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Nisu language

From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
(Redirected from ISO 639:nos)
Nisu
Southern Yi
Native toChina
EthnicityYi
Native speakers
300,000 apart from Northern (2004–2007)[1]
160,000 Northern (no date)[2]
Yi logograms
Language codes
ISO 639-3Variously:
nsd – Southern
yiv – Northern
nos – Eastern
nsv – Southwestern (duplicate or spurious code)
nsf – Northwestern
Glottolognisu1237  Nisu–Nyisu

Nisu (Southern Yi) is a language cluster spoken by half a million Yi people of China. It is one of six Yi languages recognized by the government of China. The Yi script was traditionally used, though few can still read it.[1] According to Lama (2012),[3] Nisu (Nishu) autonyms include ne̠33 su55, ne̠33 su55 pʰo21, and ɲe̠33 ʂu55.

The position of Nisu within Nisoish is debated. Nisu is classified as Southeastern Loloish by Pelkey (2011),[4] but is traditionally classified as a Northern Loloish language, including by Lama (2012).[3]

Internal classification

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Chen et al. (1985)

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Chen et al. (1985:114)[5] recognizes three major varieties of Southern Yi (i.e., Nisu) spoken in Yunnan province: Shijian (石いし建けん; Shiping-Jianshui), Yuanjin (元金がんきん; Yuanjiang-Jinping), and Exin (峨新; Eshan-Xinping). Autonyms include na̠33 su55 and na̠33 su55 pho21 (alternatively ne̠33 su55 pho21). Chen (1985) reported a speaker population of nearly 1.6 million.

  • Shijian 石せき建けん土ど语: spoken in Shiping, Jianshui, Tonghai, Gejiu, Kaiyuan, Mengzi, and Hekou counties
  • Yuanjin 元金がんきん土ど语: spoken in Yuanyang, Jinping, Mojiang, Yuanjiang, Pu'er, Jiangcheng, and Honghe counties
  • Exin 峨新土ど语: spoken in Eshan, Xinping, Jiangchuan, Yuxi, Yimen, and Kunming counties

Yang (2009)

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Yang (2009)[6] classifies the Nisu dialects as follows.[7]

  • Northern Nisu
    • North-central (Shijian 石いし建けん): spoken in Shiping, Xinping, Jiangcheng, Mojiang, and Lüchun counties
    • Northwestern (Exin 峨新): spoken in Eshan and Jinning counties
  • Southern Nisu (Yuanjin 元金がんきん): spoken in Honghe, Yuanyang, Jinping, Yuanjiang, Shiping, and perhaps also Jianshui counties
  • Far Northwestern Nisu: spoken in Beidou Township (北斗ほくと彝つね族ぞく乡), Yongping County (descendants of Nisu soldiers who migrated to Yongping during the early Ming Dynasty; most divergent Nisu variety)[8]

The Jiangcheng, Mojiang, and Lüchun varieties were grouped by Chen (1985) to be southern varieties, but Yang (2009)[6] found that they actually belonged to the Northern Nisu group.

Other varieties

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Other Nisu or Southern Yi groups with similar autonyms or language varieties are:

A variety of Southern Nisu (autonym: ɲe33 su55 pʰo21) spoken in Aka Luoduo (阿おもね卡洛多た) village (also called Taiping village; 太平おうひら村むら),[11] Tianfang Village (田房たふさ村むら), Jiangcheng County is covered in Lu Yan (2008).[12]

In Tonghai County, Southern Yi (Nisu) is spoken by all generations only in Xiangping (象ぞう平たいら), Bajiao (芭蕉ばしょう), Sizhai (四よん寨), Shikan (石いし坎), Pingba (平ひら坝), Shangzhuangke (上庄かみしょう科か), and Xiazhuangke (下庄しもしょう科か) villages.[13]

Lexicography

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Pu (2021) is a Nisu-Chinese dictionary, with Nisu words transcribed in both IPA and Yi script. It is based on the Nisu dialect of Renhou Village 仁じん厚あつ村むら and Yongning Village 永なが宁村, both of which are located several kilometers north of Mengzi City, Yunnan.[14]

Phonology

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Consonants

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Labial Alveolar (Alveolo-)
palatal 		Retroflex Velar Glottal
plain sibilant
Nasal m n ȵ ŋ
Stop/
Affricate 		voiceless p t t͡s t͡ɕ t͡ʂ k ʔ
aspirated pʰ tʰ t͡sʰ t͡ɕʰ t͡ʂʰ kʰ
voiced b d d͡z d͡ʑ d͡ʐ ɡ
Fricative voiceless f s ɕ ʂ x
voiced v z ʑ ʐ ɣ
lateral ɬ
Lateral l

Vowels

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There is distinction between tight-throat vowels and lax-throat (plain) vowels.

Front Central Back
unrd. tight unrd. tight unrd. rnd. tight
Close i i ɯ u ɯ u
Mid e e (ə˞) (ə˞) ɤ o ɤ o
Open-mid (ɛ) (ɛ)
Open a a
  • Diphthongs /iɛ, iɛ/ occur with alveolo-palatal consonants /t͡ɕ, t͡ɕʰ, d͡ʑ, ɕ, ʑ/ in complementary distribution, in the Laochang dialect.
  • Open-mid sounds /ɛ, ɛ/ only occur in the Shaochong dialect.
  • Rhotic vowels /ə˞, ə˞/ occur mainly in the Northwestern dialects.[15]
  • Sounds /i, i/ are heard as syllabic consonants [z̩, z̩] when following alveolar sibilants or affricates, and as syllabic retroflex [ʐ̩, ʐ̩] when following retroflex ones.[6]

Tones

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3 tones occur as follows:

Name Pitch Symbol
Low (falling) 21 ˨˩
Mid 33 ˧
High 55 ˦

Notes

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  1. ^ a b Southern at Ethnologue (18th ed., 2015) (subscription required)
    Northern at Ethnologue (18th ed., 2015) (subscription required)
    Eastern at Ethnologue (18th ed., 2015) (subscription required)
    Southwestern (duplicate or spurious code) at Ethnologue (18th ed., 2015) (subscription required)
    Northwestern at Ethnologue (18th ed., 2015) (subscription required)
  2. ^ Northern Nisu at Ethnologue (16th ed., 2009) Closed access icon
  3. ^ a b Lama 2012.
  4. ^ Pelkey 2011.
  5. ^ Chen, Bian & Li 1985.
  6. ^ a b c Yang 2009.
  7. ^ Hammarström (2015) Ethnologue 16/17/18th editions: a comprehensive review: online appendices
  8. ^ Blackburn & Blackburn 2007.
  9. ^ a b Yunnan sheng minzu shiwu weiyuanhui yanjiushi 1955, p. 40.
  10. ^ a b c Yunnan sheng Lüchun xianzhi bianzuan weiyuanhui 1992.
  11. ^ "Jiāngchéng Hānízú Yízú Zìzhìxiàn Guóqìng Xiāng Tiánfáng Cūnwěihuì Tàipíng Zìráncūn" 江こう城しろ哈尼族ぞく彝つね族ぞく自治じち县国庆乡田房たふさ村むら委い会かい太平たいへい自然しぜん村むら [Taiping Natural Village, Tianfang Village Committee, Guoqing Township, Jiangcheng Hani and Yi Autonomous County]. ynszxc.gov.cn. Archived from the original on 2017-09-25. Retrieved 2016-12-20.
  12. ^ Lu 2008.
  13. ^ Yunnan sheng Tonghai xian shizhi gongzuo weiyuanhui 1992, p. 600.
  14. ^ Pu Changshou 普ひろし长寿. 2021. Yiyu Nisuhua Hanyu changyong cihui duizhao 彝つね语尼苏话与汉语常用じょうよう词汇对照. Kunming: Yunnan People's Publishing House 云うん南みなみ民族みんぞく出版しゅっぱん社しゃ. ISBN 9787536788206.
  15. ^ Li 1996.

References

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  • Blackburn, P. L.; Blackburn, Laura (2007). Yongping Nisu Wordlist. Dali: SIL East Asia Group.
  • Chen, Shilin 陈士林りん; Bian, Shiming 边仕明あきら; Li, Xiuqing 李り秀しげる清きよし (1985). Yíyǔ jiǎnzhì 彝つね语简志こころざし [A Brief Description of the Yi Language] (in Chinese). Beijing: Minzu chubanshe.
  • Lama, Ziwo Qiu-Fuyuan (2012). Subgrouping of Nisoic (Yi) Languages (Ph.D. thesis). University of Texas at Arlington. hdl:10106/11161.
  • Li, Shengfu (1996). Yíyǔ nánbù fāngyán yánjiū 彜语南部なんぶ方言ほうげん研究けんきゅう (in Chinese). Beijing: Minzu chubanshe.
  • Lu, Yan 陆燕 (2008). "Jiāngchéng Tiánfáng Yíyǔ jiégòu zhùcí yánjiū" 江こう城しろ田房たふさ彝つね语结构助词研究けんきゅう. Yúnnán Mínzú Dàxué xuébào (Zhéxué shèhuì kēxué bǎn) 云うん南みなみ民族みんぞく大学だいがく学がく报(哲学てつがく社会しゃかい科学かがく版ばん) (in Chinese). 25 (4).
  • Yunnan sheng Lüchun xianzhi bianzuan weiyuanhui (1992). Lǜchūn xiànzhì 绿春县志 [Lüchun County Gazetteer] (in Chinese). Kunming: Yunnan renmin chubanshe.
  • Pelkey, Jamin R. (2011). Dialectology as Dialectic: Interpreting Phula Variation. Berlin: De Gruyter Mouton.
  • Yang, Cathryn (2009). Nisu Dialect Geography. SIL Electronic Survey Report 2009-007. SIL International.
  • Yunnan sheng minzu shiwu weiyuanhui yanjiushi (1955). Yúnnán mínzú shìbié cānkǎo zīliào 雲南うんなん民族みんぞく識別しきべつ參考さんこう資料しりょう (in Chinese). [Kunming]: Yunnan sheng minzu shiwu weiyuanhui yanjiushi – via doc88.com.
  • Yunnan sheng Tonghai xian shizhi gongzuo weiyuanhui (1992). Tōnghǎi xiànzhì 通つう海うみ县志 [Tonghai County Gazetteer] (in Chinese). Kunming: Yunnan renmin chubanshe.
  • 雲南うんなん彝つね語ご方言ほうげん詞し彙彙編へん3
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