贡语

贡语
	Ugong
区域くいき	泰たい国こく西部せいぶ
族ぞく群ぐん	500 （2000？）
母はは语使用しよう人数にんずう	80 （2000, David Bradley（英えい语：David Bradley (linguist)））
語かたり系けい	汉藏语系缅彝语群？（未み分ぶん类）贡语; ; ;
文字もじ	泰文やすふみ
語かたり言げん代だい碼
ISO 639-3	ugo
Glottolog	ugon1239
ELP	Ugong

贡语，或ある称しょう'Ugong，Ugong，拉ひしげ瓦かわら（Lawa）或あるUgawng（其中的てきU的てき意思いし是ぜ人じん^[4]），是ぜ泰たい国こく西部せいぶ一种濒临灭绝的藏ぞう缅语，在ざい乌泰他た尼あま府ふ和わ素もと攀よじ武たけ里さと府ふ几个孤立こりつ的てき方言ほうげん岛还有人ゆうじん会かい说。

历史

1920年代ねんだい，西方せいほう人じん第だい一次了解到贡人，那な时这种语言げん就被认为处于严重衰退すいたい的てき状じょう态（Kerr 1927）。1970年代ねんだい， David Bradley 开始研究けんきゅう这门语言，当とう时仅仅只有ゆう几个地方ちほう还有人じん会かい说这种语言ごと了りょう，甚至比ひ大だい约50年ねん前まえ发现的てき时候还要少しょう2个。由よし于泰たい国こく电力公司こうし（英えい语：Electricity Generating Authority of Thailand）要よう在ざいKhwae Yai河かわ（英えい语：Khwae Yai River）和わKhwae Noi河かわ（英えい语：Khwae Noi River）上上じょうじょう建けん设大坝，贡人被ひ迫せり从两个村庄しょう离开，。本ほん来会らいかい说种语言的てき人じん就在不断ふだん减少，语言学がく家か们认为这种语言げん已やめ经脆弱じゃく到いた即そく将はた灭绝了りょう。1970年代ねんだい，还有会かい说这种语言げん的てき儿童，但ただし现在孩子们已经把泰たい语作为第一いち语言。

分ぶん类

贡语在ざい藏ぞう缅语内部ないぶ的てき分ぶん类还没ぼつ有ゆう确定，虽然布ぬの拉ひしげ德利とっくり（1989）认为它在缅彝语群中ちゅう非常ひじょう独特どくとく，既すんで不ふ适合放ひ在ざい缅语支ささえ，也不适合放ひ在ざい彝つね语支。

方言ほうげん

贡语有ゆう两种方言ほうげん（根ね据すえEthnologue的てき说法）。

Khok Khwai village, Uthai Thani Province (moribund); documented by Rujjanavet (1986)
Kok Chiang village, Suphan Buri Province (endangered and now dispersed); documented by Thawornpat (2006) and David Bradley

曾经在ざい北きた碧あお府ふ也有やゆう人じん会かい说贡语，但ただし现在已やめ经灭绝了。两种贡语方言ほうげん（namely Lawa of Kwê Yai and Lawa of Kwê Noi）的てき词汇表ひょう是ぜ由よしA. F. G Kerr（1927）在ざい北きた碧あお府ふ收集しゅうしゅう的てき。

分布ぶんぷ

贡人现在居住きょじゅう在ざい下面かめん三さん个村庄しょう。

Lawa Wang Khwai village, Wang Yao Subdistrict (วังยาว), Dan Chang District, Suphanburi Province （3户）。
Kok Chiang village, Huai Khamin Subdistrict (ห้วยขมิ้น), Dan Chang District, Suphanburi Province （36户）。
Khok Khwai village (คอกควาย), Thong Lang Subdistrict (ทองหลาง), Huai Khot District, Uthai Thani Province （15户）。reported as Baan Lawa village 3 in Wright, et al. (1991).[5]

有ゆう大だい约500个贡人じん和わ50个还会かい说贡语。在ざい他た们生活せいかつ的てき区域くいき也有やゆう很多Lao Krang人じん。

以前いぜん生活せいかつ的てき地方ちほう

贡人以前いぜん分布ぶんぷ的てき更さら加か广阔，在ざいKhwae Noi River, Khwae Yai River和わBo Phloi River流域りゅういき都と能のう找到^[5] It was reportedly spoken in locations including:^[5]。据すえ报告包括ほうかつ以下いか这些地方ちほう：

Kanchanaburi Province
- Lat Ya (northwest of Kanchanaburi town)
- Thong Pha Phum District（英えい语：Thong Pha Phum District） (located along the Khwae Noi River（英えい语：Khwae Noi River）)
- Ban Lawa (located several kilometres downriver along the Khwae Noi River（英えい语：Khwae Noi River）, from the former location of Sangkhlaburi（英えい语：Sangkhlaburi） near the Three Pagodas Pass（英えい语：Three Pagodas Pass）)
- Sao Hong, 10 kilometres south of Bo Phloi（英えい语：Bo Phloi District）
- Phanom Thuan District（英えい语：Phanom Thuan District）
- Bo Phloi（英えい语：Bo Phloi District）, Nong Pling, Lam Iso, Nong Li (หนองรี), and Nong Plue（英えい语：Amphoe Nong Prue）
- Khlot Khoi^[6]
Suphanburi Province
- Tumakok, Dan Chang District（英えい语：Dan Chang District）, Suphanburi Province (now an ethnic Karen township; originally settled by Gong people from Talao/Hin Hak during the 1800's)
- Sanakphai, Suphanburi Province
- Wang Khwai (known in Ugong as Kabe and in Lao as Kapheun), Suphanburi Province
Uthai Thani Province
- Ban Bung (บ้านบึง), Ban Rai District（英えい语：Ban Rai District） (near district headquarters)
- Thong Lang, Huai Khot District（英えい语：Huai Khot District）
- Iphung, Cawat, and Huai Haeng (exact locations uncertain)

在ざい北きた碧あお府ふ，很多贡人和かず克かつ伦人和かず孟はじめ人通ひとどおり婚こん^[5]。由よし于大坝的建けん设，Sisawat and Sangkhlaburi已やめ经被水すい淹没，会かい说这种语言げん的てき人じん也四散到其他地方。到いた1991年ねん，北きた碧あおい府ふ已やめ经二に三さん十年没有会说贡语的人了，大だい部分ぶぶん的てき贡人改あらため说泰语或克かつ伦语^[6]。

语法

贡语是ぜSOV语序。

参まいり见

贡语词汇表ひょう（维基词典）

注ちゅう释和参考さんこう资料

^ Gordon, Raymond G.; Barbara F. Grimes (编). Ethnologue: Languages of the World 15th. Dallas, Texas: SIL International. 2005.
^ 贡语于《民族みんぞく语》的てき链接（第だい18版はん，2015年ねん）
^ Hammarström, Harald; Forkel, Robert; Haspelmath, Martin; Bank, Sebastian (编). Ugong. Glottolog 2.7. Jena: Max Planck Institute for the Science of Human History. 2016.
^ Mayuree, Thawornpat. 2006. Gong: An endangered language of Thailand. Doctoral dissertation, Mahidol University.
^ ^5.0 ^5.1 ^5.2 Bradley, David (1989). Dying to be Thai: Ugong in western Thailand. La Trobe Working Papers in Linguistics 2:19-28.
^ ^6.0 ^6.1 Wright, Sue; Audra Phillips; Brian Migliazza; Paulette Hopple; and Tom Tehan. 1991. SIL Working Summary of Loloish Languages in Thailand. m.s.

Daniel Nettle and Suzanne Romaine（英えい语：Suzanne Romaine）. Vanishing Voices: The Extinction of the World's Languages. Oxford: Oxford University Press, 2000. Page 10.
Thawornpat, Mayuree. 2006. Gong: An endangered language of Thailand. Doctoral dissertation, Mahidol University.
Thawornpat, Mayuree. 2007. Gong phonological characteristics. The Mon-Khmer Studies Journal 37. 197-216.

延伸えんしん阅读

Bradley, David. 1993. Body Parts Questionnaire (Ugong) （页面存そん档备份，存そん于互联网档案あん馆）. (unpublished ms. contributed to STEDT).
Bradley, David. The disappearance of the Ugong in Thailand. Investigating Obsolescence. 1989: 33–40. ISBN 9780521324052. doi:10.1017/CBO9780511620997.006.
Bradley, David (1989). Dying to be Thai: Ugong in western Thailand. La Trobe Working Papers in Linguistics 2:19-28
Kerr, A. F. G. 1927. "Two 'Lawā' vocabularies: the Lawā of the Baw Lūang plateau; Lawā of Kanburi Province." Journal of the Siam Society 21: 53-63.
Rujjanavet, Pusit. (1986). The Phonology of Ugong in Uthaithani Province. M.A. Thesis in Linguistics, Faculty of Graduate Studies, Mahidol University.
Thawornpat, Mayuree. "Gong phonological characteristics", in Mon-Khmer studies: a journal of Southeast Asian languages and cultures, Thailand: Mon-Khmer Studies, 2007.

外部がいぶ链接

Proto-Gong reconstruction （页面存そん档备份，存そん于互联网档案あん馆） (Sino-Tibetan Branches Project)

[e15-1] Gordon, Raymond G.; Barbara F. Grimes (编). Ethnologue: Languages of the World 15th. Dallas, Texas: SIL International. 2005.

[e18-2] 贡语于《民族みんぞく语》的てき链接（第だい18版はん，2015年ねん）

[Glottolog-3] Hammarström, Harald; Forkel, Robert; Haspelmath, Martin; Bank, Sebastian (编). Ugong. Glottolog 2.7. Jena: Max Planck Institute for the Science of Human History. 2016.

[Mayuree2006-4] Mayuree, Thawornpat. 2006. Gong: An endangered language of Thailand. Doctoral dissertation, Mahidol University.

[Bradley1989-5] 5.0 ^5.1 ^5.2 Bradley, David (1989). Dying to be Thai: Ugong in western Thailand. La Trobe Working Papers in Linguistics 2:19-28.

[SIL1991-6] 6.0 ^6.1 Wright, Sue; Audra Phillips; Brian Migliazza; Paulette Hopple; and Tom Tehan. 1991. SIL Working Summary of Loloish Languages in Thailand. m.s.

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