12族 元素
12
物理 和 原子 性 质
编辑
Z | 电子 | |
---|---|---|
30 | 锌 | 2, 8, 18, 2 |
48 | 镉 | 2, 8, 18, 18, 2 |
80 | 汞 | 2, 8, 18, 32, 18, 2 |
112 | 鿔 | 2, 8, 18, 32, 32, 18, 2(预测) |
12
锌 | 镉 | 汞 | 鿔 | |
---|---|---|---|---|
熔点 | 693 K(420 °C) | 594 K(321 °C) | 234 K(−39 °C) | 283±11 K[9](10 °C) |
1180 K(907 °C) | 1040 K(767 °C) | 630 K(357 °C) | 340±10 K[9](60 °C) | |
7.14 g·cm−3 | 8.65 g·cm−3 | 13.534 g·cm−3 | 14.0 g·cm−3 [9] | |
蓝灰 |
银灰 |
银色 | ? | |
135 pm | 155 pm | 150 pm | ? 147 pm |
锌的
锌、镉和汞可以
化学 性 质
编辑
对12
周期 律
编辑
锌和镉都
2
归类
编辑12
和 碱土金属 的 关系
编辑
虽然12
铍 | 镁 | 钙 | 锶 | 钡 | 镭 | |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
价电 |
2s2 | 3s2 | 4s2 | 5s2 | 6s2 | 7s2 |
[He] | [Ne] | [Ar] | [Kr] | [Xe] | [Rn] | |
氧化态[note 1] | +2, +1 | +2, +1 | +2, +1 | +2, +1 | +2 | +2 |
熔点 | 1560 K (1287 °C) | 923 K (650 °C) | 1115 K (842 °C) | 1050 K (777 °C) | 1000 K (727 °C) | 973 K (700 °C) |
2742 K (2469 °C) | 1363 K (1090 °C) | 1757 K (1484 °C) | 1655 K (1382 °C) | 2170 K (1897 °C) | 2010 K (1737 °C) | |
银白 |
银灰 |
银白 | ||||
1.85 g·cm−3 | 1.738 g·cm−3 | 1.55 g·cm−3 | 2.64 g·cm−3 | 3.51 g·cm−3 | 5.5 g·cm−3 | |
电负 |
1.57 | 1.31 | 1.00 | 0.95 | 0.89 | 0.9 |
105 pm | 150 pm | 180 pm | 200 pm | 215 pm | 215 pm | |
离子 |
59 pm | 86 pm | 114 pm | 132 pm | 149 pm | 162 pm |
焰色 |
砖红[27] | 绯红[27] | 绯红[note 2] | |||
很少 | 很少 | 极少 | ||||
氢氧 |
两性 | 碱性 | 碱性 | |||
氧化 |
两性 | |||||
铍 | 镁 | 锌 | 镉 | 汞 | 鿔 | |
价电 |
2s2 | 3s2 | 4s2 | 5s2 | 6s2 | ? 7s2 |
[He] | [Ne] | [Ar]3d10 | [Kr]4d10 | [Xe]4f145d10 | ? [Rn]5f146d10 | |
氧化态[note 1] | +2, +1 | +2, +1 | +2, +1 | +2, +1 | +2, +1 | ? +4, +2, +1, 0[29][30][31] |
熔点 | 1560 K (1287 °C) | 923 K (650 °C) | 693 K (420 °C) | 594 K (321 °C) | 234 K (−39 °C) | 283±11 K (10 °C) |
2742 K (2469 °C) | 1363 K (1090 °C) | 1180 K (907 °C) | 1040 K (767 °C) | 630 K (357 °C) | 340±10 K (60 °C) | |
蓝灰 |
银灰 |
银色 | ? | |||
1.85 g·cm−3 | 1.738 g·cm−3 | 7.14 g·cm−3 | 8.65 g·cm−3 | 13.534 g·cm−3 | 14.0 g·cm−3 | |
电负 |
1.57 | 1.31 | 1.65 | 1.69 | 2.00 | ? |
105 pm | 150 pm | 135 pm | 155 pm | 150 pm | ? 147 pm[30] | |
离子 |
59 pm | 86 pm | 88 pm | 109 pm | 116 pm | ? 75 pm[30] |
焰色 |
? | ? | ? | |||
? | ||||||
氢氧 |
两性 | 碱性 | 两性 | ? | ? | |
氧化 |
两性 | 两性 | ? |
化合 物
编辑
4。锌和镉也
历史
编辑锌
编辑锌在
镉
编辑1817
1927
汞
编辑Hg
鿔
编辑鿔
存在
编辑
12
虽然汞和锌矿
生 产
编辑
锌是
镉是锌矿
应用
编辑镉有很多
汞主
生物 作用 和 毒性
编辑
锌是
汞和镉则
注 释
编辑
12 |
||
11 |
硼族 |
参考 资料
编辑
- ^ 1.0 1.1 Greenwood & Earnshaw 1997.
- ^ Cotton et al. 1999.
- ^ Housecroft, C. E.; Sharpe, A. G. Inorganic Chemistry 3rd. Prentice Hall. 2008. ISBN 978-0131755536.
- ^ Eichler, R.; Aksenov, N. V.; Belozerov, A. V.; Bozhikov, G. A.; Chepigin, V. I.; Dmitriev, S. N.; Dressler, R.; Gäggeler, H. W.; Gorshkov, V. A.; Haenssler, F.; et al. Chemical Characterization of Element 112. Nature. 2007, 447 (7140): 72–75. Bibcode:2007Natur.447...72E. PMID 17476264. S2CID 4347419. doi:10.1038/nature05761.
- ^ 5.0 5.1 Zinc Metal Properties. American Galvanizers Association. 2008 [2009-02-15]. (
原始 内容 存 档于2009-02-21). - ^ 6.0 6.1 6.2 6.3 6.4 David R. Lide (编). Handbook of Chemistry and Physics 87th. Boca Raton, Florida: CRC Press, Taylor & Francis Group. 2006: 4-41 [2022-04-24]. ISBN 978-0-8493-0487-3. (
原始 内容 存 档于2021-10-09). - ^ 7.0 7.1 Heiserman, David L. Element 30: Zinc. Exploring Chemical Elements and their Compounds. New York: TAB Books. 1992: 123. ISBN 978-0-8306-3018-9.
- ^ Hammond, C. R The Elements (页面
存 档备份,存 于互联网档案 馆) in Lide, D. R. (编), CRC Handbook of Chemistry and Physics 86th, Boca Raton (FL): CRC Press, 2005, ISBN 0-8493-0486-5 - ^ 9.0 9.1 9.2 9.3 Mewes, Jan-Michael; Smits, Odile R.; Kresse, Georg; Schwerdtfeger, Peter. Copernicium: A Relativistic Noble Liquid. Angewandte Chemie. 2019, 131 (50): 18132–18136. ISSN 1521-3757. doi:10.1002/ange.201906966 .
- ^ 10.0 10.1 Lehto 1968,
第 826頁 . - ^ Scoffern, John. The Useful Metals and Their Alloys. Houlston and Wright. 1861: 591–603 [2009-04-06].
- ^ Holleman, Arnold F.; Wiberg, Egon; Wiberg, Nils. Cadmium. Lehrbuch der Anorganischen Chemie 91–100. Walter de Gruyter. 1985: 1056–1057. ISBN 978-3-11-007511-3 (
德 语). - ^ Case Studies in Environmental Medicine (CSEM) Cadmium. Agency for Toxic Substances and Disease Registry. [2011-05-30]. (
原始 内容 存 档于2011-02-03). - ^ Norrby, L.J. Why is mercury liquid? Or, why do relativistic effects not get into chemistry textbooks?. Journal of Chemical Education. 1991, 68 (2): 110. Bibcode:1991JChEd..68..110N. doi:10.1021/ed068p110.
- ^ Why is mercury a liquid at STP?. [2009-07-07]. (
原始 内容 存 档于2007-04-04). - ^ Ingalls, Walter Renton. Production and Properties of Zinc: A Treatise on the Occurrence and Distribution of Zinc Ore, the Commercial and Technical Conditions Affecting the Production of the Spelter, Its Chemical and Physical Properties and Uses in the Arts, Together with a Historical and Statistical Review of the Industry. The Engineering and Mining Journal. 1902: 142–6.
- ^ 17.0 17.1 17.2 Scoullos, Michael J.; Vonkeman, Gerrit H.; Thornton, Iain; Makuch, Zen. Mercury, Cadmium, Lead: Handbook for Sustainable Heavy Metals Policy and Regulation. Springer. 2001 [2022-04-30]. ISBN 978-1-4020-0224-3. (
原始 内容 存 档于2021-10-16). - ^ Brady, George Stuart; Brady, George S.; Clauser, Henry R.; Vaccari, John A. Materials handbook: an encyclopedia for managers, technical professionals, purchasing and production managers, technicians, and supervisors. McGraw-Hill Professional. 2002: 425 [2022-04-24]. ISBN 978-0-07-136076-0. (
原始 内容 存 档于2021-10-09). - ^ Vargel, C.; Jacques, M.; Schmidt, M. P. Corrosion of Aluminium. Elsevier. 2004: 158 [2022-04-24]. ISBN 978-0-08-044495-6. (
原始 内容 存 档于2021-10-09). - ^ 20.0 20.1 20.2 Moss, Alex. Descriptive P-block Notes (PDF). Alchemyst Online. 2003 [2011-06-02]. (
原始 内容 (PDF)存 档于2016-03-03). - ^ Lindberg, S. E.; Stratton, W. J. Atmospheric Mercury Speciation: Concentrations and Behavior of Reactive Gaseous Mercury in Ambient Air. Environmental Science and Technology. 1998, 32 (1): 49–57. Bibcode:1998EnST...32...49L. doi:10.1021/es970546u.
- ^ Al-Niaimi, N. S.; Hamid, H. A. Stabilities of nickel(II), copper(II), zinc(II) and dioxouranium(II) complexes of some
β -diketones. Journal of Inorganic and Nuclear Chemistry. 1976, 3 (5): 849–852. doi:10.1016/0022-1902(77)80167-X. - ^
國際 純化 學 和 應用 化學 聯合 會 ,化學 術語 概略 ,第 二 版 。(金 皮 書 )(1997)。在 線 校正 版 : (2006–) "transition element"。doi:10.1351/goldbook.T06456 - ^ Elusive Hg(IV) species has been synthesized under cryogenic conditions. [2022-04-25]. (
原始 内容 存 档于2022-02-20). - ^ Wang, Xuefang; Andrews, Lester; Riedel, Sebastian; Kaupp, Martin. Mercury is a Transition Metal: The First Experimental Evidence for HgF4. Angewandte Chemie. 2007, 119 (44): 8523–8527. doi:10.1002/ange.200703710.
- ^ 26.0 26.1 26.2 26.3 26.4 Jensen, William B. The Place of Zinc, Cadmium, and Mercury in the Periodic Table (PDF). Journal of Chemical Education. 2003, 80 (8): 952–961 [2012-05-06]. Bibcode:2003JChEd..80..952J. doi:10.1021/ed080p952. (
原始 内容 (PDF)存 档于2010-06-11). - ^ 27.0 27.1 27.2 27.3 Royal Society of Chemistry. Visual Elements: Group 2–The Alkaline Earth Metals. Visual Elements. Royal Society of Chemistry. [2012-01-13]. (
原始 内容 存 档于2011-10-05). - ^ Kirby, H. W.; Salutsky, Murrell L. The Radiochemistry of Radium. National Academies Press. 1964.[
失效 連結 ] - ^ H. W. Gäggeler. Gas Phase Chemistry of Superheavy Elements (PDF). Paul Scherrer Institute: 26–28. 2007. (
原始 内容 (PDF)存 档于2012-02-20). - ^ 30.0 30.1 30.2 Haire, Richard G. Transactinides and the future elements. Morss; Edelstein, Norman M.; Fuger, Jean (编). The Chemistry of the Actinide and Transactinide Elements 3rd. Dordrecht, The Netherlands: Springer Science+Business Media. 2006: 1675. ISBN 978-1-4020-3555-5.
- ^ Fricke, Burkhard. Superheavy elements: a prediction of their chemical and physical properties. Structure and Bonding 21. 1975: 89–144 [2013-10-04]. ISBN 978-3-540-07109-9. doi:10.1007/BFb0116498.
- ^ Richens, David T. The Chemistry of Aqua Ions. J. Wiley. September 1997. ISBN 978-0-471-97058-3.
- ^ Weeks 1933,
第 20頁 . - ^ Greenwood & Earnshaw 1997,
第 1201頁 . - ^ Arny, Henry Vinecome. Principles of Pharmacy 2nd. W. B. Saunders company. 1917: 483.
- ^ Habashi, Fathi. Discovering the 8th Metal (PDF). International Zinc Association (IZA). [2008-12-13]. (
原始 内容 (PDF)存 档于2009-03-04). - ^ Hoover, Herbert Clark. Georgius Agricola de Re Metallica. Kessinger Publishing. 2003: 409. ISBN 978-0-7661-3197-2.
- ^ Gerhartz, Wolfgang. Ullmann's Encyclopedia of Industrial Chemistry 5th. VHC. 1996: 509. ISBN 978-3-527-20100-6.
- ^ Emsley 2001,
第 502頁 . - ^ Weeks 1933,
第 21頁 . - ^ 41.0 41.1 Warren, Neville G. Excel Preliminary Physics. Pascal Press. 2000: 47 [2022-04-27]. ISBN 978-1-74020-085-1. (
原始 内容 存 档于2022-04-27). - ^ Galvanic Cell. The New International Encyclopaedia. Dodd, Mead and Company. 1903: 80 [2022-04-27]. (
原始 内容 存 档于2022-04-27). - ^ Cotton et al. 1999,
第 626頁 . - ^ Cadmium. Kirk-Othmer Encyclopedia of Chemical Technology 5 4th. New York: John Wiley & Sons. 1994.
- ^ Hermann. Noch ein schreiben über das neue Metall (Another letter about the new metal). Annalen der Physik. 1818, 59 (5): 113–116 [2022-04-27]. Bibcode:1818AnP....59..113H. doi:10.1002/andp.18180590511. (
原始 内容 存 档于2021-04-01). - ^ Waterston, William; Burton, J. H. Cyclopædia of commerce, mercantile law, finance, commercial geography and navigation. 1844: 122 [2022-04-27]. (
原始 内容 存 档于2022-03-16). - ^ Rowbotham, Thomas Leeson. The art of landscape painting in water colours, by T. and T. L. Rowbotham. 1850: 10 [2022-04-27]. (
原始 内容 存 档于2022-04-27). - ^ Ayres, Robert U.; Ayres, Leslie; Råde, Ingrid. The life cycle of copper, its co-products and byproducts. 2003: 135–141 [2022-04-27]. ISBN 978-1-4020-1552-6. (
原始 内容 存 档于2022-02-06). - ^ Burdun, G. D. On the new determination of the meter. Measurement Techniques. 1958, 1 (3): 259–264. S2CID 121450003. doi:10.1007/BF00974680.
- ^ Beers, John S.; Penzes, William B. The NIST Length Scale Interferometer (PDF). Journal of Research of the National Institute of Standards and Technology. May–June 1999, 104 (3): 226 [2022-04-27]. S2CID 2981956. doi:10.6028/jres.104.017. (
原始 内容 (PDF)存 档于2022-01-20). - ^ Marion, Jerry B. Physics For Science and Engineering. CBS College Publishing. 1982: 3. ISBN 978-4-8337-0098-6.
- ^ Mercury and the environment — Basic facts. Environment Canada, Federal Government of Canada. 2004 [2008-03-27]. (
原始 内容 存 档于2007-01-15). - ^ Wright, David Curtis. The History of China. Greenwood Publishing Group. 2001: 49. ISBN 978-0-313-30940-3.
- ^ Hesse, R. W. Jewelrymaking through history. Greenwood Publishing Group. 2007: 120 [2022-04-27]. ISBN 978-0-313-33507-5. (
原始 内容 存 档于2022-03-05). - ^ 55.0 55.1 Stillman, J. M. Story of Alchemy and Early Chemistry. Kessinger Publishing. 2003: 7–9. ISBN 978-0-7661-3230-6.[
失效 連結 ] - ^ Cox, R. The Pillar of Celestial Fire. 1st World Publishing. 1997: 260. ISBN 978-1-887472-30-2.
- ^ 57.0 57.1 Hofmann, S.; et al. The new element 112. Zeitschrift für Physik A. 1996, 354 (1): 229–230. Bibcode:1996ZPhyA.354..229H. S2CID 119975957. doi:10.1007/BF02769517.
- ^ Barber, Robert C.; Gäggeler, Heinz W.; Karol, Paul J.; Nakahara, Hiromichi; Vardaci, Emanuele; Vogt, Erich. Element 112 is Named Copernicium. Pure and Applied Chemistry. 2009, 81 (7): 1331–1343. doi:10.1351/PAC-REP-08-03-05 .
- ^ Wedepohl, K. Hans. The composition of the continental crust. Geochimica et Cosmochimica Acta. 1995, 59 (7): 1217–1232. Bibcode:1995GeCoA..59.1217W. doi:10.1016/0016-7037(95)00038-2.
- ^ 60.0 60.1 Greenwood & Earnshaw 1997,
第 1202頁 . - ^ Plachy, Jozef. Annual Average Cadmium Price (PDF). USGS. [2010-06-16]. (
原始 内容 (PDF)存 档于2017-07-08). - ^ Fthenakis, V. Life cycle impact analysis of cadmium in CdTe PV production. Renewable and Sustainable Energy Reviews. 2004, 8 (4): 303–334 [2022-04-29]. doi:10.1016/j.rser.2003.12.001. (
原始 内容 存 档于2022-04-07). - ^ Fleischer, Michael. New Mineral Names (PDF). American Mineralogist. 1980, 65: 1065–1070 [2022-04-29]. (
原始 内容 (PDF)存 档于2011-09-05). - ^ Ehrlich, H. L.; Newman D. K. Geomicrobiology. CRC Press. 2008: 265 [2022-04-29]. ISBN 978-0-8493-7906-2. (
原始 内容 存 档于2022-03-05). - ^ Rytuba, James J. Mercury from mineral deposits and potential environmental impact. Environmental Geology. 2003, 43 (3): 326–338. S2CID 127179672. doi:10.1007/s00254-002-0629-5.
- ^ Tolcin, A. C. Mineral Commodity Summaries 2009: Zinc (PDF). United States Geological Survey. 2011 [2011-06-06]. (
原始 内容 (PDF)存 档于2011-06-08). - ^ Country Partnership Strategy—Iran: 2011–12. ECO Trade and development bank. [2011-06-06]. (
原始 内容 存 档于2011-10-26). - ^ IRAN – a growing market with enormous potential. IMRG. 2010-07-05 [2010-03-03]. (
原始 内容 存 档于2013-02-17). - ^ Cohen, David. Earth audit. New Scientist. 2007, 194 (2605): 8. doi:10.1016/S0262-4079(07)61315-3.
- ^ Augsberg University Calculate When Our Materials Run Out. IDTechEx. 2007-06-04 [2008-12-09]. (
原始 内容 存 档于2008-09-05). - ^ World Mineral Production (报告). London: British Geological Survey, NERC. 2007.
- ^ About the Mercury Rule 互联网档
案 馆的 存 檔,存 档日期 2012-05-01. - ^ Zinc: World Mine Production (zinc content of concentrate) by Country (PDF). 2006 Minerals Yearbook: Zinc. February 2008: Table 15 [2009-01-19]. (
原始 内容 (PDF)存 档于2018-02-25). - ^ Rosenqvist, Terkel. Principles of Extractive Metallurgy 2. Tapir Academic Press. 1922: 7, 16, 186. ISBN 978-82-519-1922-7.
- ^ 75.0 75.1 75.2 Porter, Frank C. Zinc Handbook. CRC Press. 1991 [2022-04-30]. ISBN 978-0-8247-8340-2. (
原始 内容 存 档于2021-11-29). - ^ Bodsworth, Colin. The Extraction and Refining of Metals. CRC Press. 1994: 148. ISBN 978-0-8493-4433-6.
- ^ Gupta, C. K.; Mukherjee, T. K. Hydrometallurgy in Extraction Processes. CRC Press. 1990: 62. ISBN 978-0-8493-6804-2.
- ^ ((National Research Council, Panel on Cadmium, Committee on Technical Aspects of Critical and Strategic Material)). Trends in Usage of Cadmium: Report. National Research Council, National Academy of Sciences-National Academy of Engineering. 1969: 1–3 [2022-04-30]. (
原始 内容 存 档于2021-08-25). - ^ Scoullos, Michael J. Mercury, cadmium, lead: handbook for sustainable heavy metals policy and regulation. 2001-12-31: 104–116 [2022-04-30]. ISBN 978-1-4020-0224-3. (
原始 内容 存 档于2022-03-16). - ^ Rytuba, James J. Mercury from mineral deposits and potential environmental impact. Environmental Geology. 2003, 43 (3): 326–338. S2CID 127179672. doi:10.1007/s00254-002-0629-5.
- ^ Vallero, Daniel A. Fundamentals of air pollution. 2008: 865–866 [2022-04-30]. ISBN 978-0-12-373615-4. (
原始 内容 存 档于2021-03-18). - ^ Barber, Robert C.; Gäggeler, Heinz W.; Karol, Paul J.; Nakahara, Hiromichi; Vardaci, Emanuele; Vogt, Erich. Discovery of the element with atomic number 112 (IUPAC Technical Report) (PDF). Pure and Applied Chemistry. 2009, 81 (7): 1331 [2022-04-30]. S2CID 95703833. doi:10.1351/PAC-REP-08-03-05. (
原始 内容 (PDF)存 档于2021-10-19). - ^ Stwertka 1998.
- ^ Emsley 2001,
第 499–505頁 . - ^ 85.0 85.1 Smith, C.J.E.; Higgs, M.S.; Baldwin, K.R. Advances to Protective Coatings and their Application to Ageing Aircraft (PDF). RTO MP-25. 1999-04-20 [2011-05-29]. (
原始 内容 (PDF)存 档于2016-03-04). - ^ Newman, John. Electrochemical Systems. New Jersey: John Wiley & Sons. 2004. ISBN 978-0-471-47756-3.
- ^ 87.0 87.1 Zinc: World Mine Production (zinc content of concentrate) by Country (PDF). 2009 Minerals Yearbook: Zinc. Washington, D.C.: United States Geological Survey. February 2010 [2010-06-06]. (
原始 内容 存 档 (PDF)于2011-06-08). - ^ 88.0 88.1 88.2 88.3 88.4 Lehto 1968,
第 829頁 . - ^ Bounoughaz, M.; Salhi, E.; Benzine, K.; Ghali, E.; Dalard, F. A comparative study of the electrochemical behaviour of Algerian zinc and a zinc from a commercial sacrificial anode. Journal of Materials Science. 2003, 38 (6): 1139–1145. Bibcode:2003JMatS..38.1139B. S2CID 135744939. doi:10.1023/A:1022824813564.
- ^ Stwertka 1998,
第 99頁 . - ^ Besenhard, Jürgen O. Handbook of Battery Materials (PDF). Wiley-VCH. 1999 [2008-10-08]. Bibcode:1999hbm..book.....B. ISBN 978-3-527-29469-5. (
原始 内容 存 档 (PDF)于2009-03-26). - ^ Wiaux, J.-P.; Waefler, J.-P. Recycling zinc batteries: an economical challenge in consumer waste management. Journal of Power Sources. 1995, 57 (1–2): 61–65. Bibcode:1995JPS....57...61W. doi:10.1016/0378-7753(95)02242-2.
- ^ Culter, T. A design guide for rechargeable zinc–air battery technology. 1996: 616. ISBN 978-0-7803-3268-3. S2CID 106826667. doi:10.1109/SOUTHC.1996.535134.
- ^ Whartman, Jonathan; Brown, Ian. Zinc Air Battery-Battery Hybrid for Powering Electric Scooters and Electric Buses (PDF). The 15th International Electric Vehicle Symposium. [2008-10-08]. (
原始 内容 (PDF)存 档于2006-03-12). - ^ Cooper, J. F.; Fleming, D.; Hargrove, D.; Koopman; R.; Peterman, K. A refuelable zinc/air battery for fleet electric vehicle propulsion. NASA Sti/Recon Technical Report N (Society of Automotive Engineers future transportation technology conference and exposition). 1995, 96: 11394. Bibcode:1995STIN...9611394C. OSTI 82465.
- ^ Eastern Alloys contributors. Diecasting Alloys. Maybrook, NY: Eastern Alloys. [2009-01-19]. (
原始 内容 存 档于2008-12-25). - ^ Buxbaum, Gunter; Pfaff, Gerhard. Cadmium Pigments. Industrial inorganic pigments. Wiley-VCH. 2005: 121–123. ISBN 978-3-527-30363-2.[
失效 連結 ] - ^ Battery collection; recycling, nature protected. European Union. [2008-11-04]. (
原始 内容 存 档于2020-08-07). - ^ Hopkinson, G. R.; Goodman, T. M.; Prince, S. R. A guide to the use and calibration of detector array equipment. SPIE Press. 2004: 125. Bibcode:2004gucd.book.....H. ISBN 978-0-8194-5532-1.
- ^ Mercury Reduction Act of 2003. United States. Congress. Senate. Committee on Environment and Public Works. [2009-06-06]. (
原始 内容 存 档于2022-11-15). - ^ Surmann, P.; Zeyat, H. Voltammetric analysis using a self-renewable non-mercury electrode. Analytical and Bioanalytical Chemistry. Nov 2005, 383 (6): 1009–13. PMID 16228199. S2CID 22732411. doi:10.1007/s00216-005-0069-7.
- ^ FDA. Thimerosal in Vaccines. [2006-10-25]. (
原始 内容 存 档于2008-07-26). - ^ The CRB Commodity Yearbook (annual). The CRB Commodity Yearbook. 2000: 173. ISSN 1076-2906.
- ^ Leopold, B. R. Chapter 3: Manufacturing Processes Involving Mercury. Use and Release of Mercury in the United States (PDF). National Risk Management Research Laboratory, Office of Research and Development, U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, Cincinnati, Ohio. 2002 [2007-05-01]. (
原始 内容 (PDF)存 档于2007-06-21). - ^ Chlorine Online Diagram of mercury cell process. Euro Chlor. [2012-04-09]. (
原始 内容 存 档于2011-09-18). - ^ 106.0 106.1 106.2 Broadley, M. R.; White, P. J.; Hammond, J. P.; Zelko, I.; Lux, A. Zinc in plants. New Phytologist. 2007, 173 (4): 677–702. PMID 17286818. doi:10.1111/j.1469-8137.2007.01996.x .
- ^ Prasad A. S. Zinc in Human Health: Effect of Zinc on Immune Cells. Mol. Med. 2008, 14 (5–6): 353–7. PMC 2277319 . PMID 18385818. doi:10.2119/2008-00033.Prasad.
- ^ Zinc's role in microorganisms is particularly reviewed in: Sugarman, B. Zinc and infection. Reviews of Infectious Diseases. 1983, 5 (1): 137–47. PMID 6338570. doi:10.1093/clinids/5.1.137.
- ^ Rink, L.; Gabriel, P. Zinc and the immune system. Proc Nutr Soc. 2000, 59 (4): 541–52. PMID 11115789. doi:10.1017/S0029665100000781 .
- ^ Wapnir, Raul A. Protein Nutrition and Mineral Absorption. Boca Raton, Florida: CRC Press. 1990 [2022-04-25]. ISBN 978-0-8493-5227-0. (
原始 内容 存 档于2022-04-25). - ^ Hambidge, K. M.; Krebs, N. F. Zinc deficiency: a special challenge. J. Nutr. 2007, 137 (4): 1101–5. PMID 17374687. doi:10.1093/jn/137.4.1101 .
- ^ Connie W. Bales; Christine Seel Ritchie. Handbook of Clinical Nutrition and Aging. Springer. 2009-05-21: 151– [2011-06-23]. ISBN 978-1-60327-384-8. (
原始 内容 存 档于2022-04-25). - ^ Zinc – Summary. Dietary Reference Intakes for Vitamin A, Vitamin K, Arsenic, Boron, Chromium, Copper, Iodine, Iron, Manganese, Molybdenum, Nickel, Silicon, Vanadium, and Zinc (2001). Institute of Medicine, Food and Nutrition Board. [2010-03-30]. (
原始 内容 存 档于2009-10-21). - ^ Maret, W.; Sandstead, H. H. Zinc requirements and the risks and benefits of zinc supplementation. Journal of Trace Elements in Medicine and Biology. 2006, 20 (1): 3–18. PMID 16632171. doi:10.1016/j.jtemb.2006.01.006.
- ^ Nogawa, Koji; Kobayashi, E.; Okubo, Y.; Suwazono, Y. Environmental cadmium exposure, adverse effects, and preventative measures in Japan. Biometals. 2004, 17 (5): 581–587. PMID 15688869. S2CID 8053594. doi:10.1023/B:BIOM.0000045742.81440.9c.
- ^ Mozaffarian D, Rimm EB. Fish intake, contaminants, and human health: evaluating the risks and the benefits. JAMA. 2006, 296 (15): 1885–99. PMID 17047219. doi:10.1001/jama.296.15.1885 .
参考 书目
编辑
- Cotton, F. Albert; Wilkinson, Geoffrey; Murillo, Carlos A.; Bochmann, Manfred. Advanced Inorganic Chemistry 6th. New York: John Wiley & Sons, Inc. 1999. ISBN 978-0-471-19957-1.
- Emsley, John. Zinc. Nature's Building Blocks: An A-Z Guide to the Elements . Oxford, England, UK: Oxford University Press. 2001: 499–505. ISBN 978-0-19-850340-8.
- Greenwood, N. N.; Earnshaw, A. Chemistry of the Elements 2nd. Oxford:Butterworth-Heinemann. 1997. ISBN 0-7506-3365-4.
- Lehto, R. S. Zinc. Clifford A. Hampel (编). The Encyclopedia of the Chemical Elements . New York: Reinhold Book Corporation. 1968: 822–830. ISBN 978-0-442-15598-8. LCCN 68-29938.
- Stwertka, Albert. Zinc. Guide to the Elements Revised. Oxford University Press. 1998. ISBN 978-0-19-508083-4.
- Weeks, Mary Elvira. III. Some Eighteenth-Century Metals. The Discovery of the Elements. Easton, PA: Journal of Chemical Education. 1933. ISBN 978-0-7661-3872-8.