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化 - Wiktionary, the free dictionary
Wiktionary

化か

化か U+5316, 化
CJK UNIFIED IDEOGRAPH-5316
← 匕
[U+5315] 		CJK Unified Ideographs 北きた →
[U+5317]

Translingual

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Stroke order
 

Han character

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化か (Kangxi radical 21, 匕+2, 4 strokes, cangjie input 人心じんしん (OP), four-corner 24210, composition ⿰亻𠤎(GV) or ⿰亻匕(HTJK))

Derived characters

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References

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  • Kangxi Dictionary: page 152, character 20
  • Dai Kanwa Jiten: character 2572
  • Dae Jaweon: page 342, character 4
  • Hanyu Da Zidian (first edition): volume 1, page 109, character 4
  • Unihan data for U+5316

Chinese

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trad. 化か
simp. # 化か
alternative forms 㐶

Glyph origin

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Historical forms of the character 化か
Shang Western Zhou Warring States Shuowen Jiezi (compiled in Han) Liushutong (compiled in Ming)
Oracle bone script Bronze inscriptions Chu slip and silk script Small seal script Transcribed ancient scripts
         
Characters in the same phonetic series (化か) (Zhengzhang, 2003) 
Old Chinese
訛なまり *ŋʷaːl
吪 *ŋʷaːl
鈋 *ŋʷaːl
囮おとり *lu, *ŋʷaːl
魤 *ŋʷaːl
靴くつ *hʷa
貨 *hŋʷaːls
花はな *hʷraː
化か *hŋʷraːls
杹 *hŋʷraːls
匕 *pilʔ

Ideogrammic compound (會意かいい／会意かいい) of two 人ひと (“person”), one upright (亻) and one upside down (𠤎) — reversal; change. Shuowen also considers 𠤎 to be a phonetic component.

Etymology 1

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Pronunciation

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Note:
  • hòa - literary;
  • hòe - vernacular;
  • òa - to cause to ferment.
  • Dialectal data
Variety Location 化か
Mandarin Beijing /xua⁵¹/
Harbin /xua⁵³/
Tianjin /xuɑ⁵³/
Jinan /xua²¹/
Qingdao /xua⁴²/
Zhengzhou /xua³¹²/
Xi'an /xua⁴⁴/
Xining /xua²¹³/
Yinchuan /xua¹³/
Lanzhou /xua¹³/
Ürümqi /xua²¹³/
Wuhan /xua³⁵/
Chengdu /xua¹³/
Guiyang /xua²¹³/
Kunming /xua̠²¹²/
Nanjing /xuɑ⁴⁴/
Hefei /xua⁵³/
Jin Taiyuan /xua⁴⁵/
Pingyao /xuɑ³⁵/
Hohhot /xua⁵⁵/
Wu Shanghai /ho³⁵/
/hua³⁵/
Suzhou /ho⁵¹³/
Hangzhou /huɑ⁴⁴⁵/
Wenzhou /ho⁴²/
Hui Shexian /xua³²⁴/
Tunxi /xuːə⁴²/
Xiang Changsha /fa⁵⁵/
Xiangtan /xuɒ⁵⁵/
Gan Nanchang /fɑ⁴⁵/
Hakka Meixian /fa⁵³/
Taoyuan /fɑ⁵⁵/
Cantonese Guangzhou /fa³³/
Nanning /fa³³/
Hong Kong /fa³³/
Min Xiamen (Hokkien) /hua²¹/
/hue²¹/
/ua²¹/
Fuzhou (Eastern Min) /huɑ²¹²/
Jian'ou (Northern Min) /xua³³/
Shantou (Teochew) /hue²¹³/
Haikou (Hainanese) /hua³⁵/
/hue³⁵/
Rime
Character 化か
Reading # 1/1
Initial (聲こえ) 曉あかつき (32)
Final (韻いん) 麻あさ (99)
Tone (調しらべ) Departing (H)
Openness (開ひらき合あい) Closed
Division (等ひとし) II
Fanqie 呼よび霸切きり
Baxter xwaeH
Reconstructions
Zhengzhang
Shangfang 		/hˠuaH/
Pan
Wuyun 		/hʷᵚaH/
Shao
Rongfen 		/xuaH/
Edwin
Pulleyblank 		/hwaɨH/
Li
Rong 		/xuaH/
Wang
Li 		/xwaH/
Bernard
Karlgren 		/xwaH/
Expected
Mandarin
Reflex 		huà
Expected
Cantonese
Reflex 		faa3
Baxter–Sagart system 1.1 (2014)
Character 化か
Reading # 1/1
Modern
Beijing
(Pinyin) 		huà
Middle
Chinese 		‹ xwæH ›
Old
Chinese 		/*qʷʰˁ<r>aj-s/
English transform

Notes for Old Chinese notations in the Baxter–Sagart system:

* Parentheses "()" indicate uncertain presence;
* Square brackets "[]" indicate uncertain identity, e.g. *[t] as coda may in fact be *-t or *-p;
* Angle brackets "<>" indicate infix;
* Hyphen "-" indicates morpheme boundary;

* Period "." indicates syllable boundary.
Zhengzhang system (2003)
Character 化か
Reading # 1/1
No. 5327
Phonetic
component 		化か
Rime
group 		歌うた
Rime
subdivision 		1
Corresponding
MC rime 		化か
Old
Chinese 		/*hŋʷraːls/

Definitions

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化か

  1. to change; to transform
  2. to become; to turn into
  3. † to die
  4. to melt
    把わ雪ゆき化か掉  ―  bǎ xuě huàdiào  ―  make snow melt
  5. to dissolve
  6. Suffix denoting "change into ...". Akin to English -ize and -ization.
    民主みんしゅ化か  ―  mínzhǔhuà  ―  democratize
  7. (chemistry) Affix denoting combination.
    氧化か鈣／氧化か钙  ―  yǎnghuàgài  ―  calcium oxide
    氫氧化か鈉／氢氧化か钠  ―  qīngyǎnghuànà  ―  sodium hydroxide
  8. Short for 教化きょうか (jiàohuà, “enlightenment; cultivation”).
  9. (in compounds) Short for 化學かがく／化学かがく (huàxué, “chemistry”).
    日ひ化か  ―  rìhuà  ―  household chemicals
    化か工こう  ―  huàgōng  ―  chemical industry
  10. to burn (clarification of this definition is needed)
    化か寶たから／化か宝たから  ―  huàbǎo  ―  to burn offerings
  11. (Cantonese) open-minded; enlightened
    睇化か [Cantonese]  ―  tai2 faa3 [Jyutping]  ―  to see things in an open-minded manner
    教きょう極ごく都と唔化か／教きょう极都と唔化か [Cantonese]  ―  gaau3 gik6 dou1 m4 faa3 [Jyutping]  ―  to teach someone repeatedly but still does not become enlightened

Compounds

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Descendants

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Sino-Xenic (化か):
  • → Japanese: 化か(け) (ke); 化か(か) (ka)
  • → Korean: 화(化か) (hwa)
  • → Vietnamese: hoá (化か)

Etymology 2

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For pronunciation and definitions of 化か – see 花はな (“flower; blossom; florid; flowery; etc.”).
(This character is a variant form of 花はな).

Compounds

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Etymology 3

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For pronunciation and definitions of 化か – see 貨 (“money and goods; property; goods; commodities; products; etc.”).
(This character is a variant form of 貨).

Japanese

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Kanji

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化か

(Third grade kyōiku kanji)

Readings

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Compounds

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Etymology

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Kanji in this term
化か
か
Grade: 3
on'yomi

From Middle Chinese 化か (MC xwaeH).

Pronunciation

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Affix

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化か(か) • (ka) ←くわ (kwa)?

  1. to change; to take the form of
  2. to influence

Suffix

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化か(か) • (-ka) ←くわ (kwa)?

  1. -ization, -ification; action of making something that way

Korean

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Etymology

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From Middle Chinese 化か (MC xwaeH).

Historical Readings
Dongguk Jeongun Reading
Dongguk Jeongun, 1448 황〮 (Yale: hwá)
Middle Korean
Text Eumhun
Gloss (hun) Reading
Hunmong Jahoe, 1527[1] 도욀 (Yale: twòwòyl) 화〯 (Yale: hwǎ)

Pronunciation

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  • (SK Standard/Seoul) IPA(key): [ɸwa̠(ː)]
  • Phonetic hangul: [화(ː)]
    • Though still prescribed in Standard Korean, most speakers in both Koreas no longer distinguish vowel length.

Hanja

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Korean Wikisource has texts containing the hanja:

Wikisource

化か (eumhun 될 화 (doel hwa))

  1. hanja form? of 화 (“to be; to become”) [affix]
  2. hanja form? of 화 (“-ization; -ification”) [suffix]

Compounds

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Compounds

References

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  • 국제퇴계학회 대구경북지부 (國際こくさい退すさ溪けい學會がっかい 大邱たいきゅう慶けい北きた支部しぶ) (2007). Digital Hanja Dictionary, 전자사전／電子でんし字典じてん. [2]

Vietnamese

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chữ Hán Nôm in this term
化か

Han character

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化か: Hán Việt readings: hóa/hoá[1][2][3], góa/goá[1]
化か: Nôm readings: Huế[1]

  1. chữ Hán form of hoá (“to transform; to change into; to become”).
  2. Nôm form of Huế (“Huế City”).

References

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  1. ↑ 1.0 1.1 1.2 Nguyễn (2014).
  2. ^ Nguyễn et al. (2009).
  3. ^ Trần (2004).
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