補 部
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伝統 文法 における補語 [編集 ]
主格 補語 の例
- Ryan is upset.
- Rachelle is the boss.
- Marie is the treasurer.
目的 格 補語 の例
- That made Michael lazy.
- We call Rachelle the boss.
- The class appointed Marie treasurer.
この
言語 学 における補 部 [編集 ]
”*”=
目的 語 =補 部 の例
- He wiped the counter.
- *He wiped.
- She scoured the tub.
- *She scoured.
補 部 の数 と種類 [編集 ]
Xバー
なお、
- 1つの
補 部 を取 る例
- John [VP loves Mary very much ].
- Mary [VP hit John with a stick ].
- I [VP want a drink ].
- I [VP want to go home ].
- I [VP want my son to study harder ].
- We [VP really think that linguistics is interesting ].
- They [VP doubted whether Linda was telling the truth ].
- I [VP believe that Peter is a liar ].
- I [VP believe Peter to be a liar ].
- She [VP strongly believes in his innocence ].
- This problem [VP seems difficult ].
- John is [AP very interested in linguistics ].
- Mike is [AP afraid of ghosts ].
- Diane is [AP fond of movies ].
- Does Mary understand [NP our need for secrecy ]?
- Jane [VP studies physics ].
- Jane is [NP a student of physics ].
- Jane bought [NP a book on physics ].
- [NP Paul's desire for justice ]
- [PP on the desk ]
- [PP after the game ]
want や believe などのように、
VP / | spec V' | \ V comp
[VP studies physics ] と [NP a student of physics ] を、Xバー
VP NP / | / | spec V' spec N' | | \ | | \ Ø V NP (comp) Det N PP (comp) | | | | | studies physics a student P' | \ P NP | | of physics
複数 の補 部 を取 る動詞 の例
- John [VP gave < Mary > < a book > ].
- The children [VP put < their toys > < on the table > ].
- Tom [VP sent < a package > < to his mother > ].
- William [VP sold < a computer > < to Lucy > < for $500 > ].
補 部 か付加 部 か[編集 ]
- a. right after the game
- b. after the game
- a. fix the bike tomorrow
- b. fix the bike
- a. the old house
- b. the house
- a. Stop immediately!
- b. Stop!
- a. Jill likes Jack.
- b. Jill really likes Jack.
- b. Jill likes Jack most of the time.
- b. Jill likes Jack when the sun shines.
- b. Jill likes Jack because he's friendly.
- Sam put the pen on the chair.
- *Sam put the pen.
- Mary gave it to me.
- *Mary gave it.
- Children are playing baseball in the park.
- Children are playing baseball.
- a student
- a student of biology
- a student with blond hair
- a student of biology with blond hair
- *a student with blond hair of biology
また、
- a student of physics and of biology
- a student with blond hair and with blue eyes
- *a student of physics and with blond hair
広義 の補 部 [編集 ]
- He wiped the counter.
- She scoured the tub.
さらに
- with the class
- Jim will help.
- Chris gave up.
- as a friend
脚注 [編集 ]
- ^ a b c d e f g h i j
吉田 光演 「Xバー理論 と語順 :英語 ドイツ語 日本語 の基本 語順 の比較 」『広島大学 総合科学部 紀要 . V言語 文化 研究 』第 20巻 、広島大学 総合科学部 、1994年 12月、143-161頁 、CRID 1390853649782182272、doi:10.15027/25716、ISSN 03851494、NAID 120001065393。 - ^ a b c d e f g h i j k
牛 江 一裕 「構成 素性 と句 構造 (1)構成 素 構造 のテストとXバー理論 :統語 構造 の不 確定 性 に関 する研究 」『科学 研究 費 補助 金 (基盤 研究 C(2))研究 成果 報告 書 .統語 構造 の不 確定 性 に関 する研究 平成 10年度 ~平成 12年度 』課題 番号 : 10610458、埼玉大学 教育 学部 、2001年 、19-38頁 、2023年 8月 4日 閲覧 。 - ^
英語 圏 における complement の定義 ・適応 範囲 の違 いについては、 Matthews (1981:142f.) および Huddleston (1988:note 2) を参照 。 - ^ Crystal (1997:75).
- ^ a b Nordquist, Richard. “Complement”. About.com. 2013
年 3月 13日 閲覧 。 - ^ a b c d “What is a complement?”. LinguaLinks Library 5.0 Plus. 2013
年 3月 13日 閲覧 。 - ^ Matthews (1981:3ff.), Downing and Locke (1992:64f.), Thomas (1993:46, 49), Brinton (2000:183f.).
- ^ Lester (1971:83), Horrocks (1987:63), Borsley (1991:60ff.), Cowper (1992:67), Burton-Roberts (1997:41), Fromkin et al. (2000:119).
- ^ a b c “Linguistics 522 Introduction to Syntax - Background Lecture”. ROHAN Academic Computing - San Diego State University, Department of Linguistics and Oriental Languages. 2013
年 3月 13日 閲覧 。 - ^ Matthews (1981:101), Pollard and Sag (1994:23), Miller (2011:56).
- ^ Radford (2004:329).
参考 文献 [編集 ]
- Borsley, R. 1991. Syntactic theory: A unified approach. Cambridge, MA: Blackwell Publishers.
- Brinton, L. 2000. The structure of modern English. Amsterdam: John Benjamins Publishing Company.
- Burton-Roberts, N. 1997. Analysing sentences: An introduction to English grammar. London: Longman.
- Cowper, E. 1992. A concise introduction to syntactic theory: The government-binding approach. Chicago: The University of Chicago Press.
- Crystal, D. 1997. A dictionary of linguistics and phonetics, 4th edition, Oxford, UK: Blackwell.
- Downing, A. and P. Locke. 1992. English grammar: A university course, second edition. London: Routledge.
- Fromkin, V. et al. 2000. Linguistics: An introduction to linguistic theory. Malden, MA: Blackwell Publishers.
- Horrocks, G. 1986. Generative Grammar. Longman: London.
- Huddleston, R. 1988. English grammar: An outline. Cambridge, UK: Cambridge University Press.
- Lester, M. 1971. Introductory transformational grammar of English. New York: Holt, Rinehart and Winston, Inc.
- Matthews, P. 1981. Syntax. Cambridge, UK: Cambridge University Press.
- Miller, J. 2011. A critical introduction to syntax. London: continuum.
- Pollard, C. and I. Sag. 1994. Head-Driven Phrase Structure Grammar. Chicago: The University Press of Chicago.
- Radford, A. 2004. English syntax: An introduction. Cambridge, UK: Cambridge University Press.
- Thomas, L. 1993. Beginning syntax. Oxford, UK: Blackwell.
- Geeraerts, Dirk; Cuyckens, Hubert (2007). The Oxford Handbook of Cognitive Linguistics. Oxford University Press US. ISBN 0-19-514378-7