Mashan Miao language

Mang
Mang
Mashan Miao
Pronunciation	mʱaŋ˨
Native to	China
Region	Guizhou
Native speakers	(140,000 cited 1995)
Language family	Hmong–Mien Hmongic West Hmongic Mang; ; ;
Language codes
ISO 639-3	Variously:; hmm – Central; hmp – Northern; hma – Southern; hmw – Western
Glottolog	mash1238

Mang, or Mashan Miao also known as Mashan Hmong (麻山まやま máshān), is a Miao language of China, spoken primarily in Ziyun Miao and Buyei Autonomous County, southwestern Guizhou province, southwest China. The endonym is Mang, similar to other West Hmongic languages such as Mong.

Varieties

Mang was classified as a branch of Western Hmongic in Wang (1985), who listed four varieties.^[2] Matisoff (2001) gave these four varieties the status of separate languages, and, conservatively, did not retain them as a single group within West Hmongic. Li Yunbing (2000) added two minor varieties which had been left unclassified in Wang, Southeastern (Strecker's "Luodian Muyin") and Southwestern ("Wangmo").^[3]

Central Mang: 70,000 speakers
Northern Mang: 35,000
Western Mang: 14,000
Southern Mang: 10,000
Southeastern Mang: 4,000
Southwestern Mang: 4,000

Demographics

Below is a list of Miao dialects and their respective speaker populations and distributions from Li (2018),^[4] along with representative datapoints from Wang (1985).^[5]

Dialect	Speakers	Counties	Representative datapoint (Wang 1985)
North	30,000	Changshun, Huishui, Luodian	Baisuo Township 摆梭乡, Changshun County
South	8,000	Wangmo	Youquan village 油ゆ全ぜん村むら, Lekuan Township 乐宽乡, Wangmo County
Central	50,000+	Ziyun, Wangmo, Luodian	Jiaotuo 绞坨寨, Zongdi Township 宗むね地ち乡, Ziyun County
West	10,000+	Ziyun	Sidazhai 四よん大だい寨, Houchang Township 猴场乡, Ziyun County
Southeast	5,000	Luodian	Babazhai 把わ坝寨, Moyin Township 模も引乡, Wangmo County
Southwest	4,000+	Wangmo, Luodian	Babangzhai 岜棒寨, Dalang Township 打だ狼おおかみ乡, Ziyun County

According to Sun (2017), the central dialect of Mashan Miao is spoken in the following locations by a total of approximately 50,000 speakers.^[6]

Ziyun County: Zongdi 宗むね地ち, Dayi 打だ易えき, Gejing 格かく井い, Kehun 克かつ混こん, Meichang 妹いもうと场, Baihua 百ひゃく花はな
Luodian County: Fengting 逢亭, Bianyang 边阳, etc.

Phonology and script

A pinyin alphabet had been created for Mang in 1985, but proved to have deficiencies. Wu and Yang (2010) report the creation of a new alphabet, albeit a tentative one, based on the Central Mang dialect of Ziyun County, Zōngdì 宗むね地ち township, Dàdìbà 大地だいち坝 village.^[8]

Consonants, in pinyin, are:

labial: b p nb np, m f v, by py nby my, bl pl nbl npl ml

lateral: l lj

dental or alveolar stops: d t dl dj nd nt n

dental affricates: z c s nz nc

retroflex: dr tr ndr nr sh r

alveolo-palatal: j q nj x y ny

velar or uvular: g k ngg ng, h w hw

(zero onset)

The Latin voiced/voiceless opposition has been coopted to indicate aspiration, as usual in pinyin alphabets.

Correspondences between Central Mang dialects include Dadiba retroflex dr, tr with dental z, c in another village of the same Zongdi township, Sanjiao (三脚さんきゃく Sānjiǎo). The other five varieties of Mang have more palatalized initials than Central Mang, though these can be transcribed as medial -i-. The onsets by, py, nby, my are pronounced [pʐ pʰʐ mpʐ mʐ ] in Central Mang and [pj pʰj mpj mj] in the other five Mang varieties.

Vowels and finals, including those needed for Chinese loans, are:

a aa [ã] ai ao ain ang

e ea ei en ein eu ew eng

i iou in ie iu iao ian iang

o ou ow ong

u uw ua ui ue un uai uan uang

yu

Most Central Mang and Western Mang dialects have eleven to thirteen tones. Compared to the eight tone categories of other Western Hmongic languages, the odd-numbered tones are each split into two. The tones of at least three villages of Central Mang have been documented: Dadiba (Wu & Yang 2010), Jiaotuozhai (Wang & Mao 1995; Li 2000), and Jingshuiping (Xian 1990; Mortensen 2006,^[9] all in the Zongdi township of Ziyun County. They lie several kilometers apart and have minor differences.

Central Mang tone
		Dadiba	Jingshuiping	Jiaotuozhai
1a	-b	˦˨ 42	˧ 3	˧˨ 32
1b	-p	˨ 2
2	-x	˥ 5	˦˨ 42	˥˧ 53
3a	-d	˥˧ 53		˦˨ 42
3b	-z	˨˧˨ 232
4	-l	˩ 1
5a	-t	˥ 55
5b	-c	˨˦ 24		˧˥ 35
6	-s	˩˧ 13
6'	-p	˨ 2		˧ 3
7a	-k	˧ 3	˦ 4
7b	-s	˩˧ 13
8	-f	˨˩ 21

Although some pairs of tones (such as tones 6 and 7b) have the same value when pronounced alone, they behave differently with regard to tone sandhi and should be treated as different phonologically. Tones also interact with phonation types and vowel quality. Jiaotuozhai tones 4 and 6 are breathy voiced and have higher vowels.

References

^ Central at Ethnologue (18th ed., 2015) (subscription required)
Northern at Ethnologue (18th ed., 2015) (subscription required)
Southern at Ethnologue (18th ed., 2015) (subscription required)
Western at Ethnologue (18th ed., 2015) (subscription required)
^ Wang, Fushi 王おう辅世, ed. (1985). Miáoyǔ jiǎnzhì 苗なえ语简志こころざし [Miao Language Brief History] (in Chinese). Beijing: Minzu chubanshe.
^ Li, Yunbing 李り云うん兵へい (2000). Miáoyǔ fāngyán huàfēn yíliú wèntí yánjiū 苗なえ语方言ほうげん划分遗留问题研究けんきゅう (in Chinese). Beijing: Zhongyang minzu daxue chubanshe.
^ Li, Yunbing 李り云うん兵へい (2018). Miao Yao yu bijiao yanjiu 苗なえ瑶よう语比较研究けんきゅう (A comparative study of Hmong-Mien languages). Beijing: The Commercial Press. ISBN 9787100165068. OCLC 1112270585.
^ Wang Fushi 王おう辅世. 1985. Miaoyu jianzhi 苗なえ语简志こころざし. Beijing: Minzu chubanshe 民族みんぞく出版しゅっぱん社しゃ.
^ Sun, Hongkai 孙宏开; Ting, Pang-hsin 丁ちょう邦くに新しん, eds. (2017). Hanzangyu yuyin he cihui 汉藏语语音おん和わ词汇. Beijing: Minzu chubanshe 民族みんぞく出版しゅっぱん社しゃ. p. 40. ISBN 9787105142385.
^ Wu, Zhengbiao 吴正彪ぴょう; Yang, Guangying 杨光应 (2010). "Máshān cì fāngyán qū Miáo wén fāng'àn de shèjì yǔ shǐyòng—jiān tán Miáozú yīngxióng shǐshī "Yàlǔ wáng" de jì yì zhěnglǐ wèntí" 麻山まやま次じ方言ほうげん区く苗なえ文ぶん方案ほうあん的てき设计与使用しよう—兼けん谈苗族ぞく英雄えいゆう史し诗《亚鲁王おう》的てき记译整理せいり问题 (PDF). Mínzú fānyì 民族みんぞく翻こぼし译 (in Chinese). 2010 (3): 58–65. Archived from the original (PDF) on 2015-04-20. Retrieved 2021-08-17.
^ Several consonants were added to the 1985 alphabet, while bz, pz, nbz, mz and gh were removed.^[7]
^ Mortensen (2006). "Diachronic Universals and Synchronic Parochialisms: Explaining Tone-Vowel Interactions" (PDF). Archived from the original (PDF) on 2006-09-20 – via pitt.edu.

[e18-1] Central at Ethnologue (18th ed., 2015) (subscription required)
Northern at Ethnologue (18th ed., 2015) (subscription required)
Southern at Ethnologue (18th ed., 2015) (subscription required)
Western at Ethnologue (18th ed., 2015) (subscription required)

[2] Wang, Fushi 王おう辅世, ed. (1985). Miáoyǔ jiǎnzhì 苗なえ语简志こころざし [Miao Language Brief History] (in Chinese). Beijing: Minzu chubanshe.

[3] Li, Yunbing 李り云うん兵へい (2000). Miáoyǔ fāngyán huàfēn yíliú wèntí yánjiū 苗なえ语方言ほうげん划分遗留问题研究けんきゅう (in Chinese). Beijing: Zhongyang minzu daxue chubanshe.

[Li2018-4] Li, Yunbing 李り云うん兵へい (2018). Miao Yao yu bijiao yanjiu 苗なえ瑶よう语比较研究けんきゅう (A comparative study of Hmong-Mien languages). Beijing: The Commercial Press. ISBN 9787100165068. OCLC 1112270585.

[Wang1985-5] Wang Fushi 王おう辅世. 1985. Miaoyu jianzhi 苗なえ语简志こころざし. Beijing: Minzu chubanshe 民族みんぞく出版しゅっぱん社しゃ.

[HZYYC-6] Sun, Hongkai 孙宏开; Ting, Pang-hsin 丁ちょう邦くに新しん, eds. (2017). Hanzangyu yuyin he cihui 汉藏语语音おん和わ词汇. Beijing: Minzu chubanshe 民族みんぞく出版しゅっぱん社しゃ. p. 40. ISBN 9787105142385.

[7] Wu, Zhengbiao 吴正彪ぴょう; Yang, Guangying 杨光应 (2010). "Máshān cì fāngyán qū Miáo wén fāng'àn de shèjì yǔ shǐyòng—jiān tán Miáozú yīngxióng shǐshī "Yàlǔ wáng" de jì yì zhěnglǐ wèntí" 麻山まやま次じ方言ほうげん区く苗なえ文ぶん方案ほうあん的てき设计与使用しよう—兼けん谈苗族ぞく英雄えいゆう史し诗《亚鲁王おう》的てき记译整理せいり问题 (PDF). Mínzú fānyì 民族みんぞく翻こぼし译 (in Chinese). 2010 (3): 58–65. Archived from the original (PDF) on 2015-04-20. Retrieved 2021-08-17.

[8] Several consonants were added to the 1985 alphabet, while bz, pz, nbz, mz and gh were removed.^[7]

[9] Mortensen (2006). "Diachronic Universals and Synchronic Parochialisms: Explaining Tone-Vowel Interactions" (PDF). Archived from the original (PDF) on 2006-09-20 – via pitt.edu.

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