^Historian J. Whaley defines Kleinstaaterei as "A (pejorative) term coined in the early 19th century to denote the extreme territorial fragmentation of the Reich". J. Whaley, Germany and the Holy Roman Empire (1493–1806), Oxford University Press, 2011, vol. 2, p. 653 (Glossary).
^The Times, Atlas of European History, Harper Collins, 1994, p. 127
^E. D. Brose, German History 1789–1871, From the Holy Roman Empire to the Bismarckian Reich, Berghahn Books, 1997, p. 4.