塚づか

See also: 冢

塚づか	U+585A, 塚 CJK UNIFIED IDEOGRAPH-585A

← 塙はなわ
[U+5859]

CJK Unified Ideographs

塛 →
[U+585B]

塚づか	U+FA10, 塚 CJK COMPATIBILITY IDEOGRAPH-FA10

← 﨏
[U+FA0F]

CJK Compatibility Ideographs

﨑 →
[U+FA11]

塚	U+FA7C, 塚 CJK COMPATIBILITY IDEOGRAPH-FA7C

← 嗢
[U+FA7B]

CJK Compatibility Ideographs

墳 →
[U+FA7D]

Translingual

Japanese	塚づか
Simplified	冢
Traditional	塚づか

Alternative forms

There are two Unicode z-variants, at code points U+585A and U+FA10. The latter form (U+FA10) has the next to last stroke of 豖 connected to the top horizontal stroke (similar to 衣ころも).
The Japanese form of the character is written with 豕いのこ instead of 豖 as its bottom right component. However both 塚づか (Japanese) and 塚づか (traditional Chinese) forms are encoded under the same codepoint.

Han character

塚づか (Kangxi radical 32, 土ど+10 in Chinese, 土ど+9 in Japanese, 13 strokes in Chinese, 12 strokes in Japanese, cangjie input 土ど月がつ一人ひとり (GBMO), four-corner 4713₂, composition ⿰土ど冢(GHTK) or ⿰土ど⿱冖豕いのこ(J))

References

Kangxi Dictionary: page 236, character 2
Dai Kanwa Jiten: character 5345
Dae Jaweon: page 473, character 18
Hanyu Da Zidian (first edition): volume 1, page 476, character 7
Unihan data for U+585A

Unihan data for U+FA10

Unihan data for U+FA7C

Usage notes

The Kangxi dictionary lists 塚づか as the unorthodox form (俗字ぞくじ) of 冢. The usage of 塚づか persists in Japan with one stroke removed. 冢 is the prescribed form in simplified Chinese, but 塚づか is also used occasionally. Both 塚づか and 冢 are used in traditional Chinese, with the former being more common.

Chinese

trad.		塚づか/冢
simp.		冢
alternative forms		塜

Glyph origin

Characters in the same phonetic series (豖) (Zhengzhang, 2003)

	Old Chinese
冢	*toŋʔ
塚づか	*toŋʔ
涿	*rtoːɡ
琢みがく	*rtoːɡ
啄ついばめ	rtoːɡ, toːɡ
諑	*rtoːɡ
剢	*toːɡ
瘃	*toɡ
豖	*tʰoɡ

Phono-semantic compound (形聲けいせい／形声けいせい, OC *toŋʔ) : semantic 土ど (“earth”) + phonetic 冢 (OC *toŋʔ) – an earthen mound, a tomb of earth.

Pronunciation

Mandarin
(Pinyin): zhǒng (zhong³)

(Zhuyin): ㄓㄨㄥˇ
Cantonese (Jyutping): cung²
Hakka
(Sixian, PFS): chhúng

(Meixian, Guangdong): cung³
Northern Min (KCR): dě̤ng
Eastern Min (BUC): tūng
Southern Min
(Hokkien, POJ): thióng

(Teochew, Peng'im): tong²
Wu (Shanghai, Wugniu): ⁵tson

Mandarin
- (Standard Chinese)⁺
  - Hanyu Pinyin: zhǒng
  - Zhuyin: ㄓㄨㄥˇ
  - Tongyong Pinyin: jhǒng
  - Wade–Giles: chung³
  - Yale: jǔng
  - Gwoyeu Romatzyh: joong
  - Palladius: чжун (čžun)
  - Sinological IPA ^(key): /ʈ͡ʂʊŋ²¹⁴/
Cantonese
- (Standard Cantonese, Guangzhou–Hong Kong)
  - Jyutping: cung²
  - Yale: chúng
  - Cantonese Pinyin: tsung²
  - Guangdong Romanization: cung²
  - Sinological IPA ^(key): /t͡sʰʊŋ³⁵/
Hakka
- (Sixian, incl. Miaoli and Meinong)
  - Pha̍k-fa-sṳ: chhúng
  - Hakka Romanization System: cung`
  - Hagfa Pinyim: cung³
  - Sinological IPA: /t͡sʰuŋ³¹/
- (Meixian)
  - Guangdong: cung³
  - Sinological IPA: /t͡sʰʊŋ³¹/
Northern Min
- (Jian'ou)
  - Kienning Colloquial Romanized: dě̤ng
  - Sinological IPA ^(key): /tœyŋ²¹/
Eastern Min
- (Fuzhou)
  - Bàng-uâ-cê: tūng
  - Sinological IPA ^(key): /tʰuŋ³³/
Southern Min
- (Hokkien)
  - Pe̍h-ōe-jī: thióng
  - Tâi-lô: thióng
  - Phofsit Daibuun: tiorng
  - IPA (Xiamen): /tʰiɔŋ⁵³/
  - IPA (Quanzhou): /tʰiɔŋ⁵⁵⁴/
  - IPA (Zhangzhou): /tʰiɔŋ⁵³/
  - IPA (Taipei): /tʰiɔŋ⁵³/
  - IPA (Kaohsiung): /tʰiɔŋ⁴¹/
- (Teochew)
  - Peng'im: tong²
  - Pe̍h-ōe-jī-like: thóng
  - Sinological IPA ^(key): /tʰoŋ⁵²/
Wu
- (Northern: Shanghai)
  - Wugniu: ⁵tson
  - MiniDict: tson^去さ
  - Wiktionary Romanisation (Shanghai): ²tson
  - Sinological IPA (Shanghai): /t͡soŋ³⁴/

Middle Chinese: trjowngX

Rime
Character	塚づか
Reading #	1/1
Initial (聲こえ)	知ち (9)
Final (韻いん)	鍾 (7)
Tone (調しらべ)	Rising (X)
Openness (開ひらき合あい)	Open
Division (等ひとし)	III
Fanqie	知ち隴切きり
Baxter	trjowngX
Reconstructions
Zhengzhang Shangfang	/ʈɨoŋ^X/
Pan Wuyun	/ʈioŋ^X/
Shao Rongfen	/ȶioŋ^X/
Edwin Pulleyblank	/ʈuawŋ^X/
Li Rong	/ȶioŋ^X/
Wang Li	/ȶĭwoŋ^X/
Bernard Karlgren	/ȶi̯woŋ^X/
Expected Mandarin Reflex	zhǒng
Expected Cantonese Reflex	zung²

Old Chinese
(Zhengzhang): /*toŋʔ/

Zhengzhang system (2003)
Character	塚づか
Reading #	1/1
No.	1617
Phonetic component	豖
Rime group	東ひがし
Rime subdivision	0
Corresponding MC rime	冢
Old Chinese	/*toŋʔ/
Notes	冢轉てん註俗ぞく字じ

Definitions

塚づか

tomb; burial mound

Synonyms

Dialectal synonyms of 墳ふん (“grave”) [map]

Variety	Location	Words edit
Formal (Written Standard Chinese)		墳墓ふんぼ, 墳ふん
Northeastern Mandarin	Beijing	墳ふん
	Harbin	墳ふん
	Singapore	墓はか, 墳墓ふんぼ
Jilu Mandarin	Jinan	墳ふん
Jiaoliao Mandarin	Yantai (Muping)	墳ふん
Central Plains Mandarin	Luoyang	墳ふん, 墳ふん地ち, 塋地, 墳墓ふんぼ
	Wanrong	墳ふん, 墓はか
	Xi'an	墳ふん, 墓はか
	Xuzhou	墳墓ふんぼ, 墳ふん
Lanyin Mandarin	Yinchuan	墳ふん塋
Lanyin Mandarin	Ürümqi	墳ふん
Southwestern Mandarin	Chengdu	墳ふん, 墳墓ふんぼ
	Chongqing	墳ふん, 墳墓ふんぼ
	Wuhan	墳ふん
	Guiyang	墳ふん, 墳墓ふんぼ large
	Guilin	墳ふん
	Liuzhou	墳ふん, 山やま
	Dagudi (Maliba)	墳ふん堆うずたか
	Reshuitang (Longling)	墳ふん堆うずたか
	Mae Salong (Lancang)	墳ふん堆うずたか
	Mae Sai (Tengchong)	墳ふん
Jianghuai Mandarin	Nanjing	墳ふん
	Yangzhou	墳ふん, 墳ふん攤, 墳ふん攤堆子こ
	Hefei	墳ふん堰せき
Mandarin	Fuzhou (Qinjiang, Changle)	墳ふん
Cantonese	Guangzhou	山やま墳ふん, 山やま, 墳ふん
	Hong Kong	山やま墳ふん, 墳ふん, 墓はか, 墳墓ふんぼ
	Hong Kong (San Tin Weitou)	墳ふん頭あたま
	Hong Kong (Ting Kok)	墳ふん頭あたま
	Hong Kong (Tung Ping Chau)	墳ふん頭あたま
	Macau	墳墓ふんぼ
	Taishan (Guanghai)	墳墓ふんぼ
	Dongguan	墓はか
	Yangjiang	山やま, 墳ふん山やま
	Maoming (Xinpo)	墳ふん山やま
	Nanning	墳ふん山やま
	Wuzhou	墳ふん山やま
	Yulin	墳ふん山やま
	Hepu (Lianzhou)	墳ふん山やま, 山やま
	Hepu (Shatian)	山やま
	Beihai	墳ふん, 山やま
	Beihai (Nankang)	墳ふん
	Beihai (Yingpan)	山やま, 墳ふん山やま
	Beihai (Qiaogang - Cô Tô)	墳墓ふんぼ, 墳ふん頭あたま, 墳ふん山やま
	Beihai (Qiaogang - Cát Bà)	墳墓ふんぼ, 墳ふん山やま
	Fangchenggang (Fangcheng)	墳墓ふんぼ
	Kuala Lumpur (Guangfu)	山やま墳ふん, 義ぎ山やま
	Singapore (Guangfu)	墳墓ふんぼ
	Ho Chi Minh City (Guangfu)	山やま墳ふん
	Móng Cái	墳墓ふんぼ
	Mandalay (Taishan)	墳ふん山やま, 墳墓ふんぼ
Gan	Nanchang	墳ふん
	Lichuan	墳ふん, 墳ふん塋 large
	Jianning	地ち
	Taining	地ち
Hakka	Meixian	地ち, 墓はか
	Xingning	泥どろ壠 first burial, 地ち second burial
	Huidong (Daling)	地ち
	Dongguan (Qingxi)	墳ふん頭あたま
	Wuhua (Huacheng)	地ち, 地ち墳ふん
	Heyuan (Bendihua)	地ち
	Wengyuan	地ち墳ふん
	Shaoguan (Qujiang)	地ち
	Lianshan (Xiaosanjiang)	地ち second burial
	Liannan	墳ふん
	Jiexi	地ち
	Zhao'an (Xiuzhuan)	地ち
	Pinghe (Jiufeng)	地ち
	Changting	地ち
	Shanghang	地ち
	Longyan (Yongding)	地ち
	Wuping	地ち
	Wuping (Yanqian)	地ち, 死し佬
	Wuping (Pingyu)	地ち
	Liancheng	地ち
	Ninghua	地ち
	Qingliu	地ち
	Yudu	地ち
	Ruijin	地ち, 風水ふうすい
	Shicheng	地ち
	Shangyou (Shexi)	地ち
	Tonggu (Sandu)	墳ふん, 地ち
	Ganzhou (Panlong)	地ち
	Dayu	地ち
	Miaoli (N. Sixian)	風水ふうすい
	Pingtung (Neipu; S. Sixian)	風水ふうすい
	Hsinchu County (Zhudong; Hailu)	風水ふうすい
	Taichung (Dongshi; Dabu)	風水ふうすい
	Hsinchu County (Qionglin; Raoping)	風水ふうすい
	Yunlin (Lunbei; Zhao'an)	地ち, 風水ふうすい
	Hong Kong	墳ふん頭あたま
	Yangxi (Tangkou)	山やま
	Yangchun (Sanjia)	山やま, 山頭やまず
	Xinyi (Sihe)	山地さんち
	Xinyi (Qianpai)	墳ふん山やま
	Gaozhou (Xindong)	墳ふん地ち
	Maoming (Shalang, Dianbai)	墳ふん山やま
	Huazhou (Xin'an)	墳ふん地ち
	Lianjiang (Shijiao)	墳ふん, 墳ふん地ち
	Lianjiang (Qingping)	墳ふん, 地ち without a body buried
	Mengshan (Xihe)	墳ふん地ち
	Luchuan	山やま
	Senai (Huiyang)	墳ふん, 風水ふうすい, 義ぎ山やま
	Senai (Hepo)	墳墓ふんぼ, 地ち dated
	Singkawang	地ち, 地ち門もん堂どう
	Pontianak (Meixian)	地ち
Jin	Taiyuan	墳ふん, 墓はか
Northern Min	Jian'ou	塚づか
	Jian'ou (Dikou)	塚づか
	Songxi	塚づか
	Zhenghe	塚づか
	Zhenghe (Zhenqian)	塚づか
	Jianyang	塚づか
	Wuyishan	塚づか
	Pucheng (Shibei)	塚づか
Eastern Min	Fuzhou	墓はか
	Fuzhou (Changle)	墓はか
	Lianjiang	墓はか
	Fuqing	墓はか
	Pingtan	墓はか
	Yongtai	墓はか
	Minqing	墓はか
	Gutian	地ち, 墓はか
	Pingnan	墓はか
	Luoyuan	墓はか
	Fu'an	墓はか
	Ningde	墓はか
	Xiapu	墓はか
	Zherong	墓はか
	Shouning	墓はか
	Zhouning	墓はか
	Fuding	墓はか
Southern Min	Xiamen	墓はか, 墓はか仔こ, 風水ふうすい
	Xiamen (Tong'an)	墓はか
	Quanzhou	墓はか, 風水ふうすい
	Jinjiang	墓はか
	Nan'an	墓はか
	Shishi	墓はか
	Hui'an	墓はか
	Anxi	墓はか
	Yongchun	墓はか
	Dehua	墓はか
	Zhangzhou	墓はか, 墓はか仔こ, 風水ふうすい
	Zhangzhou (Longhai)	墓はか
	Zhangzhou (Changtai)	墓はか
	Hua'an	墓はか
	Nanjing	墓はか
	Pinghe	墓はか仔こ
	Zhangpu	墓はか
	Yunxiao	墓はか
	Zhao'an	墓はか
	Dongshan	墓はか
	Tainan	墓はか, 風水ふうすい
	Kinmen	墓はか
	Penang (Hokkien)	墓はか
	Singapore (Hokkien)	墓はか, 墓地ぼち, 公司こうし山やま dated
	Manila (Hokkien)	墓はか, 風水ふうすい
	Longyan	墓はか
	Zhangping	墓はか
	Datian	墓はか
	Chaozhou	墳ふん, 風水ふうすい
	Lufeng	風水ふうすい
	Haifeng	風水ふうすい
	Bangkok (Teochew)	墳ふん, 義ぎ山やま
	Chiang Mai (Teochew)	墳ふん
	Hat Yai (Teochew)	墳ふん
	Johor Bahru (Teochew)	墳ふん, 義ぎ山やま
	Singapore (Teochew)	墳ふん
	Leizhou	墓はか
	Haikou	墓はか
Puxian Min	Putian	墓はか
Puxian Min	Xianyou	墓はか
Central Min	Yong'an	墳ふん
	Sanming (Sanyuan)	墳ふん
	Sanming (Shaxian)	墳ふん
Shaojiang Min	Shaowu	墓はか
	Guangze	墓はか
	Jiangle	地ち
	Mingxi	地ち
	Shunchang	塚づか, 墳ふん
Southern Pinghua	Nanning (Tingzi)	墳墓ふんぼ, 山やま
Shehua	Fu'an	墓はか
	Fuding	墓はか
	Luoyuan	墳ふん
	Sanming	墳ふん
	Shunchang	墳ふん
	Hua'an	墳ふん
	Guixi (Zhangping)	墳ふん
	Cangnan	墳ふん
	Jingning (Hexi)	墳ふん
	Lishui	墳ふん
	Longyou	墳ふん
	Chaozhou	墳ふん
	Fengshun	墳ふん
Wu	Shanghai	墳ふん, 墳墓ふんぼ, 墓はか
	Shanghai (Chongming)	墳ふん
	Suzhou	墳ふん
	Danyang	墳墓ふんぼ
	Hangzhou	墳ふん
	Ningbo	墳ふん, 墓はか
	Wenzhou	墳ふん
	Yiwu	墳ふん頭あたま
	Pucheng	墳ふん
Xiang	Changsha	墳ふん
	Loudi	墳ふん, 墓はか
	Shuangfeng	墳ふん, 墓はか
Xiangnan Tuhua	Jiangyong	祖そ

Compounds

Japanese

Shinjitai	塚づか
Kyūjitai ^[1]	塚づか `塚` or 塚づか+`︀`^?
	塚づか󠄁 塚づか+`󠄁`^? (Adobe-Japan1)
	塚づか󠄅 塚づか+`󠄅`^? (Hanyo-Denshi) (Moji_Joho)
The displayed kanji may be different from the image due to your environment. See here for details.

Alternative forms

冢

Kanji

塚づか

(Jōyō kanji, shinjitai kanji, kyūjitai form 塚づか)

mound, hillock, tumulus (implies a manmade origin)

Readings

Go-on: ちゅう (chū)
Kan-on: ちょう (chō)
Kun: つか (tsuka, 塚づか, Jōyō)
Nanori: つか (tsuka)

Etymology

Japanese Wikipedia has an article on:

塚づか

Wikipedia ^ja

English Wikipedia has an article on:

Mound

Wikipedia

Kanji in this term
塚づか
つか Grade: S
kun'yomi

Alternative spelling
塚づか (kyūjitai)

Cognate with Old Japanese verb 築きずく (tsuku, “to build up using earth and/or stone”).^[2]

The /a/ ending may indicate that tsuka developed as the nominalization of the 未然みぜん形がた (mizenkei, “irrealis form”) of the verb, suggesting an original meaning of "that which is being built up into an earthworks (but isn't finished yet)". The irrealis is also the root form for constructing the passive form of all Japanese verbs, so the original meaning might instead have been just the passive sense of "that which is built up into an earthworks".

Pronunciation

(Tokyo) つか [tsùkáꜜ] (Odaka – [2])^[3]^[4]
IPA^(key): [t͡sɨ̥ka̠]

Noun

塚づか(つか) • (tsuka)

a mound or hillock, generally manmade
a grave, a tumulus or burial mound

Synonyms

(grave, small burial mound): 墓はか(はか) (haka)
(tumulus, large burial mound): 古墳こふん(こふん) (kofun)

Derived terms

蟻あり(あり)塚づか(づか), 垤ありづか(ありづか) (arizuka): anthill
一いち(いち)里さと(り)塚づか(づか) (ichirizuka): a milestone
鶯うぐいす(うぐいす)塚づか(づか) (Uguisuzuka): the kabuki play, Mukashigatari Uguisuzuka
鰻うなぎ(うなぎ)塚づか(づか) (unagizuka)
貝かい(かい)塚づか(づか) (kaizuka): a shell mound or midden
狐きつね(きつね)塚づか(づか) (kitsunezuka): foxhole

References

^ “塚づか”, in 漢字かんじぺディア [Kanjipedia]‎^[1] (in Japanese), The Japan Kanji Aptitude Testing Foundation, 2015–2024
^ Shōgaku Tosho (1988) 国語こくご大だい辞典じてん（新装しんそう版ばん） [Unabridged Dictionary of Japanese (Revised Edition)] (in Japanese), Tōkyō: Shogakukan, →ISBN
^ Matsumura, Akira, editor (2006), 大辞林だいじりん [Daijirin] (in Japanese), Third edition, Tokyo: Sanseidō, →ISBN
^ NHK Broadcasting Culture Research Institute, editor (1998), NHK日本語にほんご発音はつおんアクセント辞典じてん [NHK Japanese Pronunciation Accent Dictionary] (in Japanese), Tokyo: NHK Publishing, Inc., →ISBN

Korean

Hanja

塚づか • (chong) (hangeul 총, revised chong, McCune–Reischauer ch'ong)

cemetery
tomb, burial mound

Vietnamese

Han character

塚づか: Hán Nôm readings: trủng

This term needs a translation to English. Please help out and add a translation, then remove the text {{rfdef}}.

[1] “塚づか”, in 漢字かんじぺディア [Kanjipedia]‎^[1] (in Japanese), The Japan Kanji Aptitude Testing Foundation, 2015–2024

[KDJ-2] Shōgaku Tosho (1988) 国語こくご大だい辞典じてん（新装しんそう版ばん） [Unabridged Dictionary of Japanese (Revised Edition)] (in Japanese), Tōkyō: Shogakukan, →ISBN

[DJR-3] Matsumura, Akira, editor (2006), 大辞林だいじりん [Daijirin] (in Japanese), Third edition, Tokyo: Sanseidō, →ISBN

[NHK-4] NHK Broadcasting Culture Research Institute, editor (1998), NHK日本語にほんご発音はつおんアクセント辞典じてん [NHK Japanese Pronunciation Accent Dictionary] (in Japanese), Tokyo: NHK Publishing, Inc., →ISBN

[1]

[2]

[3]

[4]