險
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Translingual
[edit]Traditional | |
---|---|
Shinjitai | |
Simplified | 险 |
Han character
[edit]Derived characters
[edit]Related characters
[edit]険 (Japanese shinjitai)- 险 (Simplified Chinese)
References
[edit]- Kangxi Dictionary: page 1361, character 10
- Dai Kanwa Jiten: character 41874
- Dae Jaweon: page 1865, character 3
- Hanyu Da Zidian (first edition): volume 6, page 4160, character 8
- Unihan data for U+96AA
Chinese
[edit]trad. | ||
---|---|---|
simp. | 险 | |
alternative forms | 礆/硷 |
Glyph origin
[edit]Historical forms of the character | |
---|---|
Shuowen Jiezi (compiled in Han) | Liushutong (compiled in Ming) |
Small seal script | Transcribed ancient scripts |
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Old Chinese | |
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厱 | *raːm, *kʰreːm, *kʰlam |
歛 | *qʰlaːm |
臉 | *ɡ·reːmʔ, *skʰlam, *kramʔ |
醶 | *ɡr·reːmʔ, *skʰraːmʔ |
鹼 | *kreːmʔ, *skʰlam |
薟 | *ɡ·ram, *ɡ·ramʔ, *qʰram |
匳 | *ɡ·ram |
獫 | *ɡ·ram, *ɡ·ramʔ, *ɡ·rams, *qʰramʔ |
蘞 | *ɡ·ram, *ɡ·ramʔ, *qʰlam |
籢 | *ɡ·ram |
斂 | *ɡ·ramʔ, *ɡ·rams |
瀲 | *ɡ·ramʔ, *ɡ·rams |
撿 | *ɡ·ramʔ, *kramʔ |
羷 | *ɡ·ramʔ |
殮 | *ɡ·rams |
簽 | *skʰlam |
僉 | *skʰlam |
憸 | *skʰlam, *skʰlamʔ, *sqʰlam, *qʰramʔ |
譣 | *skʰlam, *qʰramʔ |
*kramʔ | |
*kramʔ | |
儉 | *ɡramʔ |
顩 | *ŋramʔ, *rlɯmʔ, *kʰrɯmʔ |
嬐 | *ŋramʔ |
嶮 | *ŋramʔ, *hŋramʔ |
噞 | *ŋramʔ, *ŋrams |
*ŋrams | |
*qʰramʔ | |
劒 | *kams |
*kams | |
𩏩 | *qʰam |
Phono-semantic compound (
Etymology
[edit]May be cognate with
Pronunciation
[edit]- Mandarin
- (Standard)
- (Chengdu, Sichuanese Pinyin): xian3
- (Dungan, Cyrillic and Wiktionary): щян (xi͡an, II)
- Cantonese
- Gan (Wiktionary): xien3
- Hakka
- Jin (Wiktionary): xie2
- Northern Min (KCR): hǐng / híng
- Eastern Min (BUC): hiēng
- Southern Min
- Wu (Shanghai, Wugniu): 5shi
- Xiang (Changsha, Wiktionary): xienn3
- Mandarin
- (Standard Chinese)+
- Hanyu Pinyin:
- Zhuyin: ㄒㄧㄢˇ
- Tongyong Pinyin: siǎn
- Wade–Giles: hsien3
- Yale: syǎn
- Gwoyeu Romatzyh: shean
- Palladius: сянь (sjanʹ)
- Sinological IPA (key): /ɕi̯ɛn²¹⁴/
- (Chengdu)
- Sichuanese Pinyin: xian3
- Scuanxua Ladinxua Xin Wenz: xian
- Sinological IPA (key): /ɕiɛn⁵³/
- (Dungan)
- Cyrillic and Wiktionary: щян (xi͡an, II)
- Sinological IPA (key): /ɕiæ̃⁵¹/
- (Note: Dungan pronunciation is currently experimental and may be inaccurate.)
- (Standard Chinese)+
- Cantonese
- (Standard Cantonese, Guangzhou–Hong Kong)
- Jyutping: him2
- Yale: hím
- Cantonese Pinyin: him2
- Guangdong Romanization: him2
- Sinological IPA (key): /hiːm³⁵/
- (Taishanese, Taicheng)
- Wiktionary: hiam2
- Sinological IPA (key): /hiam⁵⁵/
- (Standard Cantonese, Guangzhou–Hong Kong)
- Gan
- (Nanchang)
- Wiktionary: xien3
- Sinological IPA (key): /ɕiɛn²¹³/
- (Nanchang)
- Hakka
- (Sixian, incl. Miaoli and Meinong)
- Pha̍k-fa-sṳ: hiám
- Hakka Romanization System: hiam`
- Hagfa Pinyim: hiam3
- Sinological IPA: /hi̯am³¹/
- (Meixian)
- (Sixian, incl. Miaoli and Meinong)
- Jin
- (Taiyuan)+
- Wiktionary: xie2
- Sinological IPA (old-style): /ɕie⁵³/
- (Taiyuan)+
- Northern Min
- (Jian'ou)
- Kienning Colloquial Romanized: hǐng / híng
- Sinological IPA (key): /xiŋ²¹/, /xiŋ⁵⁴/
- (Jian'ou)
- Eastern Min
- (Fuzhou)
- Bàng-uâ-cê: hiēng
- Sinological IPA (key): /hieŋ³³/
- (Fuzhou)
- Southern Min
- (Hokkien: Xiamen, Quanzhou, Zhangzhou, Jinjiang, Nan'an, Yongchun, Zhangpu, Changtai, General Taiwanese, Singapore, Klang)
- (Hokkien: Hui'an)
- Pe̍h-ōe-jī: hém
- Tâi-lô: hém
- Phofsit Daibuun: heam
- IPA (Hui'an): /hem⁵⁴/
- (Hokkien: Xiamen, Quanzhou)
- Pe̍h-ōe-jī: hiáⁿ
- Tâi-lô: hiánn
- Phofsit Daibuun: hviar
- IPA (Quanzhou): /hiã⁵⁵⁴/
- IPA (Xiamen): /hiã⁵³/
Note:
- hiám/hém - literary;
- hiáⁿ - vernacular.
- (Teochew)
- Peng'im: hiam2 / hiang2
- Pe̍h-ōe-jī-like: hiám / hiáng
- Sinological IPA (key): /hiam⁵²/, /hiaŋ⁵²/
Note: hiang2 - Chenghai.
- Dialectal data
Variety | Location | |
---|---|---|
Mandarin | Beijing | /ɕian²¹⁴/ |
Harbin | /ɕian²¹³/ | |
Tianjin | /ɕian¹³/ | |
Jinan | /ɕiã⁵⁵/ | |
Qingdao | /ɕiã⁵⁵/ | |
Zhengzhou | /ɕian⁵³/ | |
Xi'an | /ɕiã⁵³/ | |
Xining | /ɕiã⁵³/ | |
Yinchuan | /ɕian⁵³/ | |
Lanzhou | /ɕiɛ̃n⁴⁴²/ | |
Ürümqi | /ɕian⁵¹/ | |
Wuhan | /ɕiɛn⁴²/ | |
Chengdu | /ɕian⁵³/ | |
Guiyang | /ɕian⁴²/ | |
Kunming | /ɕiɛ̃⁵³/ | |
Nanjing | /ɕien²¹²/ | |
Hefei | /ɕiĩ²⁴/ | |
Jin | Taiyuan | /ɕie¹¹/ |
Pingyao | /ɕie̞⁵³/ | |
Hohhot | /ɕie⁵³/ | |
Wu | Shanghai | /ɕi³⁵/ |
Suzhou | /ɕiɪ⁵¹/ | |
Hangzhou | /ɕiẽ̞⁵³/ | |
Wenzhou | /ɕi³⁵/ | |
Hui | Shexian | /ɕie³⁵/ |
Tunxi | /ɕiɛ³¹/ | |
Xiang | Changsha | /ɕiẽ⁴¹/ |
Xiangtan | /ɕiẽ²¹/ | |
Gan | Nanchang | /ɕiɛn²¹³/ |
Hakka | Meixian | /hiam³¹/ |
Taoyuan | /hiɑm³¹/ | |
Cantonese | Guangzhou | /him³⁵/ |
Nanning | /him³⁵/ | |
Hong Kong | /him³⁵/ | |
Min | Xiamen (Hokkien) | /hiam⁵³/ |
Fuzhou (Eastern Min) | /hieŋ³²/ | |
Jian'ou (Northern Min) | /xiŋ²¹/ | |
Shantou (Teochew) | /hiam⁵³/ | |
Haikou (Hainanese) | /hiam²¹³/ |
- Middle Chinese: xjemX
- Old Chinese
- (Baxter–Sagart): /*qʰr[a]mʔ/
- (Zhengzhang): /*qʰramʔ/
Definitions
[edit]- (of terrain) difficult and treacherous
- (now in compounds) narrow pass; treacherous place; strategic point
- (now dialectal or in compounds) danger; hazard; peril; risk
冒 險 /冒 险 ― màoxiǎn ― to take a risk脫 險 /脱 险 ― tuōxiǎn ― to escape danger- 避
- From: 2002,
李 榮 (Li Rong), chief editor, 《現代 漢語 方言 大 詞 典 》 [Great Dictionary of Modern Chinese Dialects], Nanjing: Jiangsu Education Publishing House, →ISBN, page 5595 - bei6 gwo3 nei1 coeng4 him2 [Jyutping]
- (please add an English translation of this usage example)
過 呢場 險 [Guangzhou Cantonese, trad.]
避过呢场险 [Guangzhou Cantonese, simp.]- From: 2002,
- From: The Book of Rites, c. 4th – 2nd century BCE
- Gù jūnzǐ jūyì yǐ sìmìng, xiǎorén xíngxiǎn yǐ jiàoxìng. [Pinyin]
- Thus it is that the superior man is quiet and calm, waiting for the appointments of Heaven, while the mean man walks in dangerous paths, looking for lucky occurrences.
故 君子 居 易 以俟命,小人 行 險 以徼幸。 [Classical Chinese, trad.]故 君子 居 易 以俟命,小人 行 险以徼幸。 [Classical Chinese, simp.]
- dangerous; hazardous
驚 險 /惊险 ― jīngxiǎn ― breathtaking- From: 2002,
李 榮 (Li Rong), chief editor, 《現代 漢語 方言 大 詞 典 》 [Great Dictionary of Modern Chinese Dialects], Nanjing: Jiangsu Education Publishing House, →ISBN, page 5595 - him2 dak1 zai6 [Jyutping]
- too dangerous
險 得 滯 [Guangzhou Cantonese, trad.]
险得 滞 [Guangzhou Cantonese, simp.]- From: 2002,
- (now dialectal or in compounds) sinister; vicious
- (of bad things) almost; nearly
- (in compounds) Short for
保險 /保 险 (bǎoxiǎn, “insurance”).
Synonyms
[edit]- (almost):
差 一 點 /差 一 点 差 啲 (caa1 di1) (Cantonese)差 小 可 (Hokkien)差 小 可 仔 (Zhangzhou Hokkien)差 淡 薄 (Hokkien)差 淡 薄 仔 (Hokkien)差 無 偌/差 无偌 (Quanzhou Hokkien, Xiamen Hokkien)差 點 /差 点 (chàdiǎn)差 點 咖子/差 点 咖子 (ca1 dienn3 ga zr) (Xiang)急 下 烏 /急 下 乌 (7ciq-shia-u) (Wu)爭 些/争 些 (zhēngxiē) (obsolete)爭 啲/争 啲 (zaang1 di1) (Cantonese)爭 差 點 兒 /争 差 点 儿 (zen1 ca1 dianr3) (Sichuanese)爭 滴滴 兒 /争 滴滴 儿 (zen1 di1 dir3-1) (Sichuanese)爭點 兒 /争点 儿 (zen1 dianr3) (Sichuanese)- 臨臨
仔 /临临仔 (Hokkien) 險 些/险些 (xiǎnxiē) (of bad things)險 介 乎/险介乎 (5shi-cia-wu) (Wu)險 險 /险险 (Hokkien)
Compounds
[edit]人壽 保險 /人寿 保 险 (rénshòu bǎoxiǎn)人身 保險 /人身 保 险 (rénshēn bǎoxiǎn)保險 /保 险 (bǎoxiǎn)保險 人 /保 险人 (bǎoxiǎnrén)保險 公司 /保 险公司 (bǎoxiǎn gōngsī)保險 刀 片 /保 险刀片 保險 利益 /保 险利益 保險 單 /保 险单 (bǎoxiǎndān)保險 套/保 险套 (bǎoxiǎntào)保險 桿/保 险杆 (bǎoxiǎngǎn)保險 業 /保 险业 (bǎoxiǎnyè)保險 槓/保 险杠 (bǎoxiǎngàng)保險 櫃 /保 险柜 (bǎoxiǎnguì)保險 法 /保 险法 (bǎoxiǎnfǎ)保險 燈 /保 险灯 (bǎoxiǎndēng)保險 箱 /保 险箱 (bǎoxiǎnxiāng)保險 絲 /保 险丝 (bǎoxiǎnsī)保險 給付 /保 险给付 保險 費 /保 险费 (bǎoxiǎnfèi)保險 賠償 /保 险赔偿保險 金 /保 险金 (bǎoxiǎnjīn)保險 開 關 /保 险开关健康 保險 /健康 保 险 (jiànkāng bǎoxiǎn)偏 險 /偏 险傷害 保險 /伤害保 险全 民 保險 /全 民 保 险公共 保險 /公共 保 险兵 災 保險 /兵 灾保险兵 險 /兵 险冒險 /冒 险 (màoxiǎn)冒險 犯 難 /冒 险犯难冒險 進取 /冒 险进取凶 險 (xiōngxiǎn)出 險 /出 险 (chūxiǎn)勞 動 保險 /劳动保 险包 裹保險 /包 裹保险化 險 為 夷 /化 险为夷 (huà xiǎn wéi yí)千 難 萬 險 /千 难万 险危險 /危险 (wēixiǎn)危險 分子 /危险分子 危險 性 /危险性 (wēixiǎnxìng)危險 期 /危险期 危險 物 /危险物 地 窄路險 /地 窄路险壽 險 /寿 险 (shòuxiǎn)大 驚 大 險 /大 惊大险太 空 探險 /太 空 探 险天險 /天 险 (tiānxiǎn)失業 保險 /失 业保险夷 險 /夷 险夷 險 一 節 /夷 险一节好 險 /好 险 (hǎoxiǎn)- 奸險 (jiānxiǎn)
定期 保險 /定期 保 险履 險 如夷/履 险如夷 山 險 /山 险 (shānxiǎn)平安 險 /平安 险幽 險 /幽 险弄 險 /弄 险強制 保險 /强制 保 险意外 險 /意外 险- 憑險/
凭 险 拉 保險 /拉 保 险探險 /探 险 (tànxiǎn)探險 家 /探 险家- 擔險/担险
有 驚 無 險 /有 惊无险 (yǒujīngwúxiǎn)歷 盡 艱險/历尽艰险歷 險 /历险 (lìxiǎn)水 險 /水 险汽車 保險 /汽车保 险海上 保險 /海上 保 险涉 危履險 /涉 危履险海門 天險 /海 门天险涉 險 /涉 险漁民 保險 /渔民保 险火災 保險 /火 灾保险火 險 /火 险 (huǒxiǎn)產物 保險 /产物保 险產 險 /产险社會 保險 /社会 保 险 (shèhuì bǎoxiǎn)視 險 如夷/视险如夷 (shìxiǎnrúyí)視 險 若 夷 /视险若 夷 (shìxiǎnruòyí)私 校 保險 /私 校 保 险稻作 保險 /稻作 保 险竊盜 險 /窃盗 险終身 保險 /终身保 险耽 險 /耽 险脫 險 /脱 险 (tuōxiǎn)- 艱險/艰险 (jiānxiǎn)
艱難 險阻 /艰难险阻 (jiānnánxiǎnzǔ)被 保險 人 /被 保 险人 (bèibǎoxiǎnrén)設 險 /设险責任 保險 /责任保 险 (zérèn bǎoxiǎn)- 赴險/赴险 (fùxiǎn)
- 赴險如夷/赴险如夷
遇 險 /遇 险 (yùxiǎn)- 鋌而
走 險 /铤而走险 (tǐng'érzǒuxiǎn) - 阻險/阻险
陰險 /阴险 (yīnxiǎn)- 隘險/隘险
險 些/险些 (xiǎnxiē)險 勝 /险胜 (xiǎnshèng)險 句 /险句險 固 /险固 (xiǎngù)險 地 /险地 (xiǎndì)險 塞 /险塞險 境 /险境 (xiǎnjìng)險 峰 /险峰險峻 /险峻 (xiǎnjùn)險 巇/险巇 (xiǎnxī)險 工 /险工險惡 /险恶 (xiǎn'è)險 戲 /险戏險 易 /险易險 棘 /险棘險 滑 /险滑險 灘 /险滩 (xiǎntān)險 症 /险症險要 /险要 (xiǎnyào)險 詐 /险诈 (xiǎnzhà)險 詖/险诐險 語 /险语險 譎/险谲險 象 /险象 (xiǎnxiàng)險 象 環 生 /险象环生 (xiǎnxiànghuánshēng)險路 /险路險 途 /险途險 道 神 /险道神 險 遭不測 /险遭不 测險 釁/险衅險阻 /险阻 (xiǎnzǔ)險阻 艱難 /险阻艰难險 隘/险隘險 韻 /险韵風 險 /风险 (fēngxiǎn)驚 險 /惊险 (jīngxiǎn)驚 險 百出 /惊险百出
Descendants
[edit]References
[edit]- “
險 ”, in漢語 多功 能 字 庫 (Multi-function Chinese Character Database)[1],香港 中 文 大學 (the Chinese University of Hong Kong), 2014–
Japanese
[edit]Kanji
[edit](Jinmeiyō kanji, kyūjitai kanji, shinjitai form
- This term needs a translation to English. Please help out and add a translation, then remove the text
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.
Readings
[edit]Korean
[edit]Hanja
[edit]- This term needs a translation to English. Please help out and add a translation, then remove the text
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.
Vietnamese
[edit]Han character
[edit]
- chữ Hán form of hiểm (“dangerous, impassable”).
- Nôm form of hẻm (“narrow space, dead-end”).
- Nôm form of hiếm (“rare, scarce”).
- Nôm form of hĩm (“little girl (Central Vietnamese countryside)”).
References
[edit]Categories:
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險 - Mandarin terms with usage examples
- Chinese dialectal terms
- Cantonese terms with quotations
- Literary Chinese terms with quotations
- Chinese short forms
- Intermediate Mandarin
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- Japanese jinmeiyō kanji
- Japanese kanji with on reading けん
- Japanese kanji with kun reading けわ・しい
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