维基词典:漢語 發音 表記
現代 標準 漢語
[编辑]声 母
[编辑]发音 |
齿龈 |
龈颚 |
软颚 | |||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
( |
‹b› ㄅ 玻 |
‹d› ㄉ |
‹g› ㄍ 哥 | |||||
‹p› ㄆ 坡 |
‹t› ㄊ |
‹k› ㄎ | ||||||
( |
‹z› ㄗ 资 |
‹zh› ㄓ |
‹j› ㄐ |
|||||
‹c› ㄘ |
‹ch› ㄔ 蚩 |
‹q› ㄑ 欺 |
||||||
‹f› ㄈ |
‹s› ㄙ |
‹sh› ㄕ 诗 |
‹x› ㄒ |
‹h› ㄏ | ||||
‹m› ㄇ 摸 |
‹n› ㄋ 讷 |
|||||||
边音(浊音) | ‹l› ㄌ 勒 |
|||||||
‹r› ㄖ |
韻 母
[编辑]开口 呼 齐齿 呼 合口 呼 撮 口 呼 单元 音 韵母‹-i›
ㄭ之 、资的韵母‹i›
丨衣 ‹u›
ㄨ 乌‹ü›
ㄩ迂 ‹a›
ㄚ 啊‹ia›
丨ㄚ 呀‹ua›
ㄨㄚ蛙 ‹o›
ㄛ 喔‹uo›
ㄨㄛ 窝‹e›
ㄜ 鹅‹ê›
ㄝ 诶‹ie›
丨ㄝ 耶‹üe›
ㄩㄝ 约‹er›
ㄦ 儿复元 音 韵母‹ai›
ㄞ哀 ‹uai›
ㄨㄞ歪 ‹ei›
ㄟ 诶‹u(e)i›
ㄨㄟ威 ‹ao›
ㄠ熬 ‹iao›
丨ㄠ腰 ‹ou›
ㄡ欧 ‹iou›
丨ㄡ 优带鼻 音 韵母‹an›
ㄢ安 ‹ian›
丨ㄢ烟 ‹uan›
ㄨㄢ 弯‹üan›
ㄩㄢ 冤‹en›
ㄣ恩 ‹in›
丨ㄣ因 ‹u(e)n›
ㄨㄣ温 ‹ün›
ㄩㄣ 晕‹ang›
ㄤ昂 ‹iang›
丨ㄤ央 ‹uang›
ㄨㄤ汪 ‹eng›
ㄥ亨 的 韵母‹ing›
丨ㄥ英 ‹ueng/ong›
ㄨㄥ翁 同 ‹iong›‹ong›
ㄨㄥ 轰的韵母‹iong›
ㄩㄥ庸
粵語
[编辑]廣州 話 拼音對照 表
[编辑]聲 母
[编辑]IPA | 粵拼 | 耶魯 | Meyer-Wempe | |||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
[p] | [b] | b | b | b | b | b | b | p | b | |
[pʰ] | [p] | p | p | p | p | p | p | p' | p | |
摸 | [m] | [m] | m | m | m | m | m | m | m | m |
[f] | [f] | f | f | f | f | f | f | f | f | |
[t] | [d] | d | d | d | d | d | d | t | t | |
拖 | [tʰ] | [t] | t | t | t | t | t | t | t' | th |
挪 | [n] | [n] | n | n | n | n | n | n | n | n |
[l] | [l] | l | l | l | l | l | l | l | l | |
哥 | [k] | [g] | g | g | g | g | g | g | k | k |
卡 | [kʰ] | [k] | k | k | k | k | k | k | k' | kh |
[ŋ] | [ŋ] | ng | ng | ng | ng | ng | ng | ng | ng | |
[h] | [h] | h | h | h | h | h | h | h | h | |
[t͡s] | [d͡z] | dz | z | dz | z | j | j | ts | ch | |
[t͡ɕ] | [d͡z] | dz | j | dz | z | j | j | ch | ch | |
[t͡sʰ] | [t͡s] | ts | c | ts | c | ch | ch | ts' | ts | |
[t͡ɕʰ] | [t͡s] | ts | q | ts | c | ch | ch | ch' | ts | |
[s] | [s] | s | s | s | s | s | s | s | s | |
[ɕ] | [s] | s | x | s | s | s | s | sh | s | |
[kʷ] | [gw] | gw | gu | gw | gw | gw | gw | kw | gw | |
[kʷʰ] | [kw] | kw | ku | kw | kw | kw | kw | k'w | kw | |
也 | [j] | [j] | y | y | j | j | y | y | y/i | d |
[w] | [w] | w | w | w | w | w | w | w/oo | w |
韻 母
[编辑]IPA | 粵拼 | 耶魯 | Meyer-Wempe | |||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
呀 | [ɑː] | [a] | aa | a | aa | aa | a | a | a | a |
挨 | [ɑːi] | [ai] | aai | ai | aai | aai | aai | aai | aai | ai |
[ɑːu] | [au] | aau | ao | aau | aau | aau | aau | aau | ao | |
( |
[ɑːm] | [am] | aam | am | aam | aam | aam | aam | aam | am |
晏 | [ɑːn] | [an] | aan | an | aan | aan | aan | aan | aan | an |
罌 | [ɑːŋ] | [aŋ] | aang | ang | aang | aang | aang | aang | aang | ang |
[ɑːp] | [ap] | aap | ab | aap | aap | aap | aap | aap | ap | |
押 | [ɑːt] | [at] | aat | ad | aat | aat | aat | aat | aat | at |
( |
[ɑːk] | [ak] | aak | ag | aak | aak | aak | aak | aak | ac |
矮 | [ɐi] | [ɐi] | ai | ei | ai | ai | ai | ai | ai | ây |
[ɐu] | [ɐu] | au | eo | au | au | au | au | au | âu | |
[ɐm] | [ɐm] | am | em | am | am | am | am | am/om | âm | |
( |
[ɐn] | [ɐn] | an | en | an | an | an | an | an | anh |
[ɐŋ] | [ɐŋ] | ang | eng | ang | ang | ang | ang | ang | ǎng | |
( |
[ɐp] | [ɐp] | ap | eb | ap | ap | ap | ap | ap/op | ǎp |
( |
[ɐt] | [ɐt] | at | ed | at | at | at | at | at | ach |
( |
[ɐk] | [ɐk] | ak | eg | ak | ak | ak | ak | ak | ǎc |
誒 | [ɛː] | [ɛ] | e | é | e | e | e | e | e | e |
( |
[ei] | [ei] | ei | éi | ei | ei | ei | ei | ei | i |
(掉)* | [ɛːu] | eu | eu | |||||||
(舔)* | [ɛːm] | em | em | |||||||
( |
[ɛːŋ] | [ɛŋ] | eng | éng | eng | eng | eng | eng | eng | eng |
(夾)* | [ɛːp] | ep | ep | |||||||
( |
[ɛːk] | [ɛk] | ek | ég | ek | ek | ek | ek | ek | ec |
[iː] | [i] | i | i | i | i | i | i | i | ia | |
妖 | [iːu] | [iu] | iu | iu | iu | iu | iu | iu | iu | iu |
淹 | [iːm] | [im] | im | im | im | im | im | im | im | im |
[iːn] | [in] | in | in | in | in | in | in | in | in | |
[ɪŋ] | [iŋ] | ing | ing | ing | ing | ing | ing | ing | ing | |
[iːp] | [ip] | ip | ib | ip | ip | ip | ip | ip | ip | |
[iːt] | [it] | it | id | it | it | it | it | it | it | |
[ɪk] | [ik] | ik | ig | ik | ik | ik | ik | ik | ic | |
柯 | [ɔː] | [ɔ] | o | o | o | o | o | oh | oh | o |
[ɔːi] | [ɔi] | oi | oi | oi | oi | oi | oi | oi | oi | |
[ou] | [ou] | ou | ou | ou | ou | ou | o | o | u | |
[ɔːn] | [ɔn] | on | on | on | on | on | on | on | on | |
( |
[ɔːŋ] | [ɔŋ] | ong | ong | ong | ong | ong | ong | ong | oong |
(渴) | [ɔːt] | [ɔt] | ot | od | ot | ot | ot | ot | ot | ot |
[ɔːk] | [ɔk] | ok | og | ok | ok | ok | ok | ok | oot | |
[uː] | [u] | u | u | u | u | u | oo | oo | ua | |
煨 | [uːi] | [ui] | ui | ui | ui | ui | ui | ooi | ooi | ui |
[uːn] | [un] | un | un | un | un | un | oon | oon | un | |
[ʊŋ] | [uŋ] | ung | ung | ung | ung | ung | ung | ung | ung | |
[uːt] | [ut] | ut | ud | ut | ut | ut | oot | oot | ut | |
[ʊk] | [uk] | uk | ug | uk | uk | uk | uk | uk | uc | |
[œː] | [œ] | eu | ê | oe | oe | eu | euh | oeh | uêa | |
( |
[œːŋ] | [œŋ] | eung | êng | oeng | oeng | eung | eung | eung | uơng |
( |
[œːk] | [œk] | euk | êg | oek | oek | euk | euk | euk | uơc |
( |
[ɵy] | [œy] | eue | êu | oey | eoi | eui | ui | ui | uâi |
( |
[ɵn] | [œn] | eun | ên | oen | eon | un | un | un | uânh |
( |
[ɵt] | [œt] | eut | êd | oet | eot | ut | ut | ut | uâch |
於 | [yː] | [y] | ue | ü | y | yu | yu | ue | ue | uya |
冤 | [yːn] | [yn] | uen | ün | yn | yun | yun | uen | uen | uyn |
[yːt] | [yt] | uet | üd | yt | yut | yut | uet | uet | uyt | |
唔 | [m̩] | [m̩] | m | m | m | m | m | m | m | uhm |
[ŋ̩] | [ŋ̩] | ng | ng | ng | ng | ng | ng | ng | uhm |
- *:
口語 變異 黃 錫 凌 羅 馬 拼音 euue省略 成 eue,廣州 話 拼音方案 êü省略 成 êu在 廣州 話 拼音方案 ,聲 母 j, q, x是 用 來 拼寫 i, ü韻 之 用 ,另外 ü行 的 韻 母 用 來 拼 j, q, x時 ,省略 兩 點
聲調
[编辑]IPA | 粵拼 | 耶魯 | Meyer-Wempe | |||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
˥˧ | ˈa | ˈa | 1 | 1 | 1 | à | 1 | a | á | |
˥˥ | ˈa | ˈa | 1 | 1 | 1 | ā | 10 | a | ||
˧˥ | ˊa | ˊa | 2 | 2 | 2 | á | 2 | á | ã | |
˧˧ | ˉa | ˉa | 3 | 3 | 3 | a | 3 | à | a | |
˨˩ |
ˌa | ˌa | 4 | 4 | 4 | àh | 4 | ā | à | |
˩˧ |
ˏa | ˏa | 5 | 5 | 5 | áh | 5 | ǎ | ạ | |
˨˨ | ˍa | ˍa | 6 | 6 | 6 | ah | 6 | â | à | |
˥ | ˈat | ˈat | 1 | 7 |
1 | āt | 1 | at | á | |
˧ | ˉat | ˉat | 3 | 8 |
3 | at | 3 | àt | a | |
˨ | ˍat | ˍat | 6 | 9 |
6 | aht | 6 | ât | à |
台山 話 拼音對照 表
[编辑]聲 母
[编辑]IPA | 維基 |
Stephen Li | Gene Chin | ||
---|---|---|---|---|---|
/t͡sʰ/ | c | ts | ch | ch’ | |
/p/ | b | b | b | p | |
/t/ | d | d | d | t | |
/k/ | g | g | g | k | |
/f/ | f | f | f | f | |
/h/ | h | h | h | h | |
/kʰ/ | k | k | k | k’ | 佢 |
/ᵐb/ | m | m | m | m | 乜 |
/l/ | l | l | l | l | |
/ⁿd/ | n | n | n | n | 你 |
/pʰ/ | p | p | p | p’ | |
/ᵑg/ | ng | ŋ | ng | ng | |
/tʰ/ | t | t | t | t’ | |
/v/ | v | v | v | w | |
/ʒ/ | y | y | y | y | 嘢 |
/t͡s/ | z | dz | j | ch | |
/ɬ/ | lh | ɬ | x | lh | |
/s/ | s | s | s | s |
韻 母
[编辑]IPA | 維基 |
Stephen Li | Gene Chin | ||
---|---|---|---|---|---|
/iu/ | iu | iu | iu | iu | |
/ak̚/ | ak | ak | ak | aak | |
/am/ | am | am | am | aam | |
/iak̚/ | iak | iak | ek | iak | 糴 |
/eu/ | eu | ǝu | eo | aau | |
/i/ | i | i | i | i | |
/iau/ | iau | iau | el | iau | |
/un/ | un | un | un | oon | |
/ᵘɔ/ | o | ɔ | o | o | |
/ɔk̚/ | ok | ɔk | ok | ok | |
/iaŋ/ | iang | iaŋ | eng | iang | |
/ᵘɔi/ | oi | ɔi | oi | oi | |
/iap̚/ | iap | iap | ep | iep | 碟 |
/iɛ/ | ie | ia | eh | e | 嗲 |
/ɵŋ/ | uung | ǝŋ | ung | ung | |
/au/ | au | ɔu | ao | aau | |
/im/ | im | im | im | im | |
/ɔŋ/ | ong | ɔŋ | ong | ong | |
/em/ | em | ǝm | eim | ? | 含 |
/an/ | an | an | an | aan | |
/ep̚/ | ep | ǝp | eip | ? | 𢱕 |
/et̚/ | et | ɛt | eik | ? | 跌 |
/ip̚/ | ip | ip | ip | ip | 邑 |
/ᵘɔt̚/ | ot | ɔt | ot | ot | 乜 |
/aŋ/ | ang | aŋ | ang | aang | |
/m̩/ | m | m | m | m | |
/ɵt̚/ | uut | ut | ut | ? | |
/ut̚/ | ut | ut | ut | oot | 突 |
/ɵk̚/ | uuk | ǝk | uk | uk | |
/in/ | in | in | in | in | |
/ei/ | ei | i | i | i | |
/ᵘɔn/ | on | ɔn | on | on | |
/ui/ | ui | ui | ui | ooi | |
/at̚/ | at | at | at | aat | 押 |
/u/ | u | u | u | oo | |
/iam/ | iam | iam | em | iem | |
/it̚/ | it | it | it | it | |
/en/ | en | ein | ein | ien | |
/a/ | a | a | a | a | |
/ai/ | ai | ai | ai | aai | |
/ap̚/ | ap | ap | ap | aap | 搭 |
聲調
[编辑]維基 |
Gene Chin | |||
---|---|---|---|---|
33 | 1 | ä | à | 偷 |
55 | 2 | ā | a | |
22 | 3 | ã | ā | |
21 | 4 | â | ạ̄ | |
32 | 5 | à | â |
變調
[编辑]維基 |
Gene Chin | |||
---|---|---|---|---|
335 | 1* | ä/ | à* | |
225 | 3* | ã/ | ā* | |
215 | 4* | â/ | ạ̄* | |
325 | 5* | à/ | â* |
閩南語
[编辑]聲 母
[编辑]p |
ph 頗 |
b |
m |
|||
t |
th |
n |
l | |||
ch 曾 |
chh |
j |
s |
|||
k |
kh |
g |
ng |
|||
h |
元 音
[编辑]i | u | ||
e | o | o· | |
a |
聲調
[编辑](以a
1 | 2 | 3 | 4 | 5 | 6 | 7 | 8 |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
a | á | à | a+ |
â | ā | ā | a̍+ |
備注
[编辑]七 聲調 區 ,第 6聲 (陽 上 )併入第 7聲 (陽 去 ),是 為 聲 韻 學 上 「濁 上 變 去 」。第 4、8聲 為 入聲 。入聲 韻 尾 :有 -p、-t、-k、-h四 種 。喉 塞 音韻 尾 -h 僅會出現 於白 讀。
客 家 話
[编辑]客 家 話 拼音方案
[编辑]字母
[编辑]
拼音
。
聲 母
[编辑]b |
p |
m | 摸f |
v | 窩
d |
t | 拖n | 挪l |
|
g | 哥k |
ng |
h |
|
j | 擠q |
x |
||
z |
c |
s |
。
韻 母
[编辑]i |
i |
u |
a |
ia | 也ua |
o | 哦io | 喲uo |
ê | 這iê | (撒)uê |
ai | 挨iai | 椰uai |
oi |
||
au | 凹iau |
|
êu |
||
iu |
||
iui |
ui | |
am |
iam | 淹|
êm |
||
em |
im | |
an |
ian |
uan |
on |
ion | 阮uon |
ên |
iên |
uên | 耿
en |
in | |
iun |
un | |
ang |
iang |
uang | 礦
ong |
iong |
uong |
iung | 雍ung | |
ab |
iab |
|
êb |
||
eb |
ib | 邑|
ad |
iad |
uad | 刮
od | 遏||
êd |
iêd | 鱉uêd |
ed |
id |
|
iud |
ud | |
ag | 扼iag |
uag | □
og |
iog |
uog |
iug |
ug | |
m | 唔n |
i
聲調
[编辑]1 | 2 | 3 | 4 | 5 | 6 | |
44 | 11 | 31 | 52 | 11 | 55 | |
fu1 | fu2 | fu3 | fu4 | fug5 | fug6 | |
扶 |
外部 鏈接
[编辑]晉 語
[编辑]聲 母
[编辑]IPA | 維基 |
註 | |
---|---|---|---|
/p/ | b | ||
/pʰx/ | p | 爬 | |
/m/ | m | ||
/f/ | f | ||
/v/ | v | 挖 | |
/t/ | d | ||
/tʰx/ | t | ||
/n/ | n | 拿 | |
/l/ | l | ||
/t͡s/ | z | 渣 | |
/t͡sʰ/ | c | 查 | |
/s/ | s | ||
/ʐ/ | r | 如 | |
/t͡ɕ/ | j | ||
/t͡ɕʰ/ | q | 拤 | |
/ɕ/ | x | ||
/k/ | g | 嘎 | |
/kʰx/ | k | 卡 | |
/x/ | h | 哈 | |
/ɣ/ | gh | ||
/ŋ/ | ng |
韻 母
[编辑]IPA | 維基 |
註 | |
---|---|---|---|
/z̩/ | i | ||
/i/ | i | ||
/u/ | u | ||
/y/ | y | ||
/əɻ/ | er | ||
/a/ | a | 哈 | |
/ia/ | ia | ||
/ua/ | ua | ||
/ɤ/ | e | 鵝 | |
/uɤ/ | ue | ||
/ie/ | ie | ||
/ye/ | ye | 冤 | |
/ai/ | ai | ||
/uai/ | uai | ||
/ei/ | ei | ||
/uei/ | ui | ||
/au/ | au | ||
/iau/ | iau | 妖 | |
/əu/ | eu | ||
/iəu/ | ieu | ||
/æ̃/ | an | ||
/uæ̃/ | uan | 歡 | |
/ɒ̃/ | on | ||
/iɒ̃/ | ion | ||
/uɒ̃/ | uon | ||
/aŋ/ | ang | ||
/iaŋ/ | iang | ||
/uaŋ/ | uang | ||
/ə̃ŋ/ | eng | ||
/ĩŋ/ | ing | ||
/ũŋ/ | ung | ||
/ỹŋ/ | yng | ||
/aʔ/ | ah | ||
/iaʔ/ | iah | ||
/uaʔ/ | uah | ||
/əʔ/ | eh | ||
/iəʔ/ | ieh | ||
/uəʔ/ | ueh | ||
/yəʔ/ | yeh |
兒 化
[编辑]聲調
[编辑]維基 |
註 | |||
---|---|---|---|---|
11 | 1 | |||
53 | 2 | |||
45 | 3 | |||
2 | 4 | |||
54 | 5 | |||
湘語
[编辑]聲 母
[编辑]IPA | 維基 |
註 | |
---|---|---|---|
/p/ | b | ||
/pʰ/ | p | 趴 | |
/m/ | m | 媽 | |
/ɸ/ | f | ||
/t/ | d | ||
/tʰ/ | t | ||
/l̃/ | l | 拿 | |
/t͡s/ | z | 渣 | |
/t͡sʰ/ | c | ||
/s/ | s | ||
/t͡ʂ/ | zh | ||
/t͡ʂʰ/ | ch | 畬 | |
/ʂ/ | sh | 賒 | |
/ʐ/ | r | 惹 | |
/t͡ɕ/ | j | ||
/t͡ɕʰ/ | q | 喫 | |
/n̠ʲ/ | ny | 黏 | |
/ɕ/ | x | ||
/k/ | g | ||
/kʰ/ | k | 抲 | |
/ŋ/ | ng | 椏 | |
/x/ | h |
韻 母
[编辑]IPA | 維基 |
註 | |
---|---|---|---|
/z̩/ | r | ||
/ʐ̩/ | r | ||
/i/ | i | ||
/u/ | u | ||
/y/ | y | 淤 | |
/a̠/ | a | ||
/ia̠/ | ia | ||
/ua̠/ | ua | ||
/ya̠/ | ya | 噦 | |
/o/ | o | 窩 | |
/io/ | io | 喲 | |
/ɤ̞/ | e | ||
/ie̞/ | ie | 椰 | |
/uɤ̞/ | ue | ||
/ye̞/ | ye | 抈 | |
/ai/ | ai | ||
/uai/ | uai | ||
/yai/ | yai | ||
/e̞i/ | ei | 欸 | |
/ue̞i/ | uei | ||
/ye̞i/ | yei | ||
/ɒu/ | au | ||
/iɒu/ | iau | ||
/əu/ | ou | 猴 | |
/iəu/ | iou | ||
/õ/ | onn | ||
/ə̃/ | enn | ||
/iẽ/ | ienn | ||
/yẽ/ | yenn | 冤 | |
/ən/ | en | ||
/in/ | in | ||
/uən/ | un | ||
/yn/ | yn | ||
/an/ | an | ||
/iæn/ | ian | 秧 | |
/uan/ | uan | 彎 | |
/yæn/ | yan | ||
/ʊŋ/ | ong | ||
/iʊŋ/ | iong | 雍 | |
/m̩/ | m | 姆 | |
/n̩/ | n | 你 |
聲調
[编辑]維基 |
|||
---|---|---|---|
33 | 1 | ||
13 | 2 | ||
41 | 3 | ||
45 | 4 | ||
21 | 5 | ||
24 | 6 | ||
( |
猴 |
變調
[编辑]- (
快速 說話 時 )
贛語
[编辑]聲 母
[编辑]IPA | 維基 |
註 | |
---|---|---|---|
/p/ | b | ||
/pʰ/ | p | 爬 | |
/m/ | m | ||
/f/ | f | ||
/t/ | d | ||
/tʰ/ | t | ||
/l/ | l | ||
/t͡s/ | z | ||
/t͡sʰ/ | c | ||
/s/ | s | ||
/t͡ɕ/ | j | ||
/t͡ɕʰ/ | q | 且 | |
/n̠ʲ/ | ny | 膩 | |
/ɕ/ | x | ||
/k/ | g | ||
/kʰ/ | k | 抲 | |
/ŋ/ | ng | 丫 | |
/h/ | h |
韻 母
[编辑]IPA | 維基 |
註 | |
---|---|---|---|
/z̩/ | i | ||
/i/ | i | ||
/u/ | u | ||
/y/ | y | ||
/a/ | a | 丫 | |
/ia/ | ia | ||
/ua/ | ua | 娃 | |
/o/ | o | ||
/uo/ | uo | 窩 | |
/e/ | e | ||
/ie/ | ie | ||
/ue/ | ue | - | |
/ye/ | ye | ||
/ɵ/ | eo | 而 | |
/m̩/ | m | 姆 | |
/n̩/ | n | 你 | |
/ŋ̍/ | ng | ||
/ai/ | ai | ||
/uai/ | uai | ||
/oi/ | oi | - | |
/ei/ | ei | - | |
/ɨi/ | i | ||
/ui/ | ui | ||
/au/ | au | 咬 | |
/ɛu/ | eu | 猴 | |
/iɛu/ | ieu | ||
/ɨu/ | iu | ||
/iu/ | iu | ||
/an/ | an | 淹 | |
/uan/ | uan | 彎 | |
/ɵn/ | on | ||
/uɵn/ | uon | ||
/yɵn/ | yon | 冤 | |
/ɛn/ | en | ||
/iɛn/ | ien | ||
/ɨn/ | iin | ||
/in/ | in | ||
/un/ | un | ||
/yn/ | yn | ||
/aŋ/ | ang | ||
/iaŋ/ | iang | ||
/uaŋ/ | uang | ||
/ɔŋ/ | ong | ||
/iɔŋ/ | iong | ||
/uɔŋ/ | uong | ||
/uŋ/ | ung | ||
/iuŋ/ | iung | ||
/at̚/ | at | ||
/uat̚/ | uat | 挖 | |
/ɵt̚/ | ot | ||
/uɵt̚/ | uot | ||
/yɵt̚/ | yot | ||
/ɛt̚/ | et | ||
/iɛt̚/ | iet | ||
/uɛt̚/ | uet | ||
/ɨt̚/ | iit | ||
/it̚/ | it | ||
/ut̚/ | ut | ||
/yt̚/ | yt | ||
/aʔ/ | ah | ||
/iaʔ/ | iah | ||
/uaʔ/ | uah | - | |
/ɔʔ/ | oh | ||
/iɔʔ/ | ioh | ||
/uɔʔ/ | uoh | ||
/uʔ/ | uh | ||
/iuʔ/ | iuh |
聲調
[编辑]維基 |
註 | |||
---|---|---|---|---|
42 | 1 | |||
24 | 2 | 襻 | ||
213 | 3 | |||
35 | 4 | 凡 | ||
11 | 5 | |||
5 | 6 | |||
2 | 7 | |||
( |
變調
[编辑]重 音
[编辑]吳 語
[编辑]聲 母 與 韻 母
[编辑]維基 |
吴音 |
IPA | |||
---|---|---|---|---|---|
p | b | p | /p/ | ||
ph | p | ph | /pʰ/ | 怕 | |
b | bh | b | /b̻/ | ||
m | m | m | /m/ | 马 | |
'm | 'm | /ʔm/ | 媽闷瞇/妈闷眯 | ||
f | f | f | /f/ | ||
v | fh | v | /v̻/ | 扶 | |
vh | /v̥/ | 朆 | |||
t | d | t | /t/ | ||
th | t | th | /tʰ/ | ||
d | dh | d | /d̻/ | ||
n | n | n | /n/ | 囡內 | |
'n | 'n | /ʔn/ | 孬你( | ||
l | l | l | /l/ | ||
'l | 'l | /ʔl/ | |||
ts | z | ts | /t͡s/ | ||
tsh | c | tsh | /t͡sʰ/ | ||
dz | dz | /d͡z/ | 橱从择 | ||
s | s | s | /s/ | ||
z | sh | z | /z̻/ | ||
j | j | c(i) ts(i) |
/t͡ɕ/ | 舉 | |
q | q | ch(i) tsh(i) |
/t͡ɕʰ/ | ||
jj | jh | j(i) | /d̥͡ʑ/ | ||
ny | ny | ny | /n̠ʲ/ | 黏扭 | |
'ny | 'ny | /ʔn̠ʲ/ | |||
x | x | s(i) sh(i) |
/ɕ/ | ||
xx | xh | z(i) zh(i) |
/ʑ̻/ | ||
k | g | k | /k/ | ||
kh | k | kh | /kʰ/ | ||
g | gh | g | /ɡ̊/ | ||
ng | ng | ng | /ŋ/ | ||
'ng | 'ng | /ʔŋ/ | 嗯 | ||
h | h | h | /h/ | ||
hh | - | /ʔ/ | |||
hh | wh | gh y/w[note 1] |
/ɦ/ | 鞋 |
- ↑ Don't forget to change the final to i-, u-, y-.
維基 |
吴音 |
IPA | ||
---|---|---|---|---|
a | a | a | /a̠/ | |
o | o | o | /o̝/ | |
au | ao | au | /ɔ/ | |
eu | eu | /ɜ/ | 鬥 | |
e | e | e, ai, ae | /e̞/ | |
oe | oe | oe | /ø/ | |
i | i, yi | i, ie, y, ye | /i/ | |
ia | ia, ya | ia, ya | /i̯a̠/ | |
iau | iao, yao | iau, yau | /i̯ɔ/ | |
ieu | ieu, yeu | /i̯ɜ/ | ||
u | u | u | /ʋʷ/ | |
ua | ua | ua, wa | /u̯a̠/ | |
ue | ue | ue, we | /u̯e̞/ | |
uoe | uoe, woe | /u̯ø/ | ||
y | yu | iu, yu | /y/ | |
yoe | ioe, yoe | /ɥø/ | 軟 | |
an | ang | an | /ã/ | |
aan | ang | aon | /ɑ̃/ | |
en | en | en | /ə̆ŋ/ | 奮 |
on | ong | on | /ʊ̆ŋ/ | |
aq | ak | ah | /ă̠ʔ/ | 辣 |
oq | ok | oh | /ŏʔ/ | |
eq | ek | eh | /ə̆ʔ/ | |
ian | ian, yan | /i̯ã/ | ||
iaan | iaon, yaon | /i̯ɑ̃/ | 旺( | |
in | in | in, yin | /ɪ̆ɲ/ | 緊 |
ion | ion, yon | /i̯ʊ̆ŋ/ | ||
iaq | iah, yah | /i̯ă̠ʔ/ | ||
ioq | ioh, yoh | /i̯ŏʔ/ | ||
iq | ik | ih, yih | /i̯ɪ̆ʔ/ | |
uan | uan, wan | /u̯ã/ | ||
uaan | uaon, waon | /u̯ɑ̃/ | ||
un | uen, wun | /u̯ə̆ŋ/ | ||
uaq | uah, wah | /u̯ă̠ʔ/ | 挖劃刮/挖划刮 | |
ueq | ueh, weh | /u̯ə̆ʔ/ | ||
yn | iuin, yuin | /ʏ̆ɲ/ | ||
yq | uih, yuih | /ɥɪ̆ʔ/ | ||
er | er | r | /əɻ/ | 而 |
r | y | y | /z̩/ | |
mm | m | /m̩/ | 姆( | |
ngg | n | ng | /ŋ̍/ |
聲調
[编辑]Unlike other varieties such as Beijing Mandarin (right-prominent, limited but systematic), Guangzhou Cantonese (rare and non-systematic, but with certain patterns) or Taiwanese Hokkien (right-prominent, widespread and systematic), the tone sandhi rules in Shanghainese comprise two parts—a left-prominent word tone sandhi rule, and a right-prominent phrase tone sandhi rule. Words of fossilised nature follow the first rule, and analysable phrases (usually of verb + noun composition) follow the second rule.
For the former, the tone sandhi pattern is entirely dependent on (i.e. predictable from) the tonal category of the first syllable and independent of the tonal categories of the other syllables.
There are five tonal categories (or "tones") in new-style (
Several of these tonal categories are non-phonemic; that is, they are predictable from the voicing of the initial consonant and from whether the syllable is checked (ending in a glottal stop). Only tones 1 and 2 are contrastive: they both occur in syllables with voiceless initials and no final glottal stop.
Suzhou by contrast has seven tones, three of which are phonemic. For more, see Suzhou dialect § Tones on Wikipedia.
調 號 調 名 清濁 調 值例 字 對應 中古 漢語 聲調 1 陰平 /阴平 (yīnpíng)清 ˥˧ 53 刀 漿司 東 /刀 浆司 东陰平 2 陰 去 /阴去清 ˧˦ 34 島 到 獎醬/岛到 奖酱陰 上 、陰 去 3 陽 去 /阳去濁 ˨˧ 23 桃 導 道 牆/桃 导道 墙陽平 、陽 上 、陽 去 4 陰 入 /阴入清 ˥ʔ 55 雀 削 說 足 /雀 削 说足 陰 入 5 陽 入 /阳入濁 ˩˨ʔ 12 嚼 石 曲 食 陽 入
Left-prominent tone sandhi (word sandhi)
[编辑]Each of these five categories then has a tone sandhi pattern, depending on the number of syllables in the word.
Left-prominent word tone sandhi patterns Tonal category Monosyllabics Disyllabics Trisyllabics Tetrasyllabics Pentasyllabics 1. Dark level type 53 55+21 55+33+21 55+33+33+21 55+33+33+33+21 2. Dark departing type 34 33+44 33+55+21 33+55+33+21 33+55+33+33+21 3. Light departing type 23 22+44 22+55+21 22+55+33+21 22+55+33+33+21 4. Dark checked type 55 33+44 33+55+21 33+55+33+21 33+55+33+33+21 5. Light checked type 12 11+23 11+22+23 11+22+22+23
22+55+33+2122+55+33+33+21
For Wu romanisations in the template {{zh-pron}}
, the romanisation is made up of: tonal category of the first character (one-digit number) + romanisations of the initial and final of each character (separated by spaces).
Right-prominent tone sandhi (phrase sandhi)
[编辑]When words combine form a phrase, the following right-prominent sandhi rules apply. In short, when the word A in appears non-finally in a phrase, its last syllable (A-x) changes to a flat (level) tone. The tone sandhi value that syllable A-x changes to is conditioned by three factors: (1) the tonal category of syllable A-x, (2) the number of syllables in word A, and if the number of syllables in A is 1 – (3) whether word A is tightly associated with the word preceding word A.
Word undergoing sandhi (i.e. word A) Tonal category of last syllable of word undergoing sandhi (i.e. syllable A-x) Example Tone 1 Tone 2 Tone 3 Tone 4 Tone 5 Monosyllabic word unbound to any word preceding it 44 33 44 22 儂 好 /侬好 (3non+2hau)炒 魷魚/炒 鱿鱼 (2tshau+3hhieu hhngg)Monosyllabic word tightly bound to a monosyllabic word preceding it 硬 碰硬 (3ngan+-phan+3ngan)Multisyllabic word 33 33 嘸 著 嘸 落/呒着呒落 (3hhmm zaq+3hhmm loq)Monosyllabic word tightly bound to a multisyllabic word preceding it 前世 作 孽 (3xxi sr+4tsoq+5nyiq)
Tone "-" forces a mid-tone on a monosyllable.
Conversion from MiniDict tone notation
[编辑]平 (level),上 (rising),去 (departing), and入 (checked) should be used for reference, not the numbers.
MiniDict | Voicing of initial | Tone category |
---|---|---|
voiced | 3 | |
voiceless | 1 | |
voiced | 3 | |
voiceless | 2 | |
voiced | 3 | |
voiceless | 2 | |
voiced | 5 | |
voiceless | 4 |
Other notations
[编辑]The notation +
is explained above in the #Right-prominent tone sandhi (phrase sandhi) section. Additionally, the symbol &
can be used in sentences to annotate the division of words. This is primarily used in the transcriptions of Wu phrases and sentences in {{zh-x}}
; for example, as shown on the page 1jin tsau&3zr&2sa&5nyiq jiaq
.
Examples
[编辑]中華 /中 华: 1tson hho天才 : 1thi ze火葬 場 /火葬 场: 2hu tsaan zan電 視 /电视: 3di zr韓國 /韩国: 3hhoe koq法律 : 4faq liq日本 : 5zeq pen
Resources
[编辑]- For checking the pronunciation of words: Comprehensive Dictionary of Shanghainese (《
上海 话大词典》) - uses IPA notations throughout the book - For checking the pronunciation of characters: Wu Chinese MiniDict
- Note that this website uses a different romanisation system than the one implemented here. Their romanisation scheme aims to be a pan-Wu scheme, and occasionally describes the phonology of Shanghainese unintuitively.
- Correspondences with WT romanisation:
- Initials (MiniDict = WT):
c = j, ch = q, j = jj, sh = x, zh = xx, si = xi, zi = xxi, gh = hh
- Null-initials followed by glides 'y-', 'w-' are pronounced with the 'hh' initial. i.e.
譯 yih = hhiq and皇 waon = hhuaan
- Null-initials followed by glides 'y-', 'w-' are pronounced with the 'hh' initial. i.e.
- Finals (MiniDict = WT):
ou = u, iu = y, yu = r, ie = i, aon = aan, iuin = yn, -h = -q, aeh = eq, iuih = yq, r = er, -iu- = -y-, ng = ngg, m = mm
- Tones:
平 (level),上 (rising),去 (departing),入 (checked). To know whether it is dark or light, check the voicing of the initial. Voiced initials = light, voiceless = dark.
- Initials (MiniDict = WT):