西藏 汉化政策
历史背景
[编辑]早期 发展
[编辑]1960
近 期 发展
[编辑]2020
宗教
[编辑]而西
2010
教育 、文化 和 语言
[编辑]1987
安置 游 牧民
[编辑]2011
2017
人口 增 长
[编辑]1949
1992
西藏 问题爭 论
[编辑]1989
2008
相關 條目
[编辑]參考 資料
[编辑]- ^ Dalai Lama: 'Cultural genocide' behind self-immolations. BBC News. 2011-11-07 [2020-09-12]. (
原始 内容 存 档于2019-11-03) (英国 英 语). - ^ T. G. Arya, Central Tibetan Administration,
China's ‘ethnic unity’ bill aimed at complete sinicization of the Tibetan plateau through ethnic cleansing: CTA Information Secretary, (15 January 2020), https://tibet.net/chinas-ethnic-unity-bill-aimed-at-complete-sinicization-of-the-tibetan-plateau-through-ethnic-cleansing-cta-information-secretary/ (页面
存 档备份,存 于互联网档案 馆) ["China has waged unceasing campaigns at both central and local government level to aggressively consolidate its military occupation of Tibet in the last more than six decades. But this new state-sponsored regulation is seen as a desperately contemplated measure to curb the undiminishing defiance of the Tibetan people and their call for the protection of their identity, for freedom, human rights and for the honourable return of His Holiness the Dalai Lama to Tibet." "Central Tibetan Administration's Information Secretary Mr T.G. Arya condemned the new ethnic identity law, calling it a measure of ethnic cleansing aimed at complete sinicization of the Tibetan plateau. The Secretary also criticised the legislation as a gross violation of the international law and the Chinese constitution." " “What China could not achieve through the sixty years of occupation and repression, now they are trying to achieve it through repressive law. The law aims to achieve complete sinicization of the Tibetan plateau through ethnic cleansing. China finds Tibetan language, religion and culture as the main barrier to achieving complete control over the land,” Secretary TG Arya told the Tibet News Bureau.] - ^ 3.0 3.1 Samdup, Tseten (1993) Chinese population – Threat to Tibetan identity 互联网档
案 馆的 存 檔,存 档日期 5 February 2009. - ^ Burbu, Dawa (2001) China's Tibet Policy, Routledge, ISBN 978-0-7007-0474-3, pp 86–99
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原始 内容 存 档于4 October 2012). - ^ Blo brtan rdo rje, Charles Kevin Stuart. Life and Marriage in Skya Rgya, a Tibetan Village. YBK Publishers, Inc. 2008: xiv [28 June 2010]. ISBN 978-0-9800508-4-4. (
原始 内容 存 档于2021-12-28). - ^ Schaik 2011,
第 209頁 - ^ Schaik 2011,
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第 218頁 - ^ Laird, Thomas. The story of Tibet: Conversations with the Dalai Lama. London: Atlantic Books. 2006: 307 [29 July 2015]. ISBN 9781843541448. (
原始 内容 存 档于2021-12-13). - ^ Schaik 2011,
第 215頁 - ^ 15.0 15.1 Tibet profile - Overview. BBC News. 13 November 2014 [19 September 2015]. (
原始 内容 存 档于10 December 2012). - ^ 50 years of Colonization. Tibetan Youth Congress. [19 September 2015]. (
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德 語 ) Forster-Latsch, H. and Renz S., P. L. in Geschichte und Politik Tibets/ Tibet unter chinesischer Herrschaft 互联网档案 馆的 存 檔,存 档日期 13 February 2011.. - ^ (
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德 語 ) Golzio, Karl-Heinz and Bandini, Pietro (2002), Die vierzehn Wiedergeburten des Dalai Lama, Scherz Verlag / Otto Wilhelm Barth, Bern / München, ISBN 3-502-61002-9. - ^ Shakya, Tsering (1999) The Dragon in the Land of Snows, Columbia University Press, ISBN 978-0-7126-6533-9
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- ^ Southerland, Dan. After 50 years, Tibetans Recall the Cultural Revolution. Radio Free Asia. 9 August 2016 [31 January 2019]. (
原始 内容 存 档于10 July 2019). - ^ Peter Hessler. Tibet Through Chinese Eyes. The Atlantic. February 1999 [29 February 2012]. (
原始 内容 存 档于7 March 2012). - ^ Tanzen Lhundup, Ma Rong. Temporary Labor Migration in Urban Lhasa in 2005. China Tibetology Network. 25–26 August 2006 [29 February 2012]. (
原始 内容 存 档于19 August 2011). - ^ Cultural shift. BBC News. [18 April 2013]. (
原始 内容 存 档于25 July 2013). - ^ Pinteric, Uros (2003): http://www.sidip.org/SIDIP_files/pintericu_tibet.pdf[
永久 失效 連結 ] International Status of Tibet, Association for Innovative Political Science, University of Ljubljana, Slovenia. - ^ Wong, Edward. Report Says Valid Grievances at Root of Tibet Unrest. New York Times. 5 June 2009 [30 January 2019]. (
原始 内容 存 档于31 January 2019). - ^ Wong, Edward. China's Money and Migrants Pour into Tibet. New York Times. 24 July 2010 [30 January 2019]. (
原始 内容 存 档于31 January 2019). - ^ Beijing renews tirade. Sunday Pioneer. 8 March 2011 [24 March 2011]. (
原始 内容 存 档于11 March 2011). - ^ Edward Wong. 'China's Money and Migrants Pour into Tibet'. The New York Times. 24 July 2010 [29 February 2012]. (
原始 内容 存 档于1 October 2013). - ^ Xinhua News Agency (24 August 2005). New height of world's railway born in Tibet. Retrieved 25 August 2005. (页面
存 档备份,存 于互联网档案 馆) - ^ Damian Grammaticas. Is development killing Tibet's way of life?. BBC. 15 July 2010 [29 February 2012]. (
原始 内容 存 档于20 November 2011). - ^ Hannü. Dialogues Tibetan dialogues Han. [Erscheinungsort nicht ermittelbar]: Hannü. 2008. ISBN 978-988-97999-3-9. OCLC 917425693.
- ^ Tibetan Buddhism must be tailored to fit Chinese society, says Xi Jinping. Apple Daily. 30 August 2020 [30 August 2020].[
永久 失效 連結 ] - ^ 积极引导
藏 传佛教 与 社会 主 义社会 相 适应_西藏 自治 区 人民 政府 . www.xizang.gov.cn. [2021-12-22]. (原始 内容 存 档于2021-12-22). - ^ 坚持
中国 化 方向 是 引领藏 传佛教 健康 传承、与 时俱进的时代最强 音 _要 闻_手 机 中国 西藏 网. m.tibet.cn. [2021-12-22]. (原始 内容 存 档于2021-12-22). - ^ China pushes adoption of language, cultural symbols in Tibet. Associated Press. 2021-08-19 [2021-08-22]. (
原始 内容 存 档于2022-04-24) (英 语). - ^
慶祝 進 藏 70年 汪洋 促「築 牢 中華 民族 共同 體 意識 」 - 20210820 -中國 .每日 明報 . [2021-12-22]. (原始 内容 存 档于2021-12-22). - ^
西藏 舉行「和平 解放 」70週 年 大會 國際 藏人 組織 稱 「沒 什麼 可 慶賀 」. BBC News中 文 . [2021-12-22]. (原始 内容 存 档于2021-12-22) (中 文 (繁 體 )). - ^ Buckley, Chris. China's Tensions With Dalai Lama Spill into the Afterlife. New York Times. 2015-03-11 [2019-01-30]. (
原始 内容 存 档于2019-01-31). - ^ Braine, Theresa. China claims boy seized 25 years ago after Dalai Lama chose him as Tibetan spiritual leader is 31 and has a job. Barron's. 2020-05-18 [2020-07-05]. (
原始 内容 存 档于2020-07-05). - ^ 42.0 42.1 Halder, Bill. China Weaponizes Education to Control Tibet. Ozy. 2019-10-16 [2019-10-22]. (
原始 内容 存 档于2019-10-22). - ^ Lhuboom. China Orders Prayer Flags Taken Down in Tibet in an Assault on Culture, Faith. Radio Free Asia. 2020-06-17 [2020-07-04]. (
原始 内容 存 档于2020-07-05). - ^ China Expands Its Clampdown in Tibet: Report. Radio Free Asia. 2020-06-16 [2020-07-05]. (
原始 内容 存 档于2020-09-01). - ^ Human Rights Situation in Tibet 2019 Annual Report (PDF). tchrd.org. Tibetan Centre for Human Rights and Democracy. [2020-07-05]. (
原始 内容 存 档 (PDF)于2020-07-05). - ^ IRF Annual Report (PDF). www.uscirf.gov. 2020 [2020-08-30]. (
原始 内容 存 档 (PDF)于2020-08-03). - ^ Zenz, Adrian. Beyond Assimilation: The Tibetanisation of Tibetan Education in Qinghai. Inner Asia. 2010, 12 (2): 293–315. ISSN 1464-8172. JSTOR 23615125. doi:10.1163/000000010794983478.
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存 档副本 (PDF). [2021-12-23]. (原始 内容 (PDF)存 档于2021-12-23). - ^ Zenz, Adrian. Tibetanness under Threat? Neo-Integrationism, Minority Education and Career Strategies in Qinghai, P.R. China. Global Oriental. 2014. ISBN 9789004257962.
- ^ 50.0 50.1 Tatlow, Didi Kirsten. An Online Plea to China's Leader to Save Tibet's Culture By. New York Times. December 14, 2012 [22 October 2019]. (
原始 内容 存 档于2020-11-25). - ^ Wong, Edward. Tibetans Fight to Salvage Fading Culture in China. New York Times. 28 November 2015 [30 January 2019]. (
原始 内容 存 档于31 January 2019). - ^ Gelek, Lobsang. Tibetan Monasteries in Nangchen Banned From Teaching Language to Young Tibetans. Radio Free Asia. 30 January 2019 [27 May 2019]. (
原始 内容 存 档于27 May 2019). - ^ Prefecture in Qinghai to Drastically Cut Tibetan Language Education. Radio Free Asia. 16 May 2019 [27 May 2019]. (
原始 内容 存 档于26 May 2019). - ^ Lobe Socktsang, Richard Finney. Classroom Instruction Switch From Tibetan to Chinese in Ngaba Sparks Worry, Anger.
由 Dorjee Damdul翻 译. 9 April 2020 [12 April 2020]. (原始 内容 存 档于12 April 2020). - ^ Crowder, Nicole. Tibet's little-known nomadic culture, high on the 'Roof of the World'. Washington Post. 11 August 2015 [31 January 2019].
- ^ Lowry, Rachel. Inside the Quiet Lives of China's Disappearing Tibetan Nomads. Time. 3 September 2015 [31 January 2019]. (
原始 内容 存 档于25 February 2019). - ^ Jacobs, Andrew. China Fences in Its Nomads, and an Ancient Life Withers. New York Times. 11 July 2015 [30 January 2019]. (
原始 内容 存 档于31 January 2019). - ^ "They Say We Should Be Grateful" Mass Rehousing and Relocation Programs in Tibetan Areas of China. hrw.org. Human Rights Watch. 27 June 2013 [31 January 2019]. (
原始 内容 存 档于10 September 2019). - ^ Hatton, Celia. China resettles two million Tibetans, says Human Rights Watch. BBC. 27 June 2013 [31 January 2019]. (
原始 内容 存 档于9 December 2018). - ^ Jacobs, Andrew. Ethnic Protests in China Have Lengthy Roots. New York Times. 10 June 2011 [30 January 2019]. (
原始 内容 存 档于31 January 2019). - ^ Tenzin, Kunsang. Tibetan Nomads Forced From Resettlement Towns to Make Way For Development. Radio Free Asia. 15 June 2017 [31 January 2019]. (
原始 内容 存 档于31 January 2019). - ^ Tenzin, Kunsang. Tibetan Nomads Forced to Beg After Being Evicted From Their Homes. Radio Free Asia. 6 October 2017 [31 January 2019]. (
原始 内容 存 档于31 January 2019). - ^ Roland Barraux, Histoire des Dalaï Lamas – Quatorze reflets sur le Lac des Visions, Albin Michel, 1993, reprinted in 2002, Albin Michel, ISBN 2-226-13317-8.
- ^ Liu Jiangqiang, Preserving Lhasa's history (part one), in Chinadialogue, 13 October 2006.
- ^ Emily T. Yeh, Living Together in Lhasa. Ethnic Relations, Coercive Amity, and Subaltern Cosmopolitanism 互联网档
案 馆的 存 檔,存 档日期 22 February 2012.: "Lhasa's 1950s population is also frequently estimated at around thirty thousand. At that time the city was a densely packed warren of alleyways branching off from the Barkor path, only three square kilometers in area. The Potala Palace and the village of Zhöl below it were considered separate from the city." - ^ Thomas H. Hahn, Urban Planning in Lhasa. The traditional urban fabric, contemporary practices and future visions 互联网档
案 馆的 存 檔,存 档日期 31 March 2012., Presentation Given at the College of Architecture, Fanzhu University, 21 October 2008. - ^ Fjeld, Heidi. Commoners and Nobles: Hereditary Divisions in Tibet. Copenhagen: NIAS. 2003: 18. ISBN 978-87-7694-524-4. OCLC 758384977 (
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第 五次人口普查公报——西藏 . [2021-12-24]. (原始 内容 存 档于2021-12-24). - ^
西藏 自治 区 的 人口 变迁 (PDF). [2021-12-24]. (原始 内容 (PDF)存 档于2021-12-24). - ^
西藏 自治 区 2010年 第 六次全国人口普查主要数据公报. [2021-12-24]. (原始 内容 存 档于2022-04-16). - ^ 关于发布
拉 萨市第 七次全国人口普查主要数据公报. [2021-12-24]. (原始 内容 存 档于2021-12-24). - ^
西藏 自治 区 第 七次全国人口普查主要数据公报. [2021-12-24]. (原始 内容 存 档于2022-06-18). - ^ Les droits de l'homme Apostrophes, A2 – 21 April 1989 – 01h25m56s, Web site of the INA: http://www.ina.fr/archivespourtous/index.php?vue=notice&from=fulltext&full=Salonique&num_notice=5&total_notices=8 互联网档
案 馆的 存 檔,存 档日期 28 November 2008. - ^ 'Eighty killed' in Tibetan unrest. BBC. 16 March 2008 [2 March 2017]. (
原始 内容 存 档于20 March 2008). - ^ Robert Barnett, Seven Questions: What Tibetans Want 互联网档
案 馆的 存 檔,存 档日期 19 December 2017., Foreign Policy, March 2008. - ^ Robert Barnett, Thunder from Tibet, a review of Pico Iyer's book, The Open Road: The Global Journey of the Fourteenth Dalai Lama, Knopf, 275 p. 互联网档
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扩展阅读
[编辑]- Fischer, Andrew M. Urban Fault Lines in Shangri-La: Population and economic foundations of inter-ethnic conflict in the Tibetan areas of Western China (页面
存 档备份,存 于互联网档案 馆) Crisis States Working Paper No.42, 2004. London: Crisis States Research Centre (CSRC). - Kuzmin, S.L. Hidden Tibet: History of Independence and Occupation. Dharamsala, LTWA, 2011 (页面
存 档备份,存 于互联网档案 馆).
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