えつらん
^ https://stockholmcf.org/germany-seeks-to-ban-ultranationalist-turkish-grey-wolves-symbols/
^ https://www.kurdistan24.net/en/news/24c5f251-70e1-482a-a81a-6644a2e9bc75
^ https://www.duvarenglish.com/human-rights/2020/05/09/far-right-group-attempts-to-attack-grup-yorum-member-gokceks-grave-to-burn-his-body/
^ Alessio, Dominic; Meredith, Kristen (2014). “Blackshirts for the Twenty–First Century? Fascism and the English Defence League”. Social Identities 20 (1): 104–118. doi:10.1080/13504630.2013.843058.
^ 世相せそう風俗ふうぞく観察かんさつ会かい『増補ぞうほ新版しんぱん現代げんだい世相せそう風俗ふうぞく史し年表ねんぴょう昭和しょうわ20年ねん（1945）-平成へいせい20年ねん（2008）』河出書房新社かわでしょぼうしんしゃ、2003年ねん11月7日にち、12頁ぺーじ。ISBN 9784309225043。

[1] Ultranationalism. Oxford English Dictionary. Retrieved 29 June 2017.

[2] Ultranationalism. Collins English Dictionary. Retrieved 29 June 2017.

[3] Roger Griffin, "Nationalism" in Cyprian Blamires, ed., World Fascism: A Historical Encyclopedia, vol. 2 (Santa Barbara, California: ABC-CLIO, 2006), pp. 451–53.

[4] Pamuk, Humeyra. “U.S. Designates Russian Ultra-Nationalist Group as Terrorist Organization”. US News 9 October 2020閲覧えつらん。

[5] The Politics of National Minority Participation in Post-communist Europe. EastWest Institute. p.65. Section author - Janusz Bugajski. Book edited by Johnathan P.Stein. Published by M.E. Sharpe. Published in New York in 2000. Retrieved via Google Books.

[6] Blamires, Cyprian (2006). World fascism: a historical encyclopedia. p. 452. ISBN 9781576079409

[7] Katsikas, Stefanos (2011). Negotiating Diplomacy in the New Europe: Foreign Policy in Post-Communist Bulgaria. I.B. Tauris. p. 64.

[8] Cyprus and the roadmap for peace - A critical interrogation of the conflict. p.87. Edited by Michalis S. Michael and Yucel Vural. Chapter authors - Yucel Vural, Sertac Sonan and Michalis S. Michael. Published by Edward Elgar Publishing in Cheltenham, UK. Published in 2018.

[9] “The 1619 Project and the far-right fear of history”. Washington Post (20 August 2019). 8 September 2019閲覧えつらん。 “A leader of Germany's ultranationalist AfD party in 2017 bemoaned how the country's focus on atoning ...”

[10] “Frankenstein pact puts AfD in coalition”. The Times (23 July 2019). 8 September 2019閲覧えつらん。 “A married couple have run into trouble for forging the first local pact between Angela Merkel’s party and the ultranationalist Alternative for Germany (AfD) in defiance of the chancellor.”

[11] “Greek elections: landslide victory for centre-right New Democracy party”. The Guardian (7 July 2019). 10 September 2019閲覧えつらん。 “Smaller parties, such as the ultra-nationalist Greek Solution and leftist MeRA25, headed by Yanis Varoufakis, the former finance minister, were targeting younger Greeks.”

[12] Mark Magnier (8 March 2012). “In India, battle continues over Hindu temple's riches - latimes”. Los Angeles Times. Articles.latimes.com. 2015年ねん12月2日にち閲覧えつらん。

[13] “Election Polls: 6-14 Seats for Bennett and Shaked's New Right-wing Party, Labor Party Crashes”. Times of Israel. (30 December 2018)

[14] “Can a left-wing alliance stop Salvini from forming a far-right government in Italy?”. France 24 (2019年ねん8月がつ15日にち). 2020年ねん3月がつ15日にち閲覧えつらん。

[15] “Polish Interior Minister Issues Last-Minute Ban on Neo-Fascist Show of Force Outside Israeli Embassy in Warsaw”. The Algemeiner. (31 January 2018)

[16] “Ultranationalists Move to Slap Fines on Use of Foreign Words” (21 February 2013). 2019年ねん4月がつ1日にち閲覧えつらん。

[17] Van Herpen, Marcel H. (2015). Putin's Propaganda Machine: Soft Power and Russian Foreign Policy. Rowman & Littlefield. p. 34

[18] Ford, Peter (2018年ねん). “Serbian Radical Party surge may complicate reform”. Christian Science Monitor. 17 December 2018閲覧えつらん。

[19] “Not Even a Prosperous Slovakia Is Immune to Doubts About the E.U.”. ニューヨーク・タイムズ. (17 December 2016)

[acha20190106-20] Acha, Beatriz (6 January 2019). “No, no es un partido (neo)fascista”. Agenda Pública.

[mellon-21] Antón-Mellón, Joan (29 April 2019). “Vox. Del nacional-catolicismo al ultranacionalismo neoliberal”. Agenda Pública.

[22] “Danger on the Swiss Stock Exchange”. INGグループ (5 December 2018). 2020年ねん3月がつ17日にち閲覧えつらん。 “The ultra-nationalist Swiss People's Party (SVP or UDC) - the most powerful political movement in the country - is campaigning against European agreements.”

[23] Arman, Murat Necip (2007). “The Sources Of Banality In Transforming Turkish Nationalism”. CEU Political Science Journal (2): 133–151.

[24] Eissenstat, Howard. (November 2002). Anatolianism: The History of a Failed Metaphor of Turkish Nationalism. Middle East Studies Association Conference. Washington, D.C.

[25] Gocek, Fatma Muge (2014). Denial of Violence. Oxford University Press. p. 402

[26] “Svoboda: The rise of Ukraine's ultra-nationalists”. BBC. (25 December 2012) 1 March 2015閲覧えつらん。

[27] Tsatsanis, Emmanouil (2011), “Hellenism under siege: the national-populist logic of antiglobalization rhetoric in Greece”, Journal of Political Ideologies 16 (1): 11–31, doi:10.1080/13569317.2011.540939, "...and far right-wing newspapers such as Alpha Ena, Eleytheros Kosmos, Eleytheri Ora and Stohos (the mouthpiece of ultra-nationalist group Chrysi Avgi)."

[28] Ivarsflaten, Elisabeth (2006), Reputational Shields: Why Most Anti-Immigrant Parties Failed in Western Europe, 1980–2005, Nuffield College, University of Oxford, p. 15

[29] On the Road with Golden Dawn, Greece’s Ultra-Nationalist Party. Time. Published 31 October 2012. Retrieved 11 March 2017.

[30] Nippon Kaigi: The ultra-nationalistic group trying to restore the might of the Japanese Empire. ABC News Online. Author - Matthew Carney. Published 2 December 2015. Retrieved 10 October 2018.

[31] “Abe's cabinet reshuffle”. East Asia Forum (14 September 2019). 2020年ねん10月がつ3日にち閲覧えつらん。 “Abe also rewarded right-wing politicians who are close to him — so-called ‘ideological friends’ who are being increasingly pushed to the forefront of his administration — such as LDP Executive Acting Secretary-General Koichi Hagiuda who was appointed Education Minister. As a member of the ultranationalist Nippon Kaigi (Japan Conference), which seeks to promote patriotic education, he can be considered ‘reliable’ as the government’s policy leader on national education.”

[32] “Japanese minister becomes first in two years to visit Tokyo's controversial Yasukuni Shrine”. South China Morning Post (17 October 2019). 5 June 2020閲覧えつらん。 “Eto is serving in his first cabinet position and is a member of the ultranationalist Nippon Kaigi organisation, whose aims are to revise the “national consciousness” surrounding the prosecution of Japan’s war criminals and to change the nation’s pacifist constitution implemented after the war. The group also promotes “patriotic education”.”

[33] Michal Kolmas, ed (2019). National Identity and Japanese Revisionism. Routledge. ISBN 9781351334396. "... and foreign policy are rightwing revisionists organized in groups such as the ultranationalist Nippon Kaigi ..."

[34] Ugo Dessì, ed (2013). Japanese Religions and Globalization. Routledge. p. 146. ISBN 9780415811705

[35] “Japan combats rise in hate speech”. Al Jazeera. (30 November 2015) 5 June 2020閲覧えつらん. "... and many don’t speak Korean or have ties to Korea. Even so, ultranationalist groups like Zaitokukai have singled them out and used Japan’s very liberal protection of speech to harass, intimidate and silence Zainichi with noisy street protests and attacks online, often anonymously."

[36] “Head of anti-foreigner group Zaitokukai to step down”. Japan Times. (30 November 2015) 5 June 2020閲覧えつらん. "The longtime chairman of the ultranationalist group Zaitokukai has announced he will step down and even give up his membership in the group, saying the move will eventually bolster the organization’s influence."

[37] ワグネル・グループ (PDF) 2022年ねん6月がつ30日にち閲覧えつらん

[38] ttps://stockholmcf.org/germany-seeks-to-ban-ultranationalist-turkish-grey-wolves-symbols/

[39] ttps://www.kurdistan24.net/en/news/24c5f251-70e1-482a-a81a-6644a2e9bc75

[40] ttps://www.duvarenglish.com/human-rights/2020/05/09/far-right-group-attempts-to-attack-grup-yorum-member-gokceks-grave-to-burn-his-body/

[41] Alessio, Dominic; Meredith, Kristen (2014). “Blackshirts for the Twenty–First Century? Fascism and the English Defence League”. Social Identities 20 (1): 104–118. doi:10.1080/13504630.2013.843058.

[42] 世相せそう風俗ふうぞく観察かんさつ会かい『増補ぞうほ新版しんぱん現代げんだい世相せそう風俗ふうぞく史し年表ねんぴょう昭和しょうわ20年ねん（1945）-平成へいせい20年ねん（2008）』河出書房新社かわでしょぼうしんしゃ、2003年ねん11月7日にち、12頁ぺーじ。ISBN 9784309225043。

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表ひょう話はなし編へん歴れきナショナリズム
類型るいけい	エスニック・ナショナリズム市民しみんナショナリズム（英語えいご版ばん）リベラル・ナショナリズム経済けいざいナショナリズム日常にちじょうのナショナリズム文化ぶんかナショナリズム（英語えいご版ばん）左翼さよくナショナリズムナショナル・コミュニズム（英語えいご版ばん）ポストナショナリズム（英語えいご版ばん）反はんナショナリズム（英語えいご版ばん）ナショナル＝アナキズム拡張かくちょう主義しゅぎ的てきナショナリズム（英語えいご版ばん）汎ひろしナショナリズム（英語えいご版ばん）ディアスポラの政治せいじ（英語えいご版ばん）ナショナル・ロマンティシズム国民こくみん保守ほしゅ主義しゅぎネオ＝ナショナリズム（英語えいご版ばん）民族みんぞく統一とういつ主義しゅぎ（レヴァンシスム（フランス語ふらんすご版ばん、英語えいご版ばん） - 大だい国民こくみん国家こっか）ナショナル・ボルシェヴィズム国家こっか社会しゃかい主義しゅぎナショナル・サンディカリズム宗教しゅうきょうナショナリズム（英語えいご版ばん）トランスナショナリズム（英語えいご版ばん）資源しげんナショナリズムエコ＝ナショナリズム（英語えいご版ばん）ブルジョワ・ナショナリズム（英語えいご版ばん）同性愛どうせいあいナショナリズム（英語えいご版ばん）ウルトラナショナリズムスープラナショナリズムインターナショナリズム
示威じい手段しゅだん	国民こくみん的てきシンボル（英語えいご版ばん）国民こくみんの父ちち国語こくご国宝こくほう国民こくみん楽らく派は愛国あいこく歌か国歌こっか国旗こっき国くに章あきら国璽こくじ
カテゴリ

概要がいよう

ウルトラナショナリストの組織そしき

政党せいとう

立法府りっぽうふに代表だいひょうを輩出はいしゅつしている政党せいとう

過去かこに立法府りっぽうふに代表だいひょうを輩出はいしゅつしていた政党せいとう

政治せいじ団体だんたい

GHQに解散かいさんさせられた団体だんたい

関連かんれん項目こうもく

脚注きゃくちゅう

注釈ちゅうしゃく

出典しゅってん