無む政府せいふ狀態じょうたい

维基百科ひゃっか，自由じゆう的てき百科ひゃっか全ぜん书
（重定しげさだ向こう自じ无政府せいふ状じょう态）
政治せいじ主題しゅだい的てき一いち部分ぶぶん
政体せいたい基本きほん形式けいしき（英えい语：List of forms of government）
权力基もと础（英えい语：French and Raven's bases of power）
民主みんしゅ政体せいたい
多数たすう人的じんてき权力
寡头政治せいじ
少数しょうすう人的じんてき权力
独裁どくさい政治せいじ
一いち个人的てき权力
无政府せいふ主ぬし义
没ぼつ有人ゆうじん的てき权力
权力思想しそう
君主くんしゅ制せい 对 共和きょうわ制せい
社会しゃかい政治せいじ意い识形态
威い权制 对 自由じゆう制せい
社会しゃかい经济意い识形态
全ぜん球たま 对 本地ほんじ
地ち缘文化ぶんか意い识形态
权力结构
单一主ぬし义
从属主ぬし义
联邦主ぬし义
国家こっか权力
行政ぎょうせい区く划
政治せいじ主題しゅだい頁ぺーじ

無む政府せいふ狀態じょうたい（英語えいご：anarchy，音おと译安やす那な其[1][2]）是ぜ指ゆび一個不存在權威或者政府せいふ的てき社會しゃかい。這一詞也可以形容反對等級とうきゅう制度せいど的てき社會しゃかい和わ持じ這一立場たちば的てき團體だんたい[3]。無む政府せいふ狀態じょうたい一詞的對應英語單詞anarchy最早もはや出現しゅつげん於1539年ねん[4] ，而anarchy一いち詞し始はじめ於中ちゅう世紀せいき的てき拉ひしげ丁ひのと語ご詞し彙anarchia和わ希まれ臘語詞し彙anarchos，意い為ため「無む統治とうち者しゃ」[4]。皮かわ埃ほこり爾なんじ-約やく瑟夫·普ふ魯東在ざい他た1840年ねん的てき著作ちょさく《什么是ぜ所有しょゆう权？》中ちゅう第だい一次正式使用无政府状态和无政府主义者指代与无政府せいふ主ぬし义相あい关的事物じぶつ[5][6][7]，无政府せいふ主ぬし义是一いち种新的てき、拥护基もと于無む國家こっか社會しゃかい中なか自由じゆう且自じ发联合体がったい的てき政治せいじ哲学てつがく及社會しゃかい運動うんどう。无政府せいふ主ぬし义者寻求一种废除所有强制性等级制度——特とく别是国家こっか——的てき新しん制度せいど，其中许多人じん主しゅ张建立こんりゅう基もと于直接ちょくせつ民主みんしゅ和わ工こう人じん合作がっさく社しゃ的てき新しん制度せいど[8][9]。

在ざい日常にちじょう的てき使用しよう中ちゅう，无政府せいふ状じょう态可以指缩减或ある废除传统形式けいしき的てき政府せいふ和わ制度せいど后きさき的てき新しん制度せいど，也可以指一个没有政府系统或中央统治的国家こっか或ある其他有人ゆうじん居住きょじゅう的てき地方ちほう。无政府せいふ状じょう态主要よう由よし要求ようきゅう用よう自じ愿すなお组成的てき组织取代だい政府せいふ的てき个人无政府せいふ主ぬし义者所しょ倡导，这些组织往往おうおう参照さんしょう了りょう自然しぜん界かい本身ほんみ所しょ具有ぐゆう的てき社しゃ区く、封ふう閉經へいけい濟ずみ、互相依よ赖（英えい语：interdependence）和わ个人主ぬし义等とう概念がいねん。尽つき管かん无政府せいふ状じょう态常被ひ消けし极地用作ようさく混乱こんらん或ある社会しゃかい崩くずし溃的てき同どう义词，但ただし这并不同ふどう于无政府せいふ主ぬし义者所しょ赋予无政府せいふ状じょう态，一个没有等级制度的社会的含义[3]。蒲がま鲁东曾在著作ちょさく中ちゅう写うつし道どう“自由じゆう原はら是ただし秩序ちつじょ的てき母はは亲，但ただし不ふ是ぜ她的女おんな儿”[10][11]。

词源[编辑]

圆圈A是ぜ无政府せいふ主ぬし义的代表だいひょう符号ふごう

英えい语中“anarchy”一いち词源于中世ちゅうせい纪拉丁ひのと语的てき“anarchia”一いち词和希まれ腊语的てき“anarchos”（意い为“没ぼつ有ゆう统治者しゃ”）一いち词，后きさき者しゃ由よし否定ひてい性せい前ぜん缀“a-（英えい语：alpha privative）”和かず“archos”（意い为“统治者しゃ”）两部分ぶぶん组合而成，字面じめん意い义即为“没ぼつ有ゆう统治者しゃ”[4]。無む政府せいふ主義しゅぎ的てき象徵しょうちょう之これ一いち的てき圆圈A由ゆかり大だい写字しゃじ母はは“A”和大かずひろ写字しゃじ母はは“O”组成，其中「A」代表だいひょう眾多歐おう洲しゅう語ご言げん的てき「無政府むせいふ主義しゅぎ」或ある「無政府むせいふ狀態じょうたい」的てき首くび個こ字母じぼ，西里にしざと尔字母はは和わ拉ひしげ丁字ていじ母はは的てき相關そうかん用よう詞し也有やゆう以A開ひらき頭あたま的てき傾向けいこう。「O」則のり指ゆび秩序ちつじょ（order），合ごう起おこり來き即そく表示ひょうじ皮かわ埃ほこり爾なんじ-約やく瑟夫·普ふ魯東曾在《什么是ぜ所有しょゆう权？》一いち书所写うつし的てき「社会しゃかい在ざい无政府せいふ状じょう态中寻求秩序ちつじょ[7]（法語ほうご：la société cherche l'ordre dans l'anarchie[5][6]）」。

1902年ねん，马君武たけし翻こぼし译了托たく马斯·柯卡普ひろし（克かつ喀伯）的てき《俄にわか罗斯大だい风潮》一いち书，并在书中将ちゅうじょう“anarchy”一词直译为无政府[12]，《俄にわか罗斯大だい风潮》也是最早もはや用もちい汉语介かい绍无政府せいふ主ぬし义思想しそう的てき书籍之の一いち[13][14]。

概がい述じゅつ[编辑]

人ひと类学[编辑]

参まいり见：无首社会しゃかい（英えい语：Acephalous society）和わ原始げんし共產きょうさん主義しゅぎ
狩かり猎采集しゅう者しゃ常つね被ひ认为居住きょじゅう于无政府せいふ社会しゃかい之の中なか

尽つき管かん当今とうこん世界せかい各地かくち基本きほん都と存在そんざい阶级制度せいど或ある者もの国家こっか制度せいど，但ただし人ひと类学家か已やめ从考古学こがく记录中ちゅう发现了りょう许多平等びょうどう的てき无国家こっか社会しゃかい，如狩獵しゅりょう採集さいしゅう社会しゃかい[15][16]和わ閃邁人じん及皮かわ亚罗亚人（英えい语：Piaroa）的てき园艺社会しゃかい。其中又また有ゆう许多社会しゃかい可か以被进一步认为是无政府社会，因いん为它们明确拒绝集中しゅうちゅう政治せいじ权力的てき想そう法ほう[17][18]。

从进化か的てき角度かくど来らい看み，秉持平等びょうどう主ぬし义的人じん类狩猎采集しゅう社会しゃかい是ぜ人じん类史上しじょう很特别的一いち段だん时间。与あずか人ひと类相比ひ，人にん类的近きん亲黑くろ猩猩しょうじょう一直秉持完全不平等、由雄よしお性せい首くび领（英えい语：Dominance hierarchy）主しゅ导的阶级制度せいど。由よし于黑猩猩しょうじょう的てき这套制度せいど与あずか人ひと类狩猎采集しゅう社会しゃかい的てき制度せいど差さ距很大だい，古人こじん类学家か普遍ふへん认为，对被支配しはい的てき抵抗ていこう推动了りょう人じん类意识、语言、亲属关系和わ社会しゃかい组织的てき发展[19][20][21]。

在ざい《无政府せいふ主ぬし义人类学碎片さいへん（英えい语：Fragments of an Anarchist Anthropology）》一いち书中，无政府せいふ人ひと类学家か大だい卫·格かく雷かみなり伯はく试图勾勒出で知ち识分子ぶんし在ざい研究けんきゅう无政府せいふ主ぬし义的社会しゃかい理り论的凝聚ぎょうしゅう力りょく方面ほうめん可か以尝试的研究けんきゅう领域，同どう时认为“这正是ぜ人じん类学特とく别能帮上忙せわし的てき地方ちほう”[22]，因いん为人类学这一学科がっか的てき主要しゅよう内容ないよう即そく为观察人类组织社会かい和わ社会しゃかい活かつ动的方方かたがた面面めんめん，研究けんきゅう、分析ぶんせき和わ编排世界せかい各地かくち的てき不同ふどう形式けいしき的てき社会しゃかい和わ经济结构，以及最さい重要じゅうよう的てき，向むかい全ぜん世界せかい展示てんじ其中最さい适合人じん类的社会しゃかい组织形式けいしき[23]。

在ざい《反はん国家こっか社会しゃかい（英えい语：Society Against the State）》[24]一いち书中，皮かわ耶·克かつ拉ひしげ斯特对无国家こっか社会しゃかい进行了りょう研究けんきゅう，在ざい这些社会しゃかい中ちゅう，某ぼう些文化ぶんか习俗和わ态度阻止そし了りょう等とう级制度せいど和わ国家こっか的てき发展。科か拉ひしげ特とく雷かみなり斯在书中否定ひてい了りょう国家こっか是ぜ人じん类社会かい进化的てき自然しぜん结果这一观点[25]。

在ざい《逃避とうひ统治的てき艺术（英えい语：The Art of Not Being Governed）》一いち书中，詹姆士し·斯科特とく对赞米亚进行了りょう研究けんきゅう，赞米亚是指ゆび一大片位于东南亚山地且长期处于无国家状态的地理区域。赞米亚的山地やまじ将すすむ其与低地ていち的てき国家こっか分ぶん离，制せい造づくり了りょう一片可供逃避者避难的避难区。斯科特とく在ざい书中认为山人さんじん（英えい语：hill people）的てき特殊とくしゅ社会しゃかい特とく征せい和文わぶん化か特とく征せい是ぜ为了躲避低地ていち国家こっか的てき抓つめ捕ど而发展てん出で的てき，不ふ应被视为被ひ低地ていち文明ぶんめい遗弃的てき野蛮やばん遗迹[26][27]。

彼かれ得とく·利り森もり（英えい语：Peter Leeson）研究けんきゅう了りょう十じゅう八はち世せい纪的海うみ盗ぬすめ、未み开化的てき原始げんし部ぶ落成らくせい员和加か利り福ぶく尼あま亚监狱黑帮的私人しじん执法（英えい语：private law enforcement）机つくえ构后发现，这些团体采さい用よう了りょう各かく不ふ相あい同どう的てき私人しじん执法方法ほうほう，以满足あし他た们的具体ぐたい需求并维持もち整せい个组织处于无政府せいふ状じょう态[28]。

无政府せいふ原始げんし主ぬし义者基もと于人类学有ゆう关狩猎采集しゅう社会しゃかい的てき研究けんきゅう对现代だい文明ぶんめい进行批判ひはん，同どう时指出で人じん类的自我じが驯化[29]可能かのう导致了りょう疾病しっぺい、劳动、不平等ふびょうどう、战争和わ心理しんり疾病しっぺい的てき蔓延まんえん[30][31][32]。包括ほうかつ約やく翰·哲あきら忍にん（英えい语：John Zerzan）在ざい内的ないてき一批作家认为，人にん们对原始げんし社会しゃかい的てき刻こく板ばん印象いんしょう（如原始げんし社会しゃかい一定是暴力又茹毛饮血的社会）被ひ用もちい来らい为现代だい工こう业社会しゃかい的てき价值观辩护，同どう时导致个人じん进一いち步ほ远离更さら自然しぜん、更さら公平こうへい的てき社会しゃかい[33][34]。

国くに际关系けい[编辑]

主しゅ条目じょうもく：無む政府せいふ狀態じょうたい (國際こくさい關係かんけい)

在ざい国くに际关系けい中なか，无政府せいふ状じょう态是指ゆび“没ぼつ有ゆう任にん何なん高だか于民族ぞく国家こっか的てき、能のう够仲裁ちゅうさい争そう端はし和わ执行国こく际法的てき权威机つくえ构”这一状じょう态[35][36][37]。

政治せいじ哲学てつがく[编辑]

无政府せいふ主ぬし义[编辑]

系列けいれつ条目じょうもく
无政府せいふ主ぬし义
安那其使用的“圈儿A”符号
思想しそう流派りゅうは
人物じんぶつ
議題ぎだい（英えい语：Issues in anarchism）
歷史れきし
文化ぶんか
经济学がく
各かく地区ちく（英えい语：List of anarchist movements by region）
列れつ表ひょう（英えい语：Outline of anarchism）
相關そうかん条目じょうもく
主しゅ条目じょうもく：无政府せいふ主ぬし义

作さく为一种政治せいじ哲学てつがく，无政府せいふ主ぬし义主张建立こんりゅう在自あらじ愿すなお结社基もと础上的てき自治じち社会しゃかい。尽つき管かん一些作家将其拥护的自治社会更具体地定义为基于非等とう级制度せいど的てき自由じゆう人じん联合体がったい制度せいど的てき社会しゃかい[38][39][40][41]，这些社会しゃかい仍常被ひ描述为無む國家こっか社會しゃかい[42][43][44][45]。无政府せいふ主ぬし义认为国家こっか制度せいど对人民じんみん有害ゆうがい，本身ほんみ没ぼつ有ゆう存在そんざい的てき必要ひつよう[46][47]。虽然反はん对国家こっか制度せいど是ぜ无政府せいふ主ぬし义的核心かくしん，但ただし它仍是ぜ判定はんてい某ぼう一思想是否属于无政府主义的必要ひつよう不充分ふじゅうぶん条件じょうけん[48][49][50]，这也是ぜ为什么尽管かん無む政府せいふ資本しほん主義しゅぎ[51][52][53][54]和わ民族みんぞく無政府むせいふ主義しゅぎ[55][56][57][58]在ざい自己じこ的てき名字みょうじ中ちゅう带有无政府せいふ主ぬし义但仍不被ひ认为是ぜ無む政府せいふ主義しゅぎ學派がくは（英えい语：anarchist schools of thought）和わ无政府せいふ主ぬし义运动一部分いちぶぶん、甚至被ひ无政府せいふ主ぬし义者和学わがく者しゃ认为是ぜ带有欺骗性せい[59][60][61]或ある本身ほんみ就是矛盾むじゅん的てき术语的てき原因げんいん[62][63][64][65][66][67]。无政府せいふ主ぬし义要求ようきゅう在ざい人ひと们处理り人じん际关系けい时尽可能かのう地ち排除はいじょ权威或ある具有ぐゆう等とう级制度せいど的てき组织（英えい语：hierarchical organisation）（包括ほうかつ但ただし不ふ限きり于国家こっか制度せいど）的てき干ひ预[39][68][69][70][71][72][73][74]。

无政府せいふ主ぬし义分为许多た不同ふどう的てき类型和学わがく派は，尽つき管かん各かく类无政府せいふ主ぬし义学说的理り论基础扎根ね广泛，遍へん布ぬの极端的てき个人主ぬし义至いたり极端的てき集しゅう体たい主しゅ义之これ间[47]，但ただし彼此ひし之の间并不ふ都と相互そうご排斥はいせき[75]。总体来らい说，无政府せいふ主ぬし义常被ひ划分为個人こじん無政府むせいふ主義しゅぎ和わ社會しゃかい無政府むせいふ主義しゅぎ两大类，或ある者もの其他类似这样的てき二に元げん划分[76][77][78]。无政府せいふ主ぬし义常被ひ认为是ぜ一いち种激げき进的左派さは或ある極ごく左派さは运动[79][80][81]，许多無む政府せいふ主義しゅぎ經濟けいざい學がく和わ无政府せいふ主ぬし义法律ほうりつ（英えい语：anarchist law）反映はんえい了りょう其与共きょう产主义、互助ごじょ主ぬし义、工こう团主义一いち般对左翼さよく和わ社会しゃかい主ぬし义[82][83][84][85][86][87]政治せいじ做出了りょう具体ぐたい的てき阐释——从反はん权威主ぬし义、反はん國家こっか主義しゅぎ和わ自由じゆう意志いし主義しゅぎ角度かくど进行的てき阐释[88]，以这一角度进行阐释的无政府主义的自由じゆう意志いし社會しゃかい主義しゅぎ分ぶん支ささえ和わ社会しゃかい主ぬし义政治せいじ经济学がく相あい关理论包括ほうかつ集しゅう體たい無政府むせいふ主義しゅぎ、自由じゆう市し场无政府せいふ主ぬし义、綠色みどりいろ無政府むせいふ主義しゅぎ和わ参与さんよ型がた经济。在ざい无政府せいふ主ぬし义内部ぶ，一些个人无政府主义者支持部分共产主义的理论，同どう时一些无政府共产主义者也支持部分个人主义[89][90]或ある利己りこ无政府せいふ主ぬし义[91][92]的てき理り论，个人无政府せいふ主ぬし义与社会しゃかい无政府せいふ主ぬし义相较而言ごと，前者ぜんしゃ更さら为强调个人じん自由じゆう和人わじん类的理性りせい本ほん质，而后者しゃ则认为个人じん自由じゆう本ほん质上与あずか社会しゃかい平等びょうどう有ゆう关，因いん此更为强调组建けん社しゃ群ぐん和わ互助ごじょ的てき重要じゅうよう性せい[93]。

与あずか其他的てき社會しゃかい運動うんどう一いち样，无政府せいふ主ぬし义亦时而受人欢迎，时而遭到人じん们厌恶。在ざい无政府せいふ主ぬし义中，群ぐん众社会かい运动派は一いち直ちょく由ゆかり無む政府せいふ共產きょうさん主義しゅぎ和わ无政府せいふ工こう团主义领导，而个人じん无政府せいふ主ぬし义更多た的てき是ぜ一いち种文学ぶんがく思想しそう[94]，而社会かい无政府せいふ主ぬし义自19世せい纪末无政府せいふ共ども产主义取代だい集しゅう体からだ无政府せいふ主ぬし义[95]成なり为无政府せいふ主ぬし义的主流しゅりゅう思潮しちょう后きさき才ざい从个人じん无政府せいふ主ぬし义中分ぶん离而出で[51][52][53][54]。尽つき管かん如此，个人无政府せいふ主ぬし义的确对各かく类无政府せいふ主ぬし义学派は产生了りょう影かげ响[96]，许多个人无政府せいふ主ぬし义者亦また参与さんよ了りょう大型おおがた的てき无政府せいふ主ぬし义组织[97][98]。一些无政府主义者认同基于自じ卫（英えい语：self-defense）和わ非ひ暴力ぼうりょく的てき和平わへい主義しゅぎ，他た们被称しょう作さく無む政府せいふ和平わへい主義しゅぎ者しゃ[99][100]，同どう时另一些人则支持在通往无政府主义社会的道路上使用包括革命かくめい和わ行動こうどう宣傳せんでん在ざい内的ないてき激げき进策略さくりゃく（英えい语：militant）[101]。

自じ19世せい纪90年代ねんだい以来いらい，“自由じゆう意志いし主ぬし义”一词开始被用作“无政府せいふ主ぬし义”一いち词的同どう义词[102][103]，直ちょく到いた20世せい纪中期き随ずい着ぎ右派うは自由じゆう意志いし主義しゅぎ和わ美国びくに的てき古典こてん自由じゆう主ぬし义者（英えい语：classical liberals in the United States）开始将はた自己じこ描述为“自由じゆう意志いし主ぬし义者”后きさき，“自由じゆう意志いし主ぬし义”和かず“无政府せいふ主ぬし义”两词才ざい不ふ再さい完全かんぜん相しょう同どう的てき混用こんよう。此后，古典こてん自由じゆう个人主ぬし义和わ自由じゆう市場いちば资本主ぬし义哲学てつがく开始被ひ与あずか无政府せいふ主ぬし义明确地区分くぶん开来[104][105][106]，前者ぜんしゃ被ひ称しょう为“右派うは自由じゆう意志いし主ぬし义”[107]，而后者しゃ被ひ称しょう为“左派さは自由じゆう意志いし主ぬし义（英えい语：left-libertarianism）”[107]、“自由じゆう意志いし社会しゃかい主ぬし义”[108][109]或ある“社会しゃかい自由じゆう意志いし主ぬし义”[107]。右派うは自由じゆう意志いし主ぬし义者又また可か进一步细分为无政府资本主义者、小しょう政府せいふ主ぬし义者和わ自じ愿すなお主しゅ义者[104][105]。英えい语世界かい外そと[110][111][112][113]，“自由じゆう意志いし主ぬし义”一词在使用中仍常用于指代无政府主义[114][115]、反はん資本しほん主義しゅぎ[116]、自由じゆう意志いし社会しゃかい主ぬし义[117][118][119]和かず社会しゃかい无政府せいふ主ぬし义[120][121]。

伊い曼努尔·康德やすのり[编辑]

德とく国こく哲学てつがく家か伊い曼努尔·康德やすのり在ざい其《从实用よう主しゅ义角度かくど看み人じん类学》一书中把无政府状态视为由“没ぼつ有ゆう武力ぶりょく的てき法律ほうりつ和わ自由じゆう”组成的てき政体せいたい。在ざい康德やすのり看み来らい，无政府せいふ状じょう态并不ふ是ぜ一いち个真正しんせい的てき公民こうみん国家こっか，因いん为如果はて不ふ使用しよう武力ぶりょく来らい使つかい其法律ほうりつ产生效力こうりょく，那な么法律ほうりつ只ただ是ぜ一いち种“空洞くうどう的てき建けん议”。康德やすのり认为一个国家在维持法律和自由的同时也必须要考虑武力手段，这种状じょう态被他称たしょう为共和きょうわ制せい[122][123]。康德やすのり认为可か以将政府せいふ划分为四种：

  1. 没ぼつ有ゆう武力ぶりょく的てき、法治ほうち且自由じゆう的てき政府せいふ（无政府せいふ状じょう态）
  2. 没ぼつ有ゆう自由じゆう的てき、武力ぶりょく且法治ほうち的てき政府せいふ（专制）
  3. 没ぼつ有ゆう自由じゆう和わ法律ほうりつ的てき、武力ぶりょく的てき政府せいふ（野蛮やばん制せい）
  4. 有ゆう武力ぶりょく保ほ证的、自由じゆう且法治ほうち的てき政府せいふ（共和きょうわ制せい）

部分ぶぶん国家こっか崩くずし溃后的てき无政府せいふ状じょう态的例れい子こ[编辑]

参まいり见：失敗しっぱい國家こっか

英国えいこく内ない战（1642年ねん–1651年ねん）[编辑]

主しゅ条目じょうもく：英國えいこく內戰
英国えいこく内ない战发生せい时，欧おう洲しゅう大だい陆的许多地区ちく在ざい三さん十じゅう年ねん戰爭せんそう中ちゅう已やめ经度过了超ちょう过20年ねん的てき近きん无政府せいふ状じょう态

无政府せいふ状じょう态是普ひろし特とく尼あま辩论（英えい语：Putney Debates）上うえ的てき一いち个议题：

托たく马斯·雷かみなり恩おん巴ともえ勒（英えい语：Thomas Rainsborough）：“今こん天てん我が会かい比ひ之の前ぜん更さら开放、更さら口こう无遮拦地与あずか你们继续交流こうりゅう。我わが希望きぼう我わが们都是ぜ心地ごこち善良ぜんりょう的てき人じん，希望きぼう我わが们都能のう以正直しょうじき的てき态度对待自己じこ。如果我わが真しん的てき不信任ふしんにん你，我わが就不会かい用よう这种断言だんげん。不ふ过我确实认为我わが们现在ざい讨论的てき问题是ぜ一个不信任的问题，因いん为人们太容易ようい把わ事情じじょう想おもえ得え太ふとし简单，而有些时候こう事情じじょう要よう复杂得とく多た。就我而言，我わが认为你忘记了我わが演えんじ讲中的てき一いち些内容ないよう，你不仅自己じこ认为有ゆう些人认为政府せいふ永なが远是不正ふせい确的，而且你讨厌所有しょゆう相しょう信しん这些的てき人じん。而且，先生せんせい，就因为一个人认为人人都应有选举权，你就说这会かい毁掉一切财产权——这是在ざい忽ゆるがせ略りゃく上帝じょうてい的てき律りつ法ほう，因いん为在上帝じょうてい的てき律りつ法ほう中ちゅう已やめ经规定てい了りょう财产权；不ふ然しか上帝じょうてい为何说‘汝なんじ不可ふか行ぎょう窃？’难道说，因いん为我是ぜ个穷人じん，所以ゆえん我わが就必须受到压迫，因いん为我在ざい这个王国おうこく中ちゅう没ぼつ有ゆう财产，我わが就必须承受这个王国こく的てき所有しょゆう律りつ法ほう，无论他た们对错吗？或ある者もの这样说：假かり如有一个住在乡镇的，和わ他人たにん一样有三四块庄园领地（天知あまち道みち他た们怎么拿到这些土地とち的てき）的てき乡绅，当とう要よう选举议会的てき时候，他た必然ひつぜん会かい成なり为议会かい代表だいひょう；这时如果他た看み到いた一些在自己门口住的穷人，他た就会去さ压榨他た们——我わが知道ともみち有ゆう大だい批这样的穷人被ひ轰出门外无家可か归，我わが非常ひじょう清楚せいそ这些是ぜ那な些富人じん做的，以让这些穷人承うけたまわ受世界かい上じょう最さい残酷ざんこく的てき暴政ぼうせい。所以ゆえん我わが认为这个问题已やめ经得到いた了りょう充分じゅうぶん地ち解答かいとう：上帝じょうてい把わ这件事ごと与あずか他た的てき这条律りつ法ほう规定在ざい一起かずき，即そく汝なんじ不可ふか行ぎょう窃。就我而言，我わが反はん对任何なん这种支持しじ这种有人ゆうじん没ぼつ有ゆう选举权的想そう法ほう，至いたり于你们自己おのれ，我わが只ただ希望きぼう你们不要ふよう让世界かい觉得我わが们是支持しじ无政府せいふ状じょう态的。”
奥おく利とし弗どる·克かつ伦威尔：“我わが只ただ知道ともみち，善ぜん于让步ふ的てき人じん有ゆう着ぎ大だい智慧ちえ。不ふ过，先生せんせい，这些条例じょうれい并不像ぞう它们看み起おこり来らい那な么好。而且，没ぼつ人じん说你支持しじ无政府せいふ状じょう态，只ただ是ぜ这些条例じょうれい很可能かのう甚至一定会导致无政府状态。因よし为如果はて你取消とりけし了りょう财产限げん制せい，那な么就会かい导致除じょ了りょう呼吸こきゅう的てき利益りえき之の外そと没ぼつ有ゆう任にん何なん利益りえき的てき人じん在ざい选举中ちゅう也有やゆう发言权，那な么哪里さと还有什么约束或ある限きり制せい？不ふ过，我わが还是坚信我わが们不必如此针锋相对。”[124]

随ずい着ぎ人じん们开始はじめ对英国内こくない战进行ぎょう理り论研究けんきゅう，无政府せいふ状じょう态开始はじめ从不同ふどう的てき政治せいじ角度かくど得え到いた更さら明あかり确的定てい义：

  • 1651年ねん，托たく马斯·霍布斯在ざい《利り维坦》一いち书中将ちゅうじょう自然しぜん狀態じょうたい描述为所有しょゆう人じん對たい所有しょゆう人的じんてき戰爭せんそう的まと状じょう态，人にん类在这种状じょう态下过着野蛮やばん的てき生活せいかつ：“美よし洲しま有ゆう许多地方ちほう的てき野蛮やばん民族みんぞく除じょ开小家族かぞく以外いがい并无其他政府せいふ，而小家族かぞく的てき协调又また完全かんぜん取と决于自然しぜん欲望よくぼう，他た们今天てん还生活せいかつ在あ我わが在ざい上面うわつら所しょ说的那な种野蛮やばん残忍ざんにん的てき状じょう态中”[125][126]。霍布斯在书中进一いち步ほ指出さしで自然しぜん狀態じょうたい中なか的てき争そう斗と主要しゅよう是ぜ由よし三种原因导致——第だい一いち是ぜ竞争，第だい二に是ぜ猜疑さいぎ，第だい三さん是ぜ荣誉：“第だい一种原因使人为了求利、第だい二种原因使人为了求安全、第だい三种原因则使人为了求名誉而进行侵犯”[127]。霍布斯在书中进一步总结出了若干条自然しぜん律りつ，其中第だい一いち条じょう为：“每まい一个人只要有获得和平的希望时，就应当とう力ちから求もとめ和平わへい；在ざい不能ふのう得え到いた和平わへい时，他た就可以寻求もとめ并利用りよう战争的てき一切いっさい有利ゆうり条件じょうけん和わ助力じょりょく”。在ざい自然しぜん状じょう态中，“每まい一个人对每一种事物都具有权利，甚至对彼此ひし的てき身体しんたい也是这样”，因いん此，霍布斯的第だい二条自然律致力于让人们能够享受和平的好处：“在ざい别人也愿意い这样做的条件下じょうけんか，当とう一いち个人[……]认为必要ひつよう时，会かい自じ愿すなお放ひ弃这种对一切いっさい事物じぶつ的てき权利；而在对他人たにん的てき自由じゆう权方面めん满足于相当とう于自己じこ让他人たにん对自己じこ所しょ具有ぐゆう的てき自由じゆう权利”[128]。这也是ぜ社会しゃかい契ちぎり约的开始，霍布斯的第だい三条自然律即为“所ところ定信さだのぶ约必须履行りこう”，在ざい此之上じょう不履行ふりこう社会しゃかい契ちぎり约就是ぜ不ふ义的，任にん何なん不ふ是ぜ不ふ义的事物じぶつ就是正ぜせい义的。
  • 1656年ねん，詹姆士し·哈林顿在ざい《大洋たいよう国こく（英えい语：The Commonwealth of Oceana）》一いち书中使用しよう“无政府せいふ状じょう态”一いち词描述じゅつ人民じんみん用よう武力ぶりょく将はた政府せいふ强きょう加か在ざい由よし单个人じん（君主くんしゅ專制せんせい）或ある由よし少数しょうすう人じん（混合こんごう君主くんしゅ制せい）拥有一切土地所构成的经济基础上的情况。哈灵顿称该词与あずか共和きょうわ国こく一词并不相同，后きさき者しゃ是ぜ指ゆび土地とち所有しょゆう权和治ち理り权都由よし广大民みん众共享とおる的てき状じょう态，哈林顿认为无政府せいふ状じょう态是一种暂时的状态，是ぜ由よし政府せいふ形式けいしき和わ财产关系形式けいしき之の间的均ひとし势被破やぶ坏引起おこり的てき[129]。

阿おもね尔巴尼あま亚（1997年ねん）[编辑]

主しゅ条目じょうもく：1997年ねん阿おもね尔巴尼あま亚内战

1997年ねん，阿おもね尔巴尼あま亚由于金字塔きんじとう式しき公司こうし（英えい语：Pyramid schemes in Albania）倒たおせ闭造成ぞうせい的てき严重的てき资金损失而陷入にゅう了りょう无政府せいふ状じょう态[130][131]。由よし于社会かい崩くずし溃，全ぜん副ふく武装ぶそう的てき犯罪はんざい分子ぶんし横行おうこう霸道。当とう时每个城市し一般いっぱん有ゆう3-4个黑帮，南部なんぶ尤ゆう甚。当とう时的警察けいさつ没ぼつ有ゆう足あし够的资源来らい处理与あずか黑くろ帮有关的犯罪はんざい。

索さく马里（1991年ねん–2006年ねん）[编辑]

主しゅ条目じょうもく：索さく马里历史 (1991–2006)（英えい语：History of Somalia (1991–2006)）
2006年ねん时的索さく马里地ち图，标有该地区ちく主要しゅよう政せい权所控ひかえ制せい的てき领土

1991年ねん，索さく马里爆ばく发内うち战，随ずい后きさき索さく马里的てき中央ちゅうおう政府せいふ崩くずし溃。在ざい这种情じょう况下，索さく马里的てき居きょ民みん开始重おも新しん采さい用よう地方ちほう的てき冲突解かい决方式しき，如采用よう世俗せぞく法ほう、传统法ほう或ある伊い斯兰法ほう进行判ばん决，并规定てい可か对所有しょゆう判ばん决提出上いでかみ诉。该国原本げんぽん的てき法律ほうりつ结构大概たいがい由ゆかり欧おう陆法系けい、宗教しゅうきょう法ほう和わ习惯法ほう（索さく馬ば里さと判官ほうがん政治せいじ）三さん种法系けい构成[132]。

虽然索さく马里的てき正せい规司法ほう系けい统在穆きよし罕默德とく·西にし亞あ德とく·巴ともえ雷かみなり政せい权倒台だい后きさき几乎被ひ摧毁殆尽，但ただし后きさき来き在ざい不同ふどう的てき地区ちく政府せいふ，如自治じち的てき邦くに特とく兰和わ索さく马里兰地区ちく政府せいふ的てき努力どりょく下か在ざい部分ぶぶん地区ちく得とく以重建けん。除じょ了りょう地方ちほう政府せいふ外がい，索さく马里过渡国家こっか政府せいふ及之后きさき的てき索さく马里过渡联邦政府せいふ也通过各种国际会议形成けいせい了りょう新しん的てき临时司法しほう结构。尽つき管かん这些政せい权彼此ひし之の间存在そんざい着ぎ一些重大的政治分歧，但ただし所有しょゆう这些行政ぎょうせい当局とうきょく有ゆう着ぎ相似そうじ的てき法律ほうりつ结构，而这些结构大部分ぶぶん是ぜ以之前まえ的てき的てき索さく马里政府せいふ的てき司法しほう系けい统为基もと础。具体ぐたい相似そうじ之の处包括ほうかつ一いち个以沙里さり亚法或ある者もの其他宗教しゅうきょう法ほう优先的てき特許とっきょ狀じょう，不ふ过在实践上じょう往往おうおう只ただ在ざい结婚、离婚、继承和わ民事みんじ问题等とう事ごと项使用しよう宗教しゅうきょう法ほう。这一特许状还保证了司法しほう機關きかん独立どくりつ，司法しほう机つくえ构受司法しほう委い员会保ほ护。此外还有一个包括初审法院、上訴じょうそ法ほう院いん和わ最高法院さいこうほういん的てき三级司法系统，巴ともえ雷かみなり政せい权军事政せい变上台うわだい前まえ的てき生なま效こう的てき文ぶん职政府せいふ的てき法律ほうりつ在ざい法律ほうりつ被ひ修おさむ改あらため之の前ぜん也仍然しか有效ゆうこう[133]。

经济学がく家か亚历克かつ斯·塔とう巴ともえ罗克（英えい语：Alex Tabarrok）称しょう索さく马里在ざい其无国家こっか时期为世界かい提供ていきょう了りょう一いち个“无政府せいふ主ぬし义理论的独特どくとく测试”，同どう时称其在某ぼう些方面ほうめん接近せっきん大だい衛まもる·佛ふつ利り民みん和わ穆きよし瑞みず·羅ら斯巴德とく等ひとし无政府せいふ资本主ぬし义者支持しじ的てき理り论[134]。但ただし是これ无政府せいふ主ぬし义者和わ包括ほうかつ瓦かわら特とく·布ぬの拉ひしげ克かつ在ざい内的ないてき一いち些无政府せいふ资本主ぬし义者不ふ认为索さく马里是ぜ一个无政府主义社会[135][136]。

无政府せいふ主ぬし义运动[编辑]

参まいり见：各かく地区ちく无政府せいふ主ぬし义运动列表ひょう（英えい语：List of anarchist movements by region）和わ无政府せいふ主ぬし义法律ほうりつ（英えい语：Anarchist law）

俄にわか国内こくない战（1917年ねん–1922年ねん）[编辑]

内うち斯托尔·伊い万まん诺维奇き·马赫诺在ざい俄にわか国内こくない战中ちゅう领导着ぎ乌克兰的无政府せいふ主ぬし义运动马赫诺运动

1917年ねん，俄にわか国こく布ぬの尔什维克与あずか君主くんしゅ主ぬし义者之これ间爆发了内うち战。随ずい后きさき，在ざい乌克兰境内出うちで现了一いち支ささえ新しん势力：由ゆかり内うち斯托尔·伊い万まん诺维奇き·马赫诺领导的てき无政府せいふ主ぬし义部ぶ队，乌克兰革命いのち起おこり义军。乌克兰的无政府せいふ主ぬし义者同どう时组建たて了りょう马赫诺运动，一个致力于抵抗一切国家こっか权威的てき无政府せいふ主ぬし义运动，无论这一权威是来自于一个资本主ぬし义国家こっか还是一いち个共產きょうさん主義しゅぎ國家こっか[137][138]。这一运动最终被击败白军的布尔什维克政权吞并。无政府せいふ主ぬし义理论家埃ほこり玛·戈ほこ尔德曼将はた马赫诺描述じゅつ为领导农民みん革命かくめい运动的てき“一いち位い非凡ひぼん人物じんぶつ”[139]。

1918年ねん间，乌克兰的大だい部分ぶぶん地区ちく被ひ不ふ受当地ち人民じんみん欢迎的てき同盟どうめい国こく的まと部ぶ队控制せい。1918年ねん3月がつ，年ねん轻的无政府せいふ主ぬし义者马赫诺的部ぶ队和他た的てき无政府せいふ主ぬし义和游ゆう击队盟友めいゆう战胜了りょう德とく国こく、奥地おくち利和としかず乌克兰民族みんぞく主ぬし义者（如西にし蒙こうむ·彼かれ得とく留とめ拉ひしげ）和わ俄にわか国こく白しろ军的まと部ぶ队，缴获了りょう大量たいりょう德とく国こく和わ奥おく匈帝国こく的てき武器ぶき。这些以少胜多的てき战役奠定了りょう马赫诺军事ごと战术方面ほうめん的てき地位ちい，他た也因此被其崇拜すうはい者しゃ称しょう为“马赫诺老爹”（Batko Makhno）[140]。

马赫诺视布ぬの尔什维克为独裁どくさい政せい权，同どう时表示ひょうじ反はん对“契ちぎり卡……以及其他类似的てき强制きょうせい性せい权威和わ纪律机つくえ构”，呼よび吁“言げん论、新しん闻、集会しゅうかい和わ工こう会かい等とう自由じゆう”[141]。布ぬの尔什维克指ゆび责马赫诺在ざい他た们控ひかえ制せい的てき地区ちく强行きょうこう建立こんりゅう正式せいしき政府せいふ，称しょう马赫诺派使用しよう强制きょうせい征せい兵へい，实施草くさ率りつ处决，并拥有ゆう两支军事和わ反はん情じょう报部队拉兹维德とく卡（Razvedka）和かず普ひろし罗季夫おっと马赫诺斯基もと事ごと务委员会（Kommissiya Protivmakhnovskikh Del）（类似契ちぎり卡和わ格かく乌）[142]。不ふ过后世よ的てき史学しがく家か将はた这些说法视为欺诈性的せいてき宣せん传[143]。

西にし班はん牙きば（1936年ねん）[编辑]

更さら多た信しん息いき：西にし班はん牙きば無政府むせいふ主義しゅぎ（英えい语：Anarchism in Spain）

秉持法ほう西にし斯主义的てき西にし班はん牙きば将はた军弗どる朗ろう西にし斯科·弗どる朗ろう哥在ざい1936年ねん发动了りょう一いち场军事ごと叛乱はんらん，试图推翻人民じんみん阵线（当とう时的西にし班はん牙きば执政党せいとう），随ずい后きさき西にし班はん牙きば的てき无政府せいふ主ぬし义者、共きょう产主义者和わ人民じんみん阵线的てき剩余じょうよ部分ぶぶん联合起おこり来らい对抗弗どる朗ろう哥。在ざい整せい个战争そう期き间和战争结束后きさき不ふ久ひさ，许多西にし班はん牙きば工こう人じん阶级公民こうみん生活せいかつ在ざい无政府せいふ主ぬし义社区く中ちゅう，其中许多社しゃ区く在ざい这一时期蓬勃发展。在ざい德とく国こく和かず意い大利おおとし的てき大力だいりき支持しじ下か，国民こくみん军赢得了りょう最さい终的胜利并建立こんりゅう了りょう由ゆかり弗どる朗ろう西にし斯科·弗どる朗ろう哥独裁どくさい的てき西にし班はん牙きば政府せいふ，有效ゆうこう的てき终止了りょう西にし班はん牙きば无政府せいふ主ぬし义的进一いち步ほ发展[144]。

无治社しゃ区く列れつ表ひょう[编辑]

无治社しゃ区く[编辑]

不ふ受当地ち政府せいふ控ひかえ制せい的てき丹に麦むぎ社しゃ区く克かつ里さと斯蒂安やす尼あま亞あ自由じゆう城じょう的てき入口いりくち
2020年ねん6月がつ8日にち，没ぼつ有ゆう警察けいさつ的てき国会こっかい山やま自治じち区く在ざい西にし雅みやび圖ず國會こっかい山やま社しゃ区く成立せいりつ

无政府せいふ主ぬし义社区く[编辑]

参まいり见无政府せいふ主ぬし义社区く列れつ表ひょう以获取更さら详尽的てき列れつ表ひょう。

无政府せいふ主ぬし义者参与さんよ了りょう各かく种各样的社しゃ区く的てき建けん设。虽然只ただ有ゆう少数しょうすう无政府せいふ群ぐん众社会かい是ぜ明あかり确的由よし无政府せいふ主ぬし义革命いのち产生的てき，无政府せいふ主ぬし义者仍建立こんりゅう了りょう一いち系列けいれつ的てき意識いしき社しゃ區く。

意い识社区く
群ぐん众社会かい

參まいり見み[编辑]

参考さんこう文献ぶんけん[编辑]

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  3. ^ 3.0 3.1 Benjamin Franks; Nathan Jun; Leonard Williams. Anarchism: A Conceptual Approach. Taylor & Francis. 2018: 104–. ISBN 978-1-317-40681-5. Anarchism can be defined in terms of a rejection of hierarchies, such as capitalism, racism or sexism, a social view of freedom in which access to material resources and liberty of others as prerequisites to personal freedom [...]. 
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  35. ^ 潘はん, 亚玲; 时, 殷いん弘ひろ. 论霍布ぬの斯的国こく际关系けい哲学てつがく. 欧おう洲しゅう. 1999, (06): 17 [2021-08-06]. ISSN 1000-3576. （原始げんし内容ないよう存そん档于2021-08-06）. 尽つき管かん国家こっか间可以为某ぼう些目的もくてき达成有限ゆうげん契ちぎり约，但ただし这完全ぜん不等ふとう于可对它们实施ほどこせ强制きょうせい的てき国こく际公共こうきょう权威，也没有ゆう改あらため变国际政治せいじ中ちゅう的てき普遍ふへん冲突状じょう态。 
  36. ^ Lechner, Silviya (2017-11). "Anarchy in International Relations". International Studies Association. Oxford University Press. pp. 1–26. doi:10.1093/acrefore/9780190846626.013.79
  37. ^ Eckstein, Arthur M.; et al. (2020-09-08). "Anarchy" （页面存そん档备份，存そん于互联网档案あん馆）. Encyclopedia Britannica Online. Retrieved 2020-09-16.
  38. ^ "as many anarchists have stressed, it is not government as such that they find objectionable, but the hierarchical forms of government associated with the nation state". Judith Suissa. Anarchism and Education: a Philosophical Perspective. Routledge. New York. 2006. p. 7
  39. ^ 39.0 39.1 IAF principles. International of Anarchist Federations. （原始げんし内容ないよう存そん档于2012-01-05）. The IAF–IFA fights for : the abolition of all forms of authority whether economical, political, social, religious, cultural or sexual. 
  40. ^ "That is why Anarchy, when it works to destroy authority in all its aspects, when it demands the abrogation of laws and the abolition of the mechanism that serves to impose them, when it refuses all hierarchical organisation and preaches free agreement – at the same time strives to maintain and enlarge the precious kernel of social customs without which no human or animal society can exist." Peter Kropotkin. Anarchism: its philosophy and ideal 互联网档案あん馆的てき存そん檔，存そん档日期き2012-03-18.
  41. ^ "anarchists are opposed to irrational (e.g., illegitimate) authority, in other words, hierarchy – hierarchy being the institutionalisation of authority within a society." "B.1 Why are anarchists against authority and hierarchy?" 互联网档案あん馆的てき存そん檔，存そん档日期き2012-06-15. in An Anarchist FAQ
  42. ^ "[Anarchism], a social philosophy that rejects authoritarian government and maintains that voluntary institutions are best suited to express man's natural social tendencies." George Woodcock. "Anarchism" in The Encyclopedia of Philosophy.
  43. ^ "In a society developed on these lines, the voluntary associations which already now begin to cover all the fields of human activity would take a still greater extension so as to substitute themselves for the state in all its functions." Peter Kropotkin. "Anarchism" from the Encyclopædia Britannica 互联网档案あん馆的てき存そん檔，存そん档日期き2012-01-06.
  44. ^ Craig, Edward. Anarchism. The Shorter Routledge Encyclopedia of Philosophy. Routledge. : 14 [2021-08-07]. ISBN 978-1-134-34408-6. （原始げんし内容ないよう存そん档于2021-08-07）. Anarchism is the view that a society without the state, or government, is both possible and desirable. 
  45. ^ Sheehan, Sean. Anarchism, London: Reaktion Books Ltd., 2004. p. 85
  46. ^ Malatesta, Errico. Towards Anarchism. MAN! (Los Angeles: International Group of San Francisco). OCLC 3930443. （原始げんし内容ないよう存そん档于2012-11-07）.  Agrell, Siri. Working for The Man. The Globe and Mail. 2007-05-14 [2008-04-14]. （原始げんし内容ないよう存そん档于2007-05-16）.  Anarchism. Encyclopædia Britannica. Encyclopædia Britannica Premium Service. 2006 [2006-08-29]. （原始げんし内容ないよう存そん档于2006-12-14）.  Anarchism. The Shorter Routledge Encyclopedia of Philosophy. 2005: 14. Anarchism is the view that a society without the state, or government, is both possible and desirable.  下しも列れつ来らい源げん认为无政府せいふ主ぬし义是一いち种政治せいじ哲学てつがく：Mclaughlin, Paul. Anarchism and Authority. Aldershot: Ashgate. 2007: 59. ISBN 978-0754661962.  Johnston, R. The Dictionary of Human Geography. Cambridge: Blackwell Publishers. 2000: 24. ISBN 0-631-20561-6. 
  47. ^ 47.0 47.1 Slevin, Carl. "Anarchism." The Concise Oxford Dictionary of Politics. Ed. Iain McLean and Alistair McMillan. Oxford University Press, 2003.
  48. ^ McLaughlin, Paul (2007). Anarchism and Authority: A Philosophical Introduction to Classical Anarchism. Ashgate. pp. 28 （页面存そん档备份，存そん于互联网档案あん馆）–166. ISBN 9780754661962. "Anarchists do reject the state, as we will see. But to claim that this central aspect of anarchism is definitive is to sell anarchism short. [...] [Opposition to the state] is (contrary to what many scholars believe) not definitive of anarchism."
  49. ^ Jun, Nathan (September 2009). "Anarchist Philosophy and Working Class Struggle: A Brief History and Commentary". WorkingUSA. 12 (3): 505–519. doi:10.1111/j.1743-4580.2009.00251.x. ISSN 1089-7011. "One common misconception, which has been rehearsed repeatedly by the few Anglo-American philosophers who have bothered to broach the topic [...] is that anarchism can be defined solely in terms of opposition to states and governments" (p. 507).
  50. ^ Franks, Benjamin (August 2013). Freeden, Michael; Stears, Marc (eds.). "Anarchism". The Oxford Handbook of Political Ideologies. Oxford University Press: 385–404. doi:10.1093/oxfordhb/9780199585977.013.0001. "[M]any, questionably, regard anti-statism as the irremovable, universal principle at the core of anarchism. [...] The fact that [anarchists and anarcho-capitalists] share a core concept of 'anti-statism', which is often advanced as [...] a commonality between them [...], is insufficient to produce a shared identity [...] because [they interpret] the concept of state-rejection [...] differently despite the initial similarity in nomenclature" (pp. 386–388).
  51. ^ 51.0 51.1 Jennings, Jeremy (1993). "Anarchism". In Eatwell, Roger; Wright, Anthony (eds.). Contemporary Political Ideologies. London: Pinter. pp. 127–146. ISBN 978-0-86187-096-7. "[...] anarchism does not stand for the untrammelled freedom of the individual (as the 'anarcho-capitalists' appear to believe) but, as we have already seen, for the extension of individuality and community" (p. 143).
  52. ^ 52.0 52.1 Gay, Kathlyn; Gay, Martin (1999). Encyclopedia of Political Anarchy. ABC-CLIO. p. 15. ISBN 978-0-87436-982-3. "For many anarchists (of whatever persuasion), anarcho-capitalism is a contradictory term, since 'traditional' anarchists oppose capitalism".
  53. ^ 53.0 53.1 Morriss, Andrew (2008). "Anarcho-capitalism". In Hamowy, Ronald (ed.). The Encyclopedia of Libertarianism. SAGE; Cato Institute. pp. 13–14. doi:10.4135/9781412965811.n8. ISBN 978-1-4129-6580-4. OCLC 191924853. "Social anarchists, those anarchists with communitarian leanings, are critical of anarcho-capitalism because it permits individuals to accumulate substantial power through markets and private property."
  54. ^ 54.0 54.1 Franks, Benjamin (August 2013). Freeden, Michael; Stears, Marc (eds.). "Anarchism". The Oxford Handbook of Political Ideologies. Oxford University Press: 385–404. doi:10.1093/oxfordhb/9780199585977.013.0001. "Individualisms that defend or reinforce hierarchical forms such as the economic-power relations of anarcho-capitalism [...] are incompatible with practices of social anarchism. [...] Increasingly, academic analysis has followed activist currents in rejecting the view that anarcho-capitalism has anything to do with social anarchism" (pp. 393–394).
  55. ^ Goodrick-Clarke, Nicholas. Black Sun: Aryan Cults, Esoteric Nazism and the Politics of Identity. New York: New York University Press. 2003. ISBN 978-0-8147-3155-0. 
  56. ^ Griffin, Roger. From slime mould to rhizome: an introduction to the groupuscular right. Patterns of Prejudice. March 2003, 37 (1): 27–63. S2CID 143709925. doi:10.1080/0031322022000054321. 
  57. ^ Macklin, Graham D. Co-opting the Counter Culture: Troy Southgate and the National Revolutionary Faction. Patterns of Prejudice. September 2005, 39 (3): 301–326 [2021-08-07]. S2CID 144248307. doi:10.1080/00313220500198292. （原始げんし内容ないよう存そん档于2021-02-05）. 
  58. ^ Sykes, Alan. The Radical Right in Britain: Social Imperialism to the BNP (British History in Perspective). New York: Palgrave Macmillan. 2005. ISBN 978-0-333-59923-5. 
  59. ^ Sunshine, Spencer. Rebranding Fascism: National-Anarchists. The Public Eye. Winter 2008, 23 (4): 1, 12 [2009-11-12]. （原始げんし内容ないよう存そん档于2009-07-26）. 
  60. ^ Sanchez, Casey. 'National Anarchism': California racists claim they're Anarchists. Intelligence Report. Summer 2009 [2009-12-02]. （原始げんし内容ないよう存そん档于2016-02-24）. 
  61. ^ Lyons, Matthew N. Rising Above the Herd: Keith Preston's Authoritarian Anti-Statism. New Politics. Summer 2011, 7 (3) [2019-07-27]. （原始げんし内容ないよう存そん档于2019-07-27）. 
  62. ^ Funnell, Warwick (2007). "Accounting and the Virtues of Anarchy" （页面存そん档备份，存そん于互联网档案あん馆）. Australasian Accounting, Business and Finance Journal. 1 (1) 18–27. doi:10.14453/aabfj.v1i1.2.
  63. ^ Robinson, Christine M. (2009). "The Continuing Significance of Class: Confronting Capitalism in an Anarchist Community". Working USA. 12 (3): 355–370. doi:10.1111/j.1743-4580.2009.00243.x.
  64. ^ El-Ojeili, Chamsy (2012). "Anarchism as the Contemporary Spirit of Anti-Capitalism? A Critical Survey of Recent Debates". Critical Sociology. 40 (3): 451–468. doi:10.1177/0896920512452023.
  65. ^ Williams, Dana (2012). "From Top to Bottom, a Thoroughly Stratified World: An Anarchist View of Inequality and Domination". Race, Gender & Class. 19 (3/4): 9–34.
    JSTOR 43497486
    .
  66. ^ White, Richard; Williams, Colin (2014). "Anarchist Economic Practices in a 'Capitalist' Society: Some Implications for Organisation and the Future of Work" （页面存そん档备份，存そん于互联网档案あん馆）. Ephermera: Theory and Politics in Organization. 14 (4): 947–971. SSRN 2707308.
  67. ^ Casey, Gerard. Freedom's Progress?. Andrews UK Limited. 2018: 670. ISBN 978-1845409425. 
  68. ^ Murray Bookchin (1982). The Ecology of Freedom: The Emergence and Dissolution of Hierarchy. Palo Alto, California: Cheshire Books. p. 3. "My use of the word hierarchy in the subtitle of this work is meant to be provocative. There is a strong theoretical need to contrast hierarchy with the more widespread use of the words class and State; careless use of these terms can produce a dangerous simplification of social reality. To use the words hierarchy, class, and State interchangeably, as many social theorists do, is insidious and obscurantist. This practice, in the name of a "classless" or "libertarian" society, could easily conceal the existence of hierarchical relationships and a hierarchical sensibility, both of which-even in the absence of economic exploitation or political coercion-would serve to perpetuate unfreedom."
  69. ^ Paul McLaughlin (2007). Anarchism and Authority: A Philosophical Introduction to Classical Anarchism （页面存そん档备份，存そん于互联网档案あん馆）. AshGate. p. 1. "Authority is defined in terms of the right to exercise social control (as explored in the "sociology of power") and the correlative duty to obey (as explored in the "philosophy of practical reason"). Anarchism is distinguished, philosophically, by its scepticism towards such moral relations – by its questioning of the claims made for such normative power – and, practically, by its challenge to those "authoritative" powers which cannot justify their claims and which are therefore deemed illegitimate or without moral foundation."
  70. ^ Emma Goldman. "What it Really Stands for Anarchy" in Anarchism and Other Essays. "Anarchism, then, really stands for the liberation of the human mind from the dominion of religion; the liberation of the human body from the dominion of property; liberation from the shackles and restraint of government. Anarchism stands for a social order based on the free grouping of individuals for the purpose of producing real social wealth; an order that will guarantee to every human being free access to the earth and full enjoyment of the necessities of life, according to individual desires, tastes, and inclinations."
  71. ^ Benjamin Tucker. Individual Liberty （页面存そん档备份，存そん于互联网档案あん馆）. Individualist anarchist Benjamin Tucker defined anarchism as opposition to authority, as follows: "They found that they must turn either to the right or to the left, – follow either the path of Authority or the path of Liberty. Marx went one way; Warren and Proudhon the other. Thus were born State Socialism and Anarchism ... Authority, takes many shapes, but, broadly speaking, her enemies divide themselves into three classes: first, those who abhor her both as a means and as an end of progress, opposing her openly, avowedly, sincerely, consistently, universally; second, those who profess to believe in her as a means of progress, but who accept her only so far as they think she will subserve their own selfish interests, denying her and her blessings to the rest of the world; third, those who distrust her as a means of progress, believing in her only as an end to be obtained by first trampling upon, violating, and outraging her. These three phases of opposition to Liberty are met in almost every sphere of thought and human activity. representatives of the first are seen in the Catholic Church and the Russian autocracy; of the second, in the Protestant Church and the Manchester school of politics and political economy; of the third, in the atheism of Gambetta and the socialism of Karl Marx."
  72. ^ Ward, Colin. Anarchism as a Theory of Organization. 1966 [2010-03-01]. （原始げんし内容ないよう存そん档于25 March 2010）. 
  73. ^ Anarchist historian George Woodcock report of Mikhail Bakunin's anti-authoritarianism and shows opposition to both state and non-state forms of authority as follows: "All anarchists deny authority; many of them fight against it." (p. 9) ... Bakunin did not convert the League's central committee to his full program, but he did persuade them to accept a remarkably radical recommendation to the Berne Congress of September 1868, demanding economic equality and implicitly attacking authority in both Church and State."
  74. ^ Brown, L. Susan. Anarchism as a Political Philosophy of Existential Individualism: Implications for Feminism. The Politics of Individualism: Liberalism, Liberal Feminism and Anarchism. Black Rose Books Ltd. Publishing. 2002: 106. 
  75. ^ Sylvan, Richard. Anarchism. Goodwin, Robert E.; Pettit, Philip (编). A Companion to Contemporary Political Philosophy. Blackwell Publishing. 1995: 231. 
  76. ^ Ostergaard, Geoffrey. "Anarchism". The Blackwell Dictionary of Modern Social Thought. Blackwell Publishing. p. 14.
  77. ^ Kropotkin, Peter. Anarchism: A Collection of Revolutionary Writings. Courier Dover Publications. 2002: 5. ISBN 0-486-41955-X. 
  78. ^ R.B. Fowler. The Anarchist Tradition of Political Thought. Western Political Quarterly (University of Utah). 1972, 25 (4): 738–52. JSTOR 446800. doi:10.2307/446800. 
  79. ^ Brooks, Frank H. The Individualist Anarchists: An Anthology of Liberty (1881–1908). Transaction Publishers. 1994: xi. ISBN 1-56000-132-1. 
  80. ^ Joseph Kahn. Anarchism, the Creed That Won't Stay Dead; The Spread of World Capitalism Resurrects a Long-Dormant Movement. The New York Times. 2000, (5 August). 
  81. ^ Colin Moynihan. Book Fair Unites Anarchists. In Spirit, Anyway. New York Times. 2007, (16 April). 
  82. ^ Osgood, Herbert L. (March 1889). "Scientific Anarchism". Political Science Quarterly. The Academy of Political Science. 4 (1): 1–36. doi:10.2307/2139424. JSTOR 2139424. "In anarchism we have the extreme antithesis of [state] socialism and [authoritarian] communism" (p. 1).
  83. ^ Guérin, Daniel (1970). Anarchism: From Theory to Practice. Monthly Review Press. p. 12. ISBN 9780853451280. "[A]narchism is really a synonym for socialism. The anarchist is primarily a socialist whose aim is to abolish the exploitation of man by man. Anarchism is only one of the streams of socialist thought, that stream whose main components are concern for liberty and haste to abolish the State."55-6. "In general anarchism is closer to socialism than liberalism. [...] Anarchism finds itself largely in the socialist camp, but it also has outriders in liberalism. It cannot be reduced to socialism, and is best seen as a separate and distinctive doctrine."
  84. ^ Jennings, Jeremy (1999). "Anarchism". In Eatwell, Roger; Wright, Anthony (eds.). Contemporary Political Ideologies (reprinted, 2nd ed.). London: A & C Black. ISBN 9780826451736. p. 147.
  85. ^ Walter, Nicholas (2002). About Anarchism. London: Freedom Press. p. 44. ISBN 9780900384905. "[A]narchism does derive from liberalism and socialism both historically and ideologically. [...] In a sense, anarchists always remain liberals and socialists, and whenever they reject what is good in either they betray anarchism itself. [...] We are liberals but more so, and socialists but more so."
  86. ^ Newman, Michael (2005). Socialism: A Very Short Introduction. Oxford: Oxford University Press. p. 15. ISBN 9780192804310.
  87. ^ Morriss, Brian (2015). Anthropology, Ecology, and Anarchism: A Brian Morris Reader. Marshall, Peter (illustrated ed.). Oakland: PM Press. p. 64. ISBN 9781604860931. "The tendency of writers like David Pepper (1996) to create a dichotomy between socialism and anarchism is both conceptually and historically misleading."
  88. ^ Guérin, Daniel (1970). Anarchism: From Theory to Practice. Monthly Review Press. p. 70. ISBN 9780853451280. "The anarchists were unanimous in subjecting authoritarian socialism to a barrage of severe criticism. At the time when they made violent and satirical attacks there were not entirely well founded, for those to whom they were addressed were either primitive or 'vulgar' communists, whose thought had not yet been fertilized by Marxist humanism, or else, in the case of Marx and Engels themselves, were not as set on authority and state control as the anarchists made out."
  89. ^ Post-left anarcho-communist Bob Black after analysing insurrectionary anarcho-communist Luigi Galleani's view on anarcho-communism went as far as saying that "communism is the final fulfillment of individualism.... The apparent contradiction between individualism and communism rests on a misunderstanding of both.... Subjectivity is also objective: the individual really is subjective. It is nonsense to speak of 'emphatically prioritizing the social over the individual'.... You may as well speak of prioritizing the chicken over the egg. Anarchy is a 'method of individualization'. It aims to combine the greatest individual development with the greatest communal unity."Bob Black. Nightmares of Reason. （页面存そん档备份，存そん于互联网档案あん馆）
  90. ^ Max Baginski. "Stirner: The Ego and His Own" （页面存そん档备份，存そん于互联网档案あん馆）. Mother Earth. Vol. 2. No. 3 May 1907. "Modern Communists are more individualistic than Stirner. To them, not merely religion, morality, family and State are spooks, but property also is no more than a spook, in whose name the individual is enslaved – and how enslaved!...Communism thus creates a basis for the liberty and Eigenheit of the individual. I am a Communist because I am an Individualist. Fully as heartily the Communists concur with Stirner when he puts the word take in place of demand – that leads to the dissolution of property, to expropriation. Individualism and Communism go hand in hand."
  91. ^ "This stance puts him squarely in the libertarian socialist tradition and, unsurprisingly, (Benjamin) Tucker referred to himself many times as a socialist and considered his philosophy to be "Anarchistic socialism." "An Anarchist FAQby Various Authors
  92. ^ "Because revolution is the fire of our will and a need of our solitary minds; it is an obligation of the libertarian aristocracy. To create new ethical values. To create new aesthetic values. To communalize material wealth. To individualize spiritual wealth." [1] （页面存そん档备份，存そん于互联网档案あん馆）Renzo Novatore. Toward the Creative Nothing
  93. ^ Suissa, Judith (2001). "Anarchism, Utopias and Philosophy of Education". Journal of Philosophy of Education. 35 (4): 627–646. doi:10.1111/1467-9752.00249
  94. ^ Skirda, Alexandre. Facing the Enemy: A History of Anarchist Organization from Proudhon to May 1968. AK Press, 2002, p. 191.
  95. ^ McKay, Iain (编). An Anarchist FAQ I/II. Stirling: AK Press. 2012. ISBN 9781849351225. No, far from it. Most anarchists in the late nineteenth century recognised communist-anarchism as a genuine form of anarchism and it quickly replaced collectivist anarchism as the dominant tendency. So few anarchists found the individualist solution to the social question or the attempts of some of them to excommunicate social anarchism from the movement convincing. 
  96. ^ Catalan historian Xavier Diez reports that the Spanish individualist anarchist press was widely read by members of anarcho-communist groups and by members of the anarcho-syndicalist trade union CNT. There were also the cases of prominent individualist anarchists such as Federico Urales and Miguel Giménez Igualada who were members of the CNT and J. Elizalde who was a founding member and first secretary of the Iberian Anarchist Federation. Xavier Diez. El anarquismo individualista en España: 1923–1938. ISBN 978-84-96044-87-6
  97. ^ Within the synthesist anarchist organization, the Fédération Anarchiste, there existed an individualist anarchist tendency alongside anarcho-communist and anarchosyndicalist currents. Individualist anarchists participating inside the Fédération Anarchiste included Charles-Auguste Bontemps, Georges Vincey and André Arru. "Pensée et action des anarchistes en France : 1950–1970" by Cédric GUÉRIN
  98. ^ In Italy in 1945, during the Founding Congress of the Italian Anarchist Federation, there was a group of individualist anarchists led by Cesare Zaccaria who was an important anarchist of the time.Cesare Zaccaria (19 August 1897 – October 1961) by Pier Carlo Masini and Paul Sharkey （页面存そん档备份，存そん于互联网档案あん馆）
  99. ^ "Resiting the Nation State, the pacifist and anarchist tradition" by Geoffrey Ostergaard. Ppu.org.uk. 1945-08-06 [2010-09-20]. （原始げんし内容ないよう存そん档于2011-05-14）. 
  100. ^ George Woodcock. Anarchism: A History of Libertarian Ideas and Movements (1962)
  101. ^ Fowler, R.B. "The Anarchist Tradition of Political Thought." The Western Political Quarterly, Vol. 25, No. 4. (1972-12), pp. 743–44.
  102. ^ Nettlau, Max. A Short History of Anarchism. Freedom Press. 1996: 162. ISBN 0-900384-89-1. 
  103. ^ Daniel Guérin. Anarchism: From Theory to Practice （页面存そん档备份，存そん于互联网档案あん馆）. "At the end of the century in France, Sebastien Faure took up a word originated in 1858 by one Joseph Déjacque to make it the title of a journal, Le Libertaire. Today the terms 'anarchist' and 'libertarian' have become interchangeable."
  104. ^ 104.0 104.1 Marshall, Peter (1992). Demanding the Impossible: A History of Anarchism. London: HarperCollins. pp. 564–565. ISBN 978-0-00-217855-6. "Anarcho-capitalists are against the State simply because they are capitalists first and foremost. [...] They are not concerned with the social consequences of capitalism for the weak, powerless and ignorant. [...] As such, anarcho-capitalism overlooks the egalitarian implications of traditional individualist anarchists like Spooner and Tucker. In fact, few anarchists would accept the 'anarcho-capitalists' into the anarchist camp since they do not share a concern for economic equality and social justice. Their self-interested, calculating market men would be incapable of practising voluntary co-operation and mutual aid. Anarcho-capitalists, even if they do reject the state, might therefore best be called right-wing libertarians rather than anarchists."
  105. ^ 105.0 105.1 Goodway, David (2006). Anarchist Seeds Beneath the Snow: Left-Libertarian Thought and British Writers from William Morris to Colin Ward. Liverpool: Liverpool University Press. p. 4. "'Libertarian' and 'libertarianism' are frequently employed by anarchists as synonyms for 'anarchist' and 'anarchism', largely as an attempt to distance themselves from the negative connotations of 'anarchy' and its derivatives. The situation has been vastly complicated in recent decades with the rise of anarcho-capitalism, 'minimal statism' and an extreme right-wing laissez-faire philosophy advocated by such theorists as Rothbard and Nozick and their adoption of the words 'libertarian' and 'libertarianism'. It has therefore now become necessary to distinguish between their right libertarianism and the left libertarianism of the anarchist tradition."
  106. ^ Newman, Saul (2010). The Politics of Postanarchism. Edinburgh University Press. p. 43. "It is important to distinguish between anarchism and certain strands of right-wing libertarianism which at times go by the same name (for example, Rothbard's anarcho-capitalism)." ISBN 0748634959.
  107. ^ 107.0 107.1 107.2 Carlson, Jennifer D. (2012). "Libertarianism". In Miller, Wilburn R., ed. The Social History of Crime and Punishment in America. London: SAGE Publications. p. 1006 （页面存そん档备份，存そん于互联网档案あん馆）. ISBN 1412988764.
  108. ^ Perlin, Terry M. Contemporary Anarchism. Transaction Publishers. 1979: 40. ISBN 0-87855-097-6. 
  109. ^ Noam Chomsky; Carlos Peregrín Otero. Language and Politics. AK Press. 2004: 739. ISBN 9781902593821. 
  110. ^ Marshall, Peter (1992). Demanding the Impossible: A History of Anarchism. London: HarperCollins. p. 641. " "For a long time, libertarian was interchangeable in France with anarchist but in recent years, its meaning has become more ambivalent. [...] In general, anarchism is closer to socialism than liberalism. [...] Anarchism finds itself largely in the socialist camp, but it also has outriders in liberalism. It cannot be reduced to socialism, and is best seen as a separate and distinctive doctrine."
  111. ^ Bufe, Charles. The Heretic's Handbook of Quotations. See Sharp Press, 1992. p. iv.
  112. ^ Fernandez, Frank. Cuban Anarchism. The History of a Movement. See Sharp Press, 2001, p. 9.
  113. ^ Skirda, Alexandre. Facing the Enemy: A History of Anarchist Organization from Proudhon to May 1968. AK Press 2002. p. 183.
  114. ^ MacDonald, Dwight & Wreszin, Michael. Interviews with Dwight Macdonald. University Press of Mississippi, 2003. p. 82.
  115. ^ Woodcock, George. Anarchism: A History of Libertarian Ideas and Movements. Broadview Press, 2004. Uses the terms interchangeably such as on p. 10.
  116. ^ Ward, Colin. Anarchism: A Very Short Introduction. Oxford University Press 2004 p. 62.
  117. ^ Chomsky, Noam (2005). Pateman, Barry (ed.). Chomsky on Anarchism. AK Press. p. 123. "[Anarchism is] the libertarian wing of socialism."
  118. ^ Goodway, David. Anarchists Seed Beneath the Snow. Liverpool Press. 2006, p. 4.
  119. ^ Gay, Kathlyn. Encyclopedia of Political Anarchy. ABC-CLIO / University of Michigan, 2006, p. 126.
  120. ^ Cohn, Jesse (20 April 2009). "Anarchism". In Ness, Immanuel (ed.). The International Encyclopedia of Revolution and Protest. John Wiley & Sons. pp. 4–6. "[F]rom the 1890s on, the term 'libertarian socialism' has entered common use as a synonym for anarchism. [...] 'libertarianism' [...] a term that, until the mid-twentieth century, was synonymous with 'anarchism' per se."
  121. ^ Levy, Carl; Adams, Matthew S., eds. (2018). The Palgrave Handbook of Anarchism. Palgrave Macmillan. p. 104. "As such, many people use the term 'anarchism' to describe the anti-authoritarian wing of the socialist movement."
  122. ^ Kant, Immanuel (1798). "Grundzüge der Schilderung des Charakters der Menschengattung" （页面存そん档备份，存そん于互联网档案あん馆）. In Anthropologie in pragmatischer Hinsicht. AA: VII, s.330.
  123. ^ Louden, Robert B., ed. (2006). Kant: Anthropology from a Pragmatic Point of View. Cambridge University Press. p. 235.
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外部がいぶ链接[编辑]

查看维基词典中なか的てき词条「anarchy」。
规范控ひかえ制せい数すう据すえ库：各地かくち 編輯維基數據鏈接
取と自じ“https://zh.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=無む政府せいふ狀態じょうたい&oldid=82891767”