印度いんど

Chinese

		stamp; seal; mark stamp; seal; mark; print; India (abbrev.)	capacity; degree; standard
trad. (印度いんど)		印しるし	度ど
simp. #(印度いんど)		印しるし	度ど

Wikiquote ^zh

Etymology

A transcription of an exonym for India during the Tang dynasty.

Introduced by Xuanzang (a Chinese Buddhist monk who had travelled to India) in his book The Great Tang Records on the Western Regions [646 CE], Xuanzang proposed that this “correct” name be used, in preference to the many other alternative names for India:

詳しょう夫おっと天竺てんじく之これ稱しょう，異議いぎ糾紛，舊きゅう云うん身み毒どく，或ある曰賢けん豆まめ，今いま從したがえ正せい音おと，宜むべ云うん印度いんど。 [Literary Chinese, trad.]

---

详夫おっと天竺てんじく之これ称しょう，异议纠纷，旧きゅう云うん身み毒どく，或ある曰贤豆，今いま从正せい音おと，宜むべ云うん印度いんど。 [Literary Chinese, simp.]

From: Xuanzang, Great Tang Records on the Western Regions, 646 CE

Xiáng fú Tiānzhú zhī chēng, yìyì jiūfēn, jiù yún Juāndú, huò yuē Xiándòu, jīn cóng zhèngyīn, yí yún Yìndù. [Pinyin]

When looking closely at the names for India (in the records), one finds that there are many different versions: formerly it was called Juandu, or Xiandou; but now (we should) follow the correct pronunciation, and adopt the name Yindu.

This Tang-dynasty transcription reflected a source form of *In-du or *In-dak, although the source language is unclear. It is unlikely to be an endonym used by the Indians, who ― as Xuanzang described ― used the names of the local states. Later in the same passage, Xuanzang explained the name Yin-du as one of the many names for “Moon” (in India), evidently referring to the Sanskrit word इन्दु (indu, “Moon”). Xuanzang also explained that:

言げん諸しょ群生ぐんせい輪わ迴不ふ息いき……因いん而譬たとえ月つき。良りょう以其土ど聖賢せいけん繼つぎ軌，導しるべ凡御お物もの，如月つき照あきら臨。 [Literary Chinese, trad.]

---

言げん诸群生ぐんせい轮回不ふ息いき……因いん而譬たとえ月つき。良りょう以其土ど圣贤继轨，导凡御お物もの，如月つき照あきら临。 [Literary Chinese, simp.]

From: Xuanzang, Great Tang Records on the Western Regions, 646 CE

Yán zhū qúnshēng lúnhuí bùxī...... Yīn'ér pì yuè. Liáng yǐ qí tǔ shèngxián jì guǐ, dǎo fán yù wù, rú yuè zhàolín. [Pinyin]

The Moon was a symbolism for endless transmigrations of all beings, and […] the name for India was derived from “Moon”, since the land of India featured a succession of sages and prophets who provided guidance to the common people and things, like the moonlight.

Although now deemed etymologically unsound, this was likely suggesting that the transcription Yin-du was a phono-semantic matching, to be interpreted literally as “trace (印しるし (yìn)) + transmigration (度ど)”.

The source language for this borrowing is unclear. The glottal-stop initial of the first syllable in this term is unusual; it is also reflected in 印しるし特とく伽とぎ (MC 'jinH dok gja), the Kuchean name for “India” recorded in Song Gaoseng Zhuan [988 CE]. On the basis of this, Wang et al. (2011: 8–9) proposed that Yin-du was borrowed from Tocharian B; compare Tocharian B yentuke (“Indian”), with a similar phonological shape.

Pronunciation

• Mandarin

  (Standard)

  (Pinyin): Yìndù

  (Zhuyin): ㄧㄣˋ ㄉㄨˋ

  (Dungan, Cyrillic and Wiktionary): Йиндў (Yindw, III-III)

• Cantonese

  (Guangzhou–Hong Kong, Jyutping): jan³ dou⁶

  (Taishan, Wiktionary): yin¹ u⁵

• Hakka

  (Sixian, PFS): Yin-thu

  (Meixian, Guangdong): yin⁴ tu⁴

• Eastern Min (BUC): Éng-dô
• Southern Min

  (Hokkien, POJ): Ìn-tō͘

  (Teochew, Peng'im): ing³ dou⁷

• Wu (Shanghai, Wugniu): ¹in-du

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• Mandarin
  • (Standard Chinese)⁺
    • Hanyu Pinyin: Yìndù → Yìndu (toneless final syllable variant)
    • Zhuyin: ㄧㄣˋ ㄉㄨˋ → ㄧㄣˋ ˙ㄉㄨ (toneless final syllable variant)
    • Tongyong Pinyin: Yìndů
    • Wade–Giles: Yin⁴-tu⁵
    • Yale: Yìn-du
    • Gwoyeu Romatzyh: Yinn.duh
    • Palladius: Иньду (Inʹdu)
    • Sinological IPA ^(key): /in⁵¹⁻⁵³ tu⁵¹/ → /in⁵¹ d̥u¹/
  • (Dungan)
    • Cyrillic and Wiktionary: Йиндў (Yindw, III-III)
    • Sinological IPA ^(key): /iŋ⁴⁴ tu⁴⁴/

    (Note: Dungan pronunciation is currently experimental and may be inaccurate.)

• Cantonese
  • (Standard Cantonese, Guangzhou–Hong Kong)⁺
    • Jyutping: jan³ dou⁶
    • Yale: yan douh
    • Cantonese Pinyin: jan³ dou⁶
    • Guangdong Romanization: yen³ dou⁶
    • Sinological IPA ^(key): /jɐn³³ tou̯²²/
  • (Taishanese, Taicheng)
    • Wiktionary: yin¹ u⁵
    • Sinological IPA ^(key): /jin³³ u³²/
• Hakka
  • (Northern Sixian, incl. Miaoli)
    • Pha̍k-fa-sṳ: Yin-thu
    • Hakka Romanization System: in tu
    • Hagfa Pinyim: yin⁴ tu⁴
    • Sinological IPA: /in⁵⁵ tʰu⁵⁵/
  • (Southern Sixian, incl. Meinong)
    • Pha̍k-fa-sṳ: Yin-thu
    • Hakka Romanization System: (r)in tu
    • Hagfa Pinyim: yin⁴ tu⁴
    • Sinological IPA: /(j)in⁵⁵ tʰu⁵⁵/
  • (Meixian)
    • Guangdong: yin⁴ tu⁴
    • Sinological IPA: /in⁵³⁻⁵⁵ tʰu⁵³/
• Eastern Min
  • (Fuzhou)
    • Bàng-uâ-cê: Éng-dô
    • Sinological IPA ^(key): /iŋ²¹³⁻⁵³ ^(t-)nou²⁴²/
• Southern Min
  • (Hokkien)
    • Pe̍h-ōe-jī: Ìn-tō͘
    • Tâi-lô: Ìn-tōo
    • Phofsit Daibuun: iendo
    • IPA (Xiamen): /in²¹⁻⁵³ tɔ²²/
    • IPA (Quanzhou): /in⁴¹⁻⁵⁵⁴ tɔ⁴¹/
    • IPA (Zhangzhou): /in²¹⁻⁵³ tɔ²²/
    • IPA (Taipei): /in¹¹⁻⁵³ tɔ³³/
    • IPA (Kaohsiung): /in²¹⁻⁴¹ tɔ³³/
  • (Teochew)
    • Peng'im: ing³ dou⁷
    • Pe̍h-ōe-jī-like: ìng tōu
    • Sinological IPA ^(key): /iŋ²¹³⁻⁵⁵ tou¹¹/
• Wu
  • (Northern: Shanghai)
    • Wugniu: ¹in-du
    • MiniDict: in^平ひらた du
    • Wiktionary Romanisation (Shanghai): ¹in-du
    • Sinological IPA (Shanghai): /in⁵⁵ du²¹/

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• Middle Chinese: 'jinH duH

Rime
Character	印しるし	度ど
Reading #	1/1	1/2
Initial (聲こえ)	影かげ (34)	定じょう (7)
Final (韻いん)	眞しん (43)	模も (23)
Tone (調しらべ)	Departing (H)	Departing (H)
Openness (開ひらき合あい)	Open	Open
Division (等ひとし)	III	I
Fanqie	於刃は切きり	徒と故こ切きり
Baxter	'jinH	duH
Reconstructions
Zhengzhang Shangfang	/ʔiɪnH/	/duoH/
Pan Wuyun	/ʔinH/	/duoH/
Shao Rongfen	/ʔjenH/	/doH/
Edwin Pulleyblank	/ʔinH/	/dɔH/
Li Rong	/ʔiĕnH/	/doH/
Wang Li	/ĭĕnH/	/duH/
Bernard Karlgren	/ʔi̯ĕnH/	/dʱuoH/
Expected Mandarin Reflex	yìn	dù
Expected Cantonese Reflex	jan3	dou6

Proper noun

印度いんど

1. India (a country in South Asia)

   印度いんど商人しょうにん  ―  Yìndù shāngrén  ―  Indian merchants

Synonyms

• (abbreviation) 印しるし (Yìn)
• (archaic) 天竺てんじく (Tiānzhú), 㐖毒 (Xiédú)
• (obsolete) 身み毒どく (Juāndú), 賢けん豆まめ／贤豆 (Xiándòu)

Derived terms

• 五ご印度いんど (Wǔyìndù)
• 印度いんど人じん (Yìndùrén)
• 印度いんど共和きょうわ國こく／印度いんど共和きょうわ国こく (Yìndù gònghéguó)
• 印度いんど半島はんとう／印度いんど半はん岛 (Yìndù Bàndǎo)
• 印度いんど哲學てつがく／印度いんど哲学てつがく
• 印度いんど大麻たいま草そう
• 印度いんど學がく／印度いんど学がく (yìndùxué)
• 印度いんど尼あま西にし亞あ／印度いんど尼あま西にし亚 (Yìndùníxīyà)
• 印度いんど尼あま西にし亞あ共和きょうわ國こく／印度いんど尼あま西にし亚共和国わこく (Yìndùníxīyà Gònghéguó)
• 印度いんど尼あま西にし亞あ語ご／印度いんど尼あま西にし亚语 (Yìndùníxīyàyǔ)
• 印度いんど希まれ臘式／印度いんど希まれ腊式
• 印度いんど廟びょう／印度いんど庙 (yìndùmiào)
• 印度いんど支ささえ那な (Yìndù-Zhīnà)
• 印度いんど教きょう (Yìndùjiào)
• 印度いんど斯坦 (Yìndùsītǎn)
• 印度いんど橡とち膠にかわ樹じゅ／印度いんど橡とち胶树
• 印度いんど河かわ (Yìndù Hé)
• 印度いんど法ほう系けい
• 印度いんど洋よう (Yìndùyáng)
• 印度いんど煎餅せんべい／印度いんど煎せんじ饼 (yìndù jiānbǐng)
• 印度いんど獨立どくりつ運動うんどう／印度いんど独立どくりつ运动
• 印度いんど綢／印度いんど绸
• 印度いんど虎とら (yìndùhǔ)
• 印度いんど食しょく魚ぎょ鱷／印度いんど食しょく鱼鳄 (yìndù shíyú'è)
• 印度いんど香が米まい (Yìndù xiāngmǐ)
• 印度いんど鱷／印度いんど鳄 (yìndù'è)
• 印度いんど黃き檀まゆみ／印度いんど黄き檀まゆみ (Yìndù huángtán)
• 東ひがし印度いんど／东印度ど (Dōngyìndù)
• 東ひがし印度いんど群島ぐんとう／东印度いんど群ぐん岛
• 法ほう屬ぞく印度いんど支ささえ那な／法ほう属ぞく印度いんど支ささえ那な (Fǎshǔ Yìndùzhīnà)
• 西にし印度いんど
• 西にし印度いんど群島ぐんとう／西にし印度いんど群ぐん岛 (Xī Yìndù Qúndǎo)

 

Descendants

Sino-Xenic (印度いんど):

• → Japanese: 印度いんど(インド) (Indo)
• → Korean: 인도(印度いんど) (Indo)
• → Vietnamese: Ấn Độ (印度いんど)

Japanese

Kanji in this term
印しるし	度ど
いん Grade: 4 (ateji)	ど Grade: 3 (ateji)
goon

Etymology

The kanji are ateji (当あて字じ) from Middle Chinese 印度いんど (MC 'jinH duH).

Proper noun

印度いんど(インド) • (Indo) 

1. Dated spelling of インド. (abbr. 印しるし (​In))

Korean

Hanja in this term
印しるし	度ど

Proper noun

印度いんど • (Indo) (hangeul 인도)

1. Hanja form^? of 인도 (“India”).

Vietnamese

chữ Hán Nôm in this term
印しるし	度ど

Proper noun

印度いんど

1. chữ Hán form of Ấn Độ (“India”).