诺贝尔生理学 或 医学 奖得主 列 表
诺贝尔
诺贝尔
诺贝尔
该奖
20世 纪获奖者
[编辑]1901年 至 1950年
[编辑]| 获奖 |
获奖 | |||
|---|---|---|---|---|
| 1901 |
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“对 "for his work on serum therapy, especially its application against diphtheria, by which he has opened a new road in the domain of medical science and thereby placed in the hands of the physician a victorious weapon against illness and deaths"[7] | |
| 1902 |
|
罗纳 |
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“ "for his work on malaria, by which he has shown how it enters the organism and thereby has laid the foundation for successful research on this disease and methods of combating it"[8] |
| 1903 |
|
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“ "[for] his contribution to the treatment of diseases, especially lupus vulgaris, with concentrated light radiation, whereby he has opened a new avenue for medical science"[9] | |
| 1904 |
|
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“ "in recognition of his work on the physiology of digestion, through which knowledge on vital aspects of the subject has been transformed and enlarged"[10] | |
| 1905 |
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“对结核 "for his investigations and discoveries in relation to tuberculosis"[11] | |
| 1906 |
|
卡米 |
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“ "in recognition of their work on the structure of the nervous system"[12] |
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圣地亚哥· |
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| 1907 |
|
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“对 "in recognition of his work on the role played by protozoa in causing diseases"[13] | |
| 1908 |
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“ "in recognition of their work on immunity"[14] | |
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| 1909 |
|
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“对 "for his work on the physiology, pathology and surgery of the thyroid gland"[15] | |
| 1910 |
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“ "in recognition of the contributions to our knowledge of cell chemistry made through his work on proteins, including the nucleic substances"[16] | |
| 1911 |
|
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“ "for his work on the dioptrics of the eye"[17] | |
| 1912 |
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亚历 |
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“ "[for] his work on vascular suture and the transplantation of blood vessels and organs"[18] |
| 1913 |
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“ "[for] his work on anaphylaxis"[19] | |
| 1914 |
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罗伯 |
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“ "for his work on the physiology and pathology of the vestibular apparatus"[20] |
| 1915 |
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| 1916 | ||||
| 1917 | ||||
| 1918 | ||||
| 1919 |
|
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“ "for his discoveries relating to immunity"[21] | |
| 1920 |
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“发现 "for his discovery of the capillary motor regulating mechanism"[22] | |
| 1921 |
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| 1922 |
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“ "for his discovery relating to the production of heat in the muscle"[23] | |
|
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“发现 "for his discovery of the fixed relationship between the consumption of oxygen and the metabolism of lactic acid in the muscle"[23] | ||
| 1923 |
|
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“发现胰岛 "for the discovery of insulin"[24] | |
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| 1924 |
|
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“发明 "for the discovery of the mechanism of the electrocardiogram"[25] | |
| 1925 |
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| 1926 |
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“发现 "for his discovery of the Spiroptera carcinoma"[26] | |
| 1927 |
|
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“发现 "for his discovery of the therapeutic value of malaria inoculation in the treatment of dementia paralytica"[27] | |
| 1928 |
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查爾斯· |
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“ "for his work on typhus"[28] |
| 1929 |
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“发现 "for his discovery of the antineuritic vitamin"[29] | |
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“发现 "for his discovery of the growth-stimulating vitamin"[29] | ||
| 1930 |
|
卡尔·兰德 |
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“发现 "for his discovery of human blood groups"[30] |
| 1931 |
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“发现 "for his discovery of the nature and mode of action of the respiratory enzyme"[31] | |
| 1932 |
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查尔斯·斯科 |
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“发现 "for their discoveries regarding the functions of neurons"[32] |
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| 1933 |
|
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“发现遗传 "for his discoveries concerning the role played by the chromosome in heredity"[33] | |
| 1934 |
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“发现贫血 "for their discoveries concerning liver therapy in cases of anaemia"[34] | |
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| 1935 |
|
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“发现 "for his discovery of the organizer effect in embryonic development"[35] | |
| 1936 |
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“ "for their discoveries relating to chemical transmission of nerve impulses"[36] | |
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| 1937 |
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圣捷尔吉· |
 匈牙 |
“ "for his discoveries in connection with the biological combustion processes, with special reference to vitamin C and the catalysis of fumaric acid"[37] |
| 1938 |
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柯奈 |
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“发现窦 "for the discovery of the role played by the sinus and aortic mechanisms in the regulation of respiration"[38] |
| 1939 |
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“发现 "for the discovery of the antibacterial effects of prontosil"[39] | |
| 1940 |
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| 1941 | ||||
| 1942 | ||||
| 1943 |
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“发现维生 "for his discovery of vitamin K"[40] | |
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“发现维生 "for his discovery of the chemical nature of vitamin K"[40] | ||
| 1944 |
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“发现单 "for their discoveries relating to the highly differentiated functions of single nerve fibres"[41] | |
|
赫伯 |
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| 1945 |
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亚历 |
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“发现 "for the discovery of penicillin and its curative effect in various infectious diseases"[42] |
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霍華 |
 澳 | ||
| 1946 |
|
赫爾曼· |
|
“发现 "for the discovery of the production of mutations by means of X-ray irradiation"[43] |
| 1947 |
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卡尔·斐迪 |
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“发现 "for their discovery of the course of the catalytic conversion of glycogen"[44] |
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贝尔纳多· |
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“发现 "for his discovery of the part played by the hormone of the anterior pituitary lobe in the metabolism of sugar"[44] | |
| 1948 |
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“发现DDT "for his discovery of the high efficiency of DDT as a contact poison against several arthropods"[45] | |
| 1949 |
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“发现间脑 "for his discovery of the functional organization of the interbrain as a coordinator of the activities of the internal organs"[46] | |
|
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“发现 "for his discovery of the therapeutic value of leucotomy in certain psychoses"[46] | ||
| 1950 |
|
菲利 |
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“发现肾上 "for their discoveries relating to the hormones of the adrenal cortex, their structure and biological effects"[47] |
|
爱德华·卡尔 |
| ||
|
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1951年 至 2000年
[编辑]| 获奖 |
获奖 | |||
|---|---|---|---|---|
| 1951 |
|
马克斯· |
 |
“ "for his discoveries concerning yellow fever and how to combat it"[48] |
| 1952 |
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“发现链霉 "for his discovery of streptomycin, the first antibiotic effective against tuberculosis"[49] | |
| 1953 |
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汉斯· |
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“发现柠檬 "for his discovery of the citric acid cycle"[50] |
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“发现辅酶A及其对中间代谢的 "for his discovery of co-enzyme A and its importance for intermediary metabolism"[50] | ||
| 1954 |
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约翰· |
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“发现 "for their discovery of the ability of poliomyelitis viruses to grow in cultures of various types of tissue"[51] |
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| 1955 |
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“发现氧化酶 "for his discoveries concerning the nature and mode of action of oxidation enzymes"[52] | |
| 1956 |
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“ "for their discoveries concerning heart catheterization and pathological changes in the circulatory system"[53] | |
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沃纳· |
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| 1957 |
|
达尼 |
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“发现 "for his discoveries relating to synthetic compounds that inhibit the action of certain body substances, and especially their action on the vascular system and the skeletal muscles"[54] |
| 1958 |
乔治·韦尔斯· |
|
“发现 "for their discovery that genes act by regulating definite chemical events"[55] | |
|
爱德华·劳里· |
| ||
|
乔舒亚·莱德 |
|
“发现细菌遗传 "for his discoveries concerning genetic recombination and the organization of the genetic material of bacteria"[55] | |
| 1959 |
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“发现 "for their discovery of the mechanisms in the biological synthesis of ribonucleic acid and deoxyribonucleic acid"[56] | |
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| 1960 |
|
澳 |
“发现获得 "for discovery of acquired immunological tolerance"[57] | |
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| 1961 |
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盖欧尔格·冯·贝凯 |
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“发现 "for his discoveries of the physical mechanism of stimulation within the cochlea"[58] |
| 1962 |
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“发现 "for their discoveries concerning the molecular structure of nucleic acids and its significance for information transfer in living material"[59] | |
|
詹姆斯· |
| ||
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莫里斯· |
 | ||
| 1963 |
|
约翰·卡鲁· |
澳 |
“发现 "for their discoveries concerning the ionic mechanisms involved in excitation and inhibition in the peripheral and central portions of the nerve cell membrane"[60] |
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| 1964 |
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“发现 "for their discoveries concerning the mechanism and regulation of the cholesterol and fatty acid metabolism"[61] | |
|
费奥 |
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| 1965 |
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“ "for their discoveries concerning genetic control of enzyme and virus synthesis"[62] | |
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|
賈克·莫諾 | | ||
| 1966 |
裴頓· |
|
“发现诱导肿瘤 "for his discovery of tumour-inducing viruses"[63] | |
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查爾斯· |
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“发现 "for his discoveries concerning hormonal treatment of prostatic cancer"[63] | |
| 1967 |
|
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“发现 "for their discoveries concerning the primary physiological and chemical visual processes in the eye"[64] | |
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霍爾 |
| ||
|
乔治·沃尔 |
| ||
| 1968 |
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“ "for their interpretation of the genetic code and its function in protein synthesis"[65] | |
|
哈爾· |
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| 1969 |
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“发现 "for their discoveries concerning the replication mechanism and the genetic structure of viruses"[66] | |
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薩爾 |
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| 1970 |
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“发现 "for their discoveries concerning the humoral transmittors in the nerve terminals and the mechanism for their storage, release and inactivation"[67] | |
|
乌尔 |
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| 1971 |
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“发现 "for his discoveries concerning the mechanisms of the action of hormones"[68] | |
| 1972 |
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“发现 "for their discoveries concerning the chemical structure of antibodies"[69] | |
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| 1973 |
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卡爾·馮· |
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“发现个体 "for their discoveries concerning organization and elicitation of individual and social behaviour patterns"[70] |
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| 1974 |
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“细胞 "for their discoveries concerning the structural and functional organization of the cell"[71] | |
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| 1975 |
|
戴维· |
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“发现肿瘤 "for their discoveries concerning the interaction between tumor viruses and the genetic material of the cell"[72] |
|
罗纳 |
| ||
|
霍华 |
| ||
| 1976 |
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“发现传染 "for their discoveries concerning new mechanisms for the origin and dissemination of infectious diseases"[73] | |
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| 1977 |
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罗歇· |
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“发现 "for their discoveries concerning the peptide hormone production of the brain"[74] |
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罗莎琳·萨斯曼·耶洛 | |
“开发肽类 "for the development of radioimmunoassays of peptide hormones"[74] | |
| 1978 |
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沃納· |
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“发现 "for the discovery of restriction enzymes and their application to problems of molecular genetics"[75] |
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| 1979 |
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“开发计算 "for the development of computer assisted tomography"[76] | |
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| 1980 |
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“发现调节 "for their discoveries concerning genetically determined structures on the cell surface that regulate immunological reactions"[77] | |
|
让· |
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| 乔治·斯内尔 | | |||
| 1981 |
|
罗杰·斯佩 |
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“发现 "for his discoveries concerning the functional specialization of the cerebral hemispheres"[78] |
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“发现视觉 "for their discoveries concerning information processing in the visual system"[78] | ||
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| 1982 |
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“发现 "for their discoveries concerning prostaglandins and related biologically active substances"[79] | |
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| 1983 |
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“发现 "for her discovery of mobile genetic elements"[80] | |
| 1984 |
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“关于 "for theories concerning the specificity in development and control of the immune system and the discovery of the principle for production of monoclonal antibodies"[81] | |
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乔治斯· |
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| 1985 |
|
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“ "for their discoveries concerning the regulation of cholesterol metabolism"[82] | |
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| 1986 |
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斯坦 |
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“发现 "for their discoveries of growth factors"[83] |
|
丽塔· |
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| 1987 |
|
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“发现 "for his discovery of the genetic principle for generation of antibody diversity"[84] | |
| 1988 |
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詹姆 |
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“发现药物 "for their discoveries of important principles for drug treatment"[85] |
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乔治· |
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| 1989 |
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迈克尔·毕晓 |
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“发现 "for their discovery of the cellular origin of retroviral oncogenes"[86] |
|
哈罗 |
| ||
| 1990 |
约瑟 |
|
“发明应用于人类疾 "for their discoveries concerning organ and cell transplantation in the treatment of human disease"[87] | |
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| 1991 |
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“发现细胞 "for their discoveries concerning the function of single ion channels in cells"[88] | |
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| 1992 |
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“发现 "for their discoveries concerning reversible protein phosphorylation as a biological regulatory mechanism"[89] | |
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| 1993 |
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“发现 "for their discoveries of split genes"[90] | |
|
菲利 |
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| 1994 |
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“发现G "for their discovery of G-proteins and the role of these proteins in signal transduction in cells"[91] | |
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| 1995 |
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“发现 "for their discoveries concerning the genetic control of early embryonic development"[92] | |
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| 1996 |
|
澳 |
“发现细胞 "for their discoveries concerning the specificity of the cell mediated immune defence"[93] | |
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| 1997 |
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“发现 "for his discovery of Prions - a new biological principle of infection"[94] | |
| 1998 |
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“发现 "for their discoveries concerning nitric oxide as a signalling molecule in the cardiovascular system"[95] | |
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| 1999 |
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“发现 "for the discovery that proteins have intrinsic signals that govern their transport and localization in the cell"[96] | |
| 2000 |
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“发现 "for their discoveries concerning signal transduction in the nervous system"[97] | |
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21世 纪获奖者
[编辑]2001年 至 今
[编辑]| 获奖 |
获奖 | |||
|---|---|---|---|---|
| 2001 |
|
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“发现细胞 "for their discoveries of key regulators of the cell cycle"[98] | |
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蒂姆· |
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| 2002 |
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悉尼· |
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“发现 "for their discoveries concerning 'genetic regulation of organ development and programmed cell death'"[99] |
|
H·罗伯 |
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约翰·E·苏尔斯顿 | | ||
| 2003 |
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“ "for their discoveries concerning magnetic resonance imaging"[100] | |
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| 2004 |
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“发现嗅觉受体 "for their discoveries of odorant receptors and the organization of the olfactory system"[101] | |
|
琳达· |
| ||
| 2005 |
|
澳 |
“发现 "for their discovery of the bacterium Helicobacter pylori and its role in gastritis and peptic ulcer disease"[102] | |
|
罗宾·沃伦 | 澳 | ||
| 2006 |
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“发现 "for their discovery of RNA interference - gene silencing by double-stranded RNA"[103] | |
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| 2007 |
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马里 |
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“ "for their discoveries of principles for introducing specific gene modifications in mice by the use of embryonic stem cells."[104] |
|
马丁· |
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| 2008 |
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哈拉尔德· |
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“发现 "for his discovery of human papilloma viruses causing cervical cancer"[105] |
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“发现 "for their discovery of human immunodeficiency virus"[105] | ||
|
吕克· |
| ||
| 2009 |
|
澳 |
“ "for the discovery of how chromosomes are protected by telomeres and the enzyme telomerase"[106] | |
|
卡羅 |
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| 2010 |
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罗伯 |
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“ "for the development of in vitro fertilization"[107] |
| 2011 |
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" "for their discoveries concerning the activation of innate immunity"[108] | |
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|
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" "for his discovery of the dendritic cell and its role in adaptive immunity"[108] (awarded posthumously)[109] | ||
| 2012 |
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约翰· |
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“ "for the discovery that mature cells can be reprogrammed to become pluripotent"[110] |
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| 2013 |
|
詹姆斯·罗斯曼 | |
“发现 "for their discoveries of machinery regulating vesicle traffic, a major transport system in our cells"[111] |
|
兰迪·谢克曼 | | ||
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| 2014 |
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约翰· |
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“发现构成 "for their discoveries of cells that constitute a positioning system in the brain"[112] |
|
迈- |
 挪威
| ||
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爱德华·莫泽 | 挪威
| ||
| 2015 |
|
 爱尔兰 |
“发现 "for their discoveries concerning a novel therapy against infections caused by roundworm parasites"[113] | |
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|
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“发现 "for her discoveries concerning a novel therapy against Malaria"[113] | ||
| 2016 |
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“ "for his discoveries of mechanisms for autophagy"[114] | |
| 2017 |
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杰弗 |
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“ "for their discoveries of molecular mechanisms controlling the circadian rhythm"[115] |
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迈克尔·罗斯 |
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迈克尔·扬 | | ||
| 2018 |
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詹姆斯· |
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“ "for their discovery of cancer therapy by inhibition of negative immune regulation"[116] |
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| 2019 |
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“ "for their discoveries of how cells sense and adapt to oxygen availability"[117] | |
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| 2020 |
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哈维· |
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“发现 "for the discovery of Hepatitis C virus"[118] |
|
迈克尔·霍顿 | | ||
|
查尔斯·M·赖斯 | | ||
| 2021 |
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戴维· |
|
“ "for their discoveries of receptors for temperature and touch"[119] |
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| 2022 |
|
斯 |
|
“ "for his discoveries concerning the genomes of extinct hominins and human evolution"[120] |
| 2023 |
|
 匈牙 |
“ "for their discoveries concerning nucleoside base modifications that enabled the development of effective mRNA vaccines against COVID-19"[121] | |
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注 释
[编辑]^ A. 这里
^ B. 这里
^ C. 这里
参考 文献
[编辑]主要 依 据
- （
英文 ）所有 诺贝尔生理学 或 医学 奖获得 者 . 诺贝尔基金 会 （Nobel Foundation）. [2008-10-06]. （原始 内容 存 档于2016-06-02）. - （
英文 ）诺贝尔奖获得者 .大 英 百科 全 书. [2008-10-15]. （原始 内容 存 档于2011-09-20）.
具体 引用
- ^ The Nobel Prize. Nobel Foundation. [2008-11-21]. （
原始 内容 存 档于2013-06-22）. - ^ The Nobel Prize Amounts. Nobel Foundation. [2008-11-21]. （
原始 内容 存 档于2008-11-09）. - ^ The Nobel Prize Award Ceremonies. Nobel Foundation. [2008-11-21]. （
原始 内容 存 档于2010-01-31）. - ^ Nobel Laureates Facts. Nobelprize.org. [2008-11-21]. （
原始 内容 存 档于2007-02-02）. - ^ Women Nobel Laureates. Nobel Foundation. [2008-11-21]. （
原始 内容 存 档于2013-06-22）. - ^ All Nobel Laureates in Physiology or Medicine. Nobelprize.org. [2014-10-10]. （
原始 内容 存 档于2017-10-07）. - ^ The Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine 1901. Nobel Foundation. [2007-07-28]. （
原始 内容 存 档于2007-07-16）. - ^ The Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine 1902. Nobel Foundation. [2007-07-28]. （
原始 内容 存 档于2007-08-22）. - ^ The Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine 1903. Nobel Foundation. [2007-07-28]. （
原始 内容 存 档于2007-08-20）. - ^ The Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine 1904. Nobel Foundation. [2007-07-28]. （
原始 内容 存 档于2007-08-22）. - ^ The Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine 1905. Nobel Foundation. [2007-07-28]. （
原始 内容 存 档于2007-08-22）. - ^ The Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine 1906. Nobel Foundation. [2007-07-28]. （
原始 内容 存 档于2007-07-06）. - ^ The Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine 1907. Nobel Foundation. [2007-07-28]. （
原始 内容 存 档于2007-05-18）. - ^ The Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine 1908. Nobel Foundation. [2007-07-28]. （
原始 内容 存 档于2007-07-16）. - ^ The Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine 1909. Nobel Foundation. [2007-07-28]. （
原始 内容 存 档于2007-10-11）. - ^ The Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine 1910. Nobel Foundation. [2007-07-28]. （
原始 内容 存 档于2007-10-11）. - ^ The Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine 1911. Nobel Foundation. [2007-07-28]. （
原始 内容 存 档于2007-08-23）. - ^ The Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine 1912. Nobel Foundation. [2007-07-28]. （
原始 内容 存 档于2007-09-30）. - ^ The Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine 1913. Nobel Foundation. [2007-07-28]. （
原始 内容 存 档于2007-09-29）. - ^ The Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine 1914. Nobel Foundation. [2007-07-28]. （
原始 内容 存 档于2007-10-11）. - ^ The Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine 1919. Nobel Foundation. [2007-07-28]. （
原始 内容 存 档于2007-06-02）. - ^ The Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine 1920. Nobel Foundation. [2007-07-28]. （
原始 内容 存 档于2007-08-23）. - ^ 23.0 23.1 The Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine 1922. Nobel Foundation. [2007-07-28]. （
原始 内容 存 档于2007-08-23）. - ^ The Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine 1923. Nobel Foundation. [2007-07-28]. （
原始 内容 存 档于2007-09-22）. - ^ The Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine 1924. Nobel Foundation. [2007-07-28]. （
原始 内容 存 档于2012-01-27）. - ^ The Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine 1926. Nobel Foundation. [2007-07-28]. （
原始 内容 存 档于2007-09-30）. - ^ The Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine 1927. Nobel Foundation. [2007-07-28]. （
原始 内容 存 档于2007-08-22）. - ^ The Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine 1928. Nobel Foundation. [2007-07-28]. （
原始 内容 存 档于2007-10-11）. - ^ 29.0 29.1 The Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine 1929. Nobel Foundation. [2007-07-28]. （
原始 内容 存 档于2007-09-30）. - ^ The Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine 1930. Nobel Foundation. [2007-07-28]. （
原始 内容 存 档于2007-08-18）. - ^ The Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine 1931. Nobel Foundation. [2007-07-28]. （
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原始 内容 存 档于2007-07-18）. - ^ The Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine 1996. Nobel Foundation. [2007-07-28]. （
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原始 内容 存 档于2007-07-18）. - ^ The Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine 1998. Nobel Foundation. [2007-07-28]. （
原始 内容 存 档于2007-07-18）. - ^ The Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine 1999. Nobel Foundation. [2007-07-28]. （
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原始 内容 存 档于2007-07-18）. - ^ The Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine 2001. Nobel Foundation. [2007-07-28]. （
原始 内容 存 档于2007-07-18）. - ^ The Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine 2002. Nobel Foundation. [2007-07-28]. （
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原始 内容 存 档于2008-10-09）. - ^ The Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine 2009. Nobel Foundation. [2009-10-06]. （
原始 内容 存 档于2009-10-08）. - ^ The Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine 2010. Nobel Foundation. [2010-10-04]. （
原始 内容 存 档于2012-06-21）. - ^ 108.0 108.1 The Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine 2011. Nobel Foundation. [2011-10-03]. （
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原始 内容 存 档于2011-10-05）. - ^ The Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine 2012. Nobel Foundation. [2012-10-08]. （
原始 内容 存 档于2012-10-09）. - ^ The Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine 2013. Nobel Foundation. [2013-10-07]. （
原始 内容 存 档于2013-12-03）. - ^ The Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine 2014. Nobel Foundation. [2014-10-06]. （
原始 内容 存 档于2016-01-01）. - ^ 113.0 113.1 The Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine 2015. Nobel Foundation. [2015-10-05]. （
原始 内容 存 档于2015-10-05）. - ^ The Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine 2016. Nobel Foundation. [2016-10-03]. （
原始 内容 存 档于2016-10-03）. - ^ The Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine 2017. Nobel Foundation. [2017-10-02]. （
原始 内容 存 档于2017-10-02）. - ^ The Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine 2018. Nobel Foundation. [2018-10-01]. （
原始 内容 存 档于2018-10-01）. - ^ The Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine 2019. Nobel Foundation. [2019-10-07]. （
原始 内容 存 档于2019-07-09）. - ^ The Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine 2020. Nobel Foundation. [2020-10-05]. （
原始 内容 存 档于2020-10-05）. - ^ The Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine 2021. Nobel Foundation. [2021-10-05]. （
原始 内容 存 档于2021-10-04）. - ^ The Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine 2022. NobelPrize.org. [2022-10-03]. （
原始 内容 存 档于2022-10-03） （美国 英 语）. - ^ The Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine 2023. Nobel Foundation. [2023-10-02]. （
原始 内容 存 档于2023-10-02）.
外部 連結
[编辑]
- 诺贝尔
基金 会 官 方 网站（页面存 档备份，存 于互联网档案 馆） （英文 ） - 诺贝尔
生理学 或 医学 奖得主 列 表 （中 文 ）
参 见
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