Cultural Landscape (Japan)

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A Cultural Landscape (文化ぶんか的てき景観けいかん, bunkateki keikan) is a landscape in Japan, which has evolved together with the way of life and geocultural features of a region, and which is indispensable for understanding the lifestyle of the Japanese people, and is recognized by the government of under article 2, paragraph 1, item 5 of the Law for the Protection of Cultural Properties (1950). Cultural Landscapes of especially high value may be further designated as Important Cultural Landscapes (重要じゅうよう文化ぶんか的てき景観けいかん, Jūyō bunkateki keikan); as of May 31, 2017 there are fifty-one such landscapes.[1][2][3][4][5]

Local governments that are in charge of designated Cultural Landscapes can obtain financial assistance from the Agency for Cultural Affairs for surveys and other research, the preparation of preservation plans, maintenance, repair, landscaping, restoration, disaster prevention, and promotional and educational activities.[1][6]

Background[edit]

Research into cultural landscapes began before the Second World War with increasing concern about their disappearance. Historical research into shōen and rural engineering, the scientific investigation of geographic features, and studies for urban and countryside planning have since increased. The movement to protect cultural landscapes has also been influenced by the Law Concerning Special Measures for the Preservation of Historical Natural Features in Ancient Cities (1966), the international trend for recognising "cultural landscapes" under the World Heritage Convention, the designation in 1980 of Mount Hakusan, Mount Ōdaigahara & Mount Ōmine, Shiga Highland and Yakushima as UNESCO Man and the Biosphere Reserves, the designation of Monuments of Japan, and initiatives such as the 100 selected terraced rice fields of Japan.[7][8] From 2000 to 2003 a study was made to define the concept of "cultural landscape" and identify their distribution, with 2,311 areas identified in the first phase and 502 selected for the second, 180 being of particular importance.[9]

Selection criteria of Important Cultural Landscapes[edit]

Important Cultural Landscapes are designated based on their type as:[1][10]

  1. single-type Cultural Landscapes associated with
    1. agriculture such as rice paddies, farmlands, etc.
    2. man-made grassland or livestock ranching such as hayfields, pastureland, etc.
    3. forests such as timber forests, disaster prevention forests, etc.
    4. fisheries such as fish cultivation rafts, nori seaweed cultivation fields, etc.
    5. water uses such as reservoirs, waterways, harbors, etc.
    6. mining or industrial manufacture such as mines, quarries, groups of workshops, etc.
    7. transportation and communication such as roads, plazas, etc.
    8. residences and settlements such as stonewalls, hedges, coppices attached to premises, etc.
  2. a combination of two or more of the above cultural landscapes.

List of Important Cultural Landscapes[edit]

Usage[edit]

An overview of what is included in the table and the manner of sorting is as follows: the columns (with the exceptions of Remarks and Pictures) are sortable by pressing the arrows symbols.

  • Name: the English name as used by the Agency for Cultural Affairs[6] and Japanese name as registered in the Database of National Cultural Properties[2]
  • Criteria: the selection criteria for the designation as Important Cultural Landscape
  • Remarks: general remarks
  • Location: "town-name prefecture-name"; The column entries sort as "prefecture-name town-name".
  • Year: year of designation as Important Cultural Landscape
  • Picture: picture of (part of) the Important Cultural Landscape

List[edit]

Name Criteria Remarks Location Year Picture
Cultural Landscape along the Sarugawa River resulting from Ainu Tradition and Modern Settlement (アイヌの伝統でんとうと近代きんだい開拓かいたくによる沙流川さるかわ流域りゅういきの文化ぶんか的てき景観けいかん, ainu no dentō to kindai kaitaku ni yoru sarugawa ryūiki no bunkateki keikan)[11] 2 Litigation over the Nibutani Dam saw the advocacy of Ainu rights in a landmark case (1997).[12] Biratori, Hokkaidō 2007 A simple thatched house.
Farm Village of Hondera area, Ichinoseki (一関いちのせき本寺ほんじの農村のうそん景観けいかん, ichinoseki hondera no nōson keikan)[13] 1.1, 1.8, 2 Administered from the late Heian period to the early Muromachi period as the domain of the Sutra Repository Steward of Chuson-ji;[14] in the Edo period it formed part of the Sendai domain.[15] Ichinoseki, Iwate 2006
Tono Arakawa Heights Livestock Farm and Tsuchibuchi Yamaguchi Village (遠野とおの　荒川あらかわ高原こうげん牧場ぼくじょう　土淵つちぶち山口やまぐち集落しゅうらく, Tōno Arakawakōgen bokujō tsuchibuchi yamaguchi shūraku)[16] 1.2 Important historic pasture.[17] Tōno, Iwate 2008/9
Landscape of Movements of Goods and People in Mogami River and the Aterazawa Townscape (最上川もがみがわの流通りゅうつう・往来おうらい及および左沢あてらざわ町場ちょうばの景観けいかん, mogamigawa no ryūtsū ōrai oyobi aterazawamachiba no keikan)[18][19] 1.5, 1.7, 1.8, 2 Ōe, Yamagata 2013
Fluvial landscape at the confluence of the Tone and Watarase Rivers (利根川とねがわ・渡良瀬川わたらせがわ合ごう流域りゅういきの水みず場景じょうけい観かん, Tonegawa-Watarasegawa gōryūiki mizuba keikan)[20] 1.1, 1.8, 2 Itakura, Gunma 2011
Landscape of the rural villages where gold mining originated in Nishimikawa, Sado (佐渡さど西三川にしみかわの砂金山さきんやま由来ゆらいの農のう山村さんそん景観けいかん, Sado Nishimikawa no sakin yurai no nōsanson keikan)[21] 1.1, 1.5, 1.6, 1.8, 2 Sado, Niigata 2011
Cultural Landscape of the Mining and Mining Town in Aikawa, Sado (佐渡さど相川あいかわの鉱山こうざん及および鉱山こうざん町まちの文化ぶんか的てき景観けいかん, sado aikawa no kōzan oyobi kōzanmachi no bunkateki keikan)[22][23] 1.8, 1.9, 1.10, 2 Sado, Niigata 2015
Cultural landscape in Kanazawa. Tradition and culture in the castle town (金沢かなざわの文化ぶんか的てき景観けいかん 城下町じょうかまちの伝統でんとうと文化ぶんか, Kanazawa no bunkateki keikan; jōkamachi no dentō to bunka)[24] 1.5, 1.7, 1.8 Kanazawa is a renowned centre of Japanese crafts.[25] Kanazawa, Ishikawa 2010
Magaki (bamboo Fence) Village Landscape of Ōzawa and Kami Ōzawa (大沢おおさわ・上大沢かみおおざわの間あいだ垣かき集落しゅうらく景観けいかん, Ōzawa Kami Ōzawa no magaki shūraku keikan)[26][27] 1.1, 1.10, 2 Wajima, Ishikawa 2015
Rice terraces in Obasute (姨捨おばすての棚田たなだ, Obasute no tanada)[28] 1.1 Chikuma, Nagano 2010
Cultural Landscape of Kosuge Village and Mt. Kosuge (小菅こすがの里さと及および小菅こすげ山さんの文化ぶんか的てき景観けいかん, kosuge no sato oyobi kosugeyama no bunkateki keikan)[29][30] 1.3, 1.5, 1.8, 2 Iiyama, Nagano 2015
Cultural Landscape of Gifu in the Central Basin of the Nagara River (長良川ながらがわ中ちゅう流域りゅういきにおける岐阜ぎふの文化ぶんか的てき景観けいかん, nagara-gawa chūryūiki ni okeru gifu no bunkateki keikan)[31][32] 1.3, 1.4, 1.7, 1.8, 2 Gifu, Gifu 2014
Wetland in Ōmi-hachiman (近江八幡おうみはちまんの水郷すいごう, Ōmi Hachiman no suigō)[33] 1.5, 1.8 Riverside district of the former castle town.[34] Ōmihachiman, Shiga 2006
Waterfront of Kaizu, Nishihama, and Chinai in Takashima City (高島たかしま市し海津かいづ・西浜にしはま・知内しりうちの水辺みずべ景観けいかん, Takashima-shi Kaizu Nishihama Chinai no mizube keikan)[35] 1.5, 1.7 Takashima, Shiga 2008
Waterfront of Harie and Shimofuri in Takashima City (高島たかしま市し針江はりえ・霜降しもふりの水辺みずべ景観けいかん, Takashima-shi Harie Shimofuri no mizube keikan)[36] 1.5, 1.8, 2 Takashima, Shiga 2010
Lakeshore landscape at Sugaura (菅浦すがうらの湖岸こがん集落しゅうらく景観けいかん, sugaura no kogan shūraku keikan)[37] 1.1, 1.3, 1.7, 1.8, 2 Nagahama, Shiga 2014
Mountain Village landscape of Higashi Kusano (東草野ひがしくさのの山村さんそん景観けいかん, higashi kusano no sanson keikan)[38][39] 1.5, 1.7, 1.8, 2 Maibara, Shiga 2014
Ōmizo Lakeside Landscape (大溝おおみぞの水辺みずべ景観けいかん, Ōmizo no mizube keikan)[40][41] 1.5, 1.7, 1.8, 2 Takashima, Shiga 2015
Cultural landscape in Uji (宇治うじの文化ぶんか的てき景観けいかん, Uji no bunkateki keikan)[42] 2 Uji, Kyoto 2009 River with a bridge and boats.
Cultural landscape of Miyazu Amanohashidate (宮津みやづ天橋立あまのはしだての文化ぶんか的てき景観けいかん, miyazu amanohashidate no bunkateki keikan)[43][44] 1.4, 1.7, 1.8, 2 Miyazu, Kyoto 2014
Cultural Landscape of Okazaki in Kyoto (京都きょうと岡崎おかざきの文化ぶんか的てき景観けいかん, Kyōto okazaki no bunkateki keikan)[45][46] 1.5, 1.7, 2 Kyoto, Kyoto 2015
Rural landscape of Hinenosho Ōgi (日にち根ね荘そう大木たいぼくの農村のうそん景観けいかん, Hinenosho Ōgi no nōson keikan)[47][48] 1.1, 1.8, 2 Izumisano, Osaka 2013
Cultural landscape of Ikuno mine and townscape (生野いくの鉱山こうざん及および鉱山こうざん町まちの文化ぶんか的てき景観けいかん, ikuno kōzan oyobi kōzanmachi no bunkateki keikan)[49][50] 1.6, 1.7, 1.8, 2 Asago, Hyōgo 2014
Cultural landscape of the Asuka hinterland (奥おく飛鳥あすかの文化ぶんか的てき景観けいかん, Oku-Asuka no bunkateki keikan)[51] 1.1, 1.5, 1.8, 2 Asuka, Nara 2011
Aragijima Rice Terraces and Rural Mountain Village Landscape of Mita/Shimizu (蘭島らんたお及および三田みた・清水しみずの農のう山村さんそん景観けいかん, aragijima oyobi Mita Shimizu no nōsanson keikan)[52][53] 1.1, 1.8, 2 Aridagawa, Wakayama 2013
Cultural landscape of Tatara iron manufacturing and rice terraces in Okuizumo (奥出雲おくいずもたたら製鉄せいてつ及および棚田たなだの文化ぶんか的てき景観けいかん, okuizumo tatara seitetsu oyobi tanada no bunkateki keikan)[54][55] 1.1, 1.2, 1.5, 1.6, 1.8, 2 Okuizumo, Shimane 2014
Rice Terraces and Rural Landscape of Kashihara (樫原かしわらの棚田たなだ及および農村のうそん景観けいかん, Kashihara no tanada oyobi nōson keikan)[56] 1.1, 1.8, 2 Kamikatsu, Tokushima 2010
Danbata (terraced fields) in Yusumizugaura (遊子ゆうし水すい荷に浦うらの段だん畑はたけ, Yusumizugaura no danbata)[57] 1.1 Uwajima, Ehime 2007
Okuuchi rice terraces, agricultural and mountainous village landscape (奥内おくないの棚田たなだ及および農のう山村さんそん景観けいかん, Okuuchi no tanada oyobi nōsanson keikan)[58] 1.1 Matsuno, Ehime 2017
Kure port and fishing townscape (久礼くれの港みなとと漁師りょうし町まちの景観けいかん, Kure no minato to ryōshi machi no keikan)[59] 1.4, 1.5 Tosa, Kōchi 2011
Cultural landscape in the Shimantogawa River basin. Villages in the mountains to the headwater region (四万十川しまんとがわ流域りゅういきの文化ぶんか的てき景観けいかん 源げん流域りゅういきの山村さんそん, Shimantogawa ryūiki no bunkateki keikan genryūiki no sanson)[60] 2 Tsuno, Kōchi 2009
Cultural landscape in the Shimantogawa River basin. Villages and rice terraces in the mountains at the upstream region (四万十川しまんとがわ流域りゅういきの文化ぶんか的てき景観けいかん 上じょう流域りゅういきの山村さんそんと棚田たなだ, Shimantogawa ryūiki no bunkateki keikan jōryūiki no sanson to tanada)[61] 2 Yusuhara, Kōchi 2009
Cultural landscape in the Shimantogawa River basin. Circulation and traffic among agricultural and mountainous villages at the upstream region (四万十川しまんとがわ流域りゅういきの文化ぶんか的てき景観けいかん 上じょう流域りゅういきの農のう山村さんそんと流通りゅうつう・往来おうらい, Shimantogawa ryūiki no bunkateki keikan jōryūiki no nōsanson to ryūtsū ōrai)[62] 2 Nakatosa, Kōchi 2009
Cultural landscape in the Shimantogawa River basin. Circulation and traffic among agricultural and mountainous villages at the middlestream region (四万十川しまんとがわ流域りゅういきの文化ぶんか的てき景観けいかん 中ちゅう流域りゅういきの農のう山村さんそんと流通りゅうつう・往来おうらい, Shimantogawa ryūiki no bunkateki keikan chūryūiki no nōsanson to ryūtsū ōrai)[63] 2 Shimanto, Kōchi 2009 A river dam made of five concrete pylons and metal shutters.
Cultural landscape in the Shimantogawa River basin. Vocations, circulation and traffic in the downstream region (四万十川しまんとがわ流域りゅういきの文化ぶんか的てき景観けいかん 下か流域りゅういきの生業せいぎょうと流通りゅうつう・往来おうらい, Shimantogawa ryūiki no bunkateki keikan karyūiki no nariwai to ryūtsū ōrai)[64] 2 Shimanto, Kōchi 2009 A wide river in a green mountain landscape.
Rural Landscape of Kubote (求菩提くぼての農村のうそん景観けいかん, Kubote no nōson keikan)[65] 1.1, 1.8, 2 Fukuoka 2012
Rice terraces in Warabino (蕨野わらびのの棚田たなだ, Warabino no tanada)[66] 1.1 located on a north facing horseshoe shaped steep slope of Mount Hachiman (八幡岳はちまんだけ, hachimandake); area: 34 ha (84 acres), average step height: 3–5 m (9.8–16.4 ft) (up to 8 m (26 ft) max) Karatsu, Saga 2008
Cultural landscape of Hisaka Island, Gotō (五島ごしま市し久賀くか島とうの文化ぶんか的てき景観けいかん, Gotō-shi Hisakajima no bunkateki keikan)[67] 1.3, 1.8, 2 Gotō, Nagasaki 2011
Cultural landscape of Kuroshima, Sasebo (佐世保させぼ市し黒島くろしまの文化ぶんか的てき景観けいかん, Sasebo-shi Kuroshima no bunkateki keikan)[67] 1.1, 1.8, 2 Sasebo, Nagasaki 2011
Cultural landscape of the Ojika islands (小値賀おじか諸島しょとうの文化ぶんか的てき景観けいかん, Ojikashotō no bunkateki keikan)[68] 1.7, 1.8 Ojika, Nagasaki 2011
Island landscape at Shinkamigoto (新しん上五島かみごしま町まち崎さき浦うらの五島ごしま石せき集落しゅうらく景観けいかん, Shinkamigotō-chō Sakiura no gotōishi shūraku keikan)[69] 1.6, 1.8, 2 Shinkamigotō, Nagasaki 2012
Cultural landscape of Kitauonome, Shinkamigotō (新しん上五島かみごしま町まち北魚きたうお目めの文化ぶんか的てき景観けいかん, Shinkamigotō-chō Kitauonome no bunkateki keikan)[70] 1.2 Shinkamigotō, Nagasaki 2012
Landscape with terraces retained by stonework at Sotome, Nagasaki (長崎ながさき市し外海がいかいの石積いしつみ集落しゅうらく景観けいかん, Nagasaki-shi sotome no ishizumi shūraku keikan)[71] 1.1, 1.8, 2 Nagasaki, Nagasaki 2012
Cultural landscape in Hirado island (平戸ひらど島とうの文化ぶんか的てき景観けいかん, Hiradoshima no bunkateki keikan)[71] 1.1, 1.5, 1.8 Hirado, Nagasaki 2010
Landscape with Tsūjun irrigation channel and rice terraces in Shiraito Plateau (通つう潤じゅん用水ようすいと白糸台しらいとだい地ちの棚田たなだ景観けいかん, Tsūjun yōsui to Shiraito daichi no tanada keikan)[72] 1.1, 1.5, 2 The discharge of water from the Tsūjun Bridge is one of the 100 Soundscapes of Japan Yamato, Kumamoto 2008/9 A stone arch bridge.
Cultural Landscape of Sakitsu and Imatomi, Amakusa (天草あまくさ市し﨑津・今富いまとみの文化ぶんか的てき景観けいかん, Amakusa-shi sakitsu imatomi no bunkateki keikan)[73] 1.4, 1.7, 1.8 Amakusa, Kumamoto 2011
Cultural landscape of Misumi Bay (三角浦みすみうらの文化ぶんか的てき景観けいかん, musimuura no bunkateki keikan)[74] 1.5, 1.7, 1.8, 2 Uki, Kumamoto 2015
Ontayaki Village (小しょう鹿田かつた焼しょうの里さと, Ontayaki no sato)[75] 2 Hita, Ōita 2008 A plate with a spiral pattern in the middle and a stripe pattern along the rim.
Rural landscape of Tashibunoshō Osaki (田た染しみ荘そう小崎おざきの農村のうそん景観けいかん, Tashibunoshō Osaki no nōson keikan)[76] 1.1, 1.8, 2 Bungotakada, Ōita 2010
Steam and hot spring landscape in Beppu (別府べっぷの湯ゆけむり・温泉おんせん地ち景観けいかん, Beppu no yukemuri onsenchi keikan)[77][78] 1.5, 1.6, 2 Beppu, Ōita 2012
Sakamoto Rice Terraces and Rural Mountain Village Landscape of Sakatani (酒谷さかやの坂元さかもと棚田たなだ及および農のう山村さんそん景観けいかん, sakatani no sakamoto tanada oyobi nōsanson keikan)[79][80] 1.1, 1.3, 2 Nichinan, Miyazaki 2013
This list is complete and up to date as of May 2017.

See also[edit]

Wikimedia Commons has media related to Cultural Landscapes of Japan.

References[edit]

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  2. ^ a b The Agency for Cultural Affairs (2008-11-01). 国くに指定してい文化財ぶんかざい データベース (in Japanese). Database of National Cultural Properties. Archived from the original on 2009-03-30. Retrieved 2009-04-16.
  3. ^ "Policy of Cultural Affairs in Japan" (PDF). Agency for Cultural Affairs. 2015. Archived from the original (PDF) on 2016-05-13.
  4. ^ "文化ぶんか的てき景観けいかん" [Cultural Landscapes] (in Japanese). Agency for Cultural Affairs. 2015.
  5. ^ "重要じゅうよう文化ぶんか的てき景観けいかん選定せんてい地ち一覧いちらん" [Important Cultural Landscapes Sites] (in Japanese). Nara National Research Institute for Cultural Properties. 2015.
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  8. ^ "UNESCO MAB Reserves - Asia" (PDF). UNESCO. Retrieved 29 April 2011.
  9. ^ "The Report of the Study on the Protection of Cultural Landscapes Associated with Agriculture, Forestry and Fisheries (2003)" (PDF). Agency for Cultural Affairs. pp. 21f., 26f., 66ff. Archived from the original (PDF) on 23 May 2011. Retrieved 29 April 2011.
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  11. ^ "Database of Registered National Cultural Properties". Agency for Cultural Affairs. Retrieved 29 April 2011.
  12. ^ Levin, Mark (1999). "Kayano et al. v. Hokkaido Expropriation Committee: 'The Nibutani Dam Decision' (abstract)". Social Science Research Network. SSRN 1635447. {{cite web}}: Missing or empty |url= (help)
  13. ^ "Database of Registered National Cultural Properties". Agency for Cultural Affairs. Archived from the original on 5 December 2019. Retrieved 29 April 2011.
  14. ^ "Honederamura Shoen Iseki". Iwate Prefecture. Archived from the original on 19 July 2011. Retrieved 18 April 2011.
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  17. ^ "Arakawakōgen bokujō". Iwate Prefecture. Retrieved 29 April 2011.
  18. ^ 大江おおえ町内ちょうないの文化財ぶんかざい [Cultural Properties of Ōe town] (in Japanese). Ōe town. Archived from the original on 2014-08-21. Retrieved 2014-08-21.
  19. ^ 最上川もがみがわの流通りゅうつう・往来おうらい及および左沢あてらざわ町場ちょうばの景観けいかん (PDF) (in Japanese). Yamagata Prefecture. Archived from the original (PDF) on 2014-08-21. Retrieved 2014-08-21.
  20. ^ "Database of Registered National Cultural Properties". Agency for Cultural Affairs. Archived from the original on 23 December 2019. Retrieved 29 April 2011.
  21. ^ "Database of Registered National Cultural Properties". Agency for Cultural Affairs. Archived from the original on 23 December 2019. Retrieved 29 April 2011.
  22. ^ "佐渡さど相川あいかわの鉱山こうざん及および鉱山こうざん町まちの文化ぶんか的てき景観けいかん" [Cultural Landscape of the Mining and Mining Town in Aikawa, Sado] (in Japanese). Sado. Retrieved 27 April 2016.
  23. ^ "佐渡さど相川あいかわの鉱山こうざん及および鉱山こうざん町まちの文化ぶんか的てき景観けいかん" [Cultural Landscape of the Mining and Mining Town in Aikawa, Sado] (PDF) (in Japanese). Nara National Research Institute for Cultural Properties. Archived from the original (PDF) on 27 April 2016. Retrieved 27 April 2016.
  24. ^ "Database of Registered National Cultural Properties". Agency for Cultural Affairs. Archived from the original on 23 December 2019. Retrieved 29 April 2011.
  25. ^ "About Kanazawa City". Kanazawa City. Retrieved 29 April 2011.
  26. ^ "大沢おおさわ・上大沢かみおおざわの間あいだ垣かき集落しゅうらく景観けいかん" [Magaki (bamboo Fence) Village Landscape of Ōsawa and Kami Ōsawa] (in Japanese). Ishikawa Prefecture. Retrieved 27 April 2016.
  27. ^ "大沢おおさわ・上大沢かみおおざわの間あいだ垣かき集落しゅうらく景観けいかん" [Magaki (bamboo Fence) Village Landscape of Ōsawa and Kami Ōsawa] (PDF) (in Japanese). Nara National Research Institute for Cultural Properties. Archived from the original (PDF) on 27 April 2016. Retrieved 27 April 2016.
  28. ^ "Database of Registered National Cultural Properties". Agency for Cultural Affairs. Archived from the original on 23 December 2019. Retrieved 29 April 2011.
  29. ^ "小菅こすげの里さと及および小菅こすげ山さんの文化ぶんか的てき景観けいかん" [Cultural Landscape of Kosuge Village and Mt. Kosuge] (in Japanese). Iiyama. Retrieved 27 April 2016.
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  31. ^ "長良川ながらがわ中ちゅう流域りゅういきにおける岐阜ぎふの文化ぶんか的てき景観けいかん" [Cultural Landscape of Gifu in the Central Basin of the Nagara River] (PDF) (in Japanese). Nara National Research Institute for Cultural Properties. Archived from the original (PDF) on 28 April 2016. Retrieved 27 April 2016.
  32. ^ "長良川ながらがわ中ちゅう流域りゅういきにおける岐阜ぎふの文化ぶんか的てき景観けいかん" [Cultural Landscape of Gifu in the Central Basin of the Nagara River] (in Japanese). Gifu. Archived from the original on 1 July 2016. Retrieved 27 April 2016.
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  37. ^ "菅浦すがうらの湖岸こがん集落しゅうらく景観けいかん保存ほぞん活用かつよう計画けいかく報告ほうこく書しょ" (PDF). Nagahama city. Archived from the original (PDF) on 23 September 2015. Retrieved 22 September 2015.
  38. ^ "東草野ひがしくさのの山村さんそん景観けいかん" [Mountain Village landscape of Higashi Kusano] (PDF) (in Japanese). Nara National Research Institute for Cultural Properties. Archived from the original (PDF) on 27 April 2016. Retrieved 27 April 2016.
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  45. ^ "京都きょうと岡崎おかざきの文化ぶんか的てき景観けいかん" [Cultural Landscape of Okazaki in Kyoto] (in Japanese). Kyoto. Archived from the original on 12 May 2016. Retrieved 27 April 2016.
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  47. ^ "日び根ね荘そう大木たいぼくの農村のうそん景観けいかん" [Rural landscape of Hinenosho Ōgi] (PDF) (in Japanese). Nara National Research Institute for Cultural Properties. Archived from the original (PDF) on 27 April 2016. Retrieved 27 April 2016.
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  49. ^ "生野いくの鉱山こうざん及および鉱山こうざん町まちの文化ぶんか的てき景観けいかん" [Cultural landscape of Ikuno mine and townscape] (in Japanese). Asago. Archived from the original on 9 May 2016. Retrieved 27 April 2016.
  50. ^ "生野いくの鉱山こうざん及および鉱山こうざん町まちの文化ぶんか的てき景観けいかん" [Cultural landscape of Ikuno mine and townscape] (PDF) (in Japanese). Nara National Research Institute for Cultural Properties. Archived from the original (PDF) on 27 April 2016. Retrieved 27 April 2016.
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  52. ^ "蘭島らんたお及および三田みた・清水しみずの農のう山村さんそん景観けいかん" [Aragijima Rice Terraces and Rural Mountain Village Landscape of Mita/Shimizu] (PDF) (in Japanese). Nara National Research Institute for Cultural Properties. Archived from the original (PDF) on 27 April 2016. Retrieved 27 April 2016.
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  54. ^ "奥出雲おくいずもたたら製鉄せいてつ及および棚田たなだの文化ぶんか的てき景観けいかん" [Cultural landscape of Tatara iron manufacturing and rice terraces in Okuizumo] (in Japanese). Okuizumo. Archived from the original on 17 October 2016. Retrieved 27 April 2016.
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  69. ^ 新しん上五島かみごしま町まち崎さき浦うらの五島ごしま石せき集落しゅうらく景観けいかん [Stone-built Village Landscape of Sakiura, ShinKamigoto] (PDF) (in Japanese). Shinkamigotō. Archived from the original (PDF) on 2014-08-21. Retrieved 2014-08-21.
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Bibliography[edit]

Further reading[edit]

Nakagoshi, Nobukazu (2011). "How to Conserve Japanese Cultural Landscapes: The Registration System for Cultural Landscapes". In Sun-kee Hong (ed.). Landscape Ecology in Asian Cultures. Springer. pp. 249–276. ISBN 978-4-431-87798-1.

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