铅
铅(拼音:qiān,
物理 性 质
[编辑]纯铅
![一块金属](https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/63/Lead-2.jpg/220px-Lead-2.jpg)
铅的
铅很软,莫氏
原子 性 质
[编辑]铅有82个电子,电子
较轻
同位 素
[编辑]铅有
铅是
铅-206、铅-207
![一块灰色陨石](https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/58/Holsinger_Meteorite.jpg/220px-Holsinger_Meteorite.jpg)
化学 性 质
[编辑]![一根小金属棒穿过淡蓝色的火焰](https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/03/Flammenf%C3%A4rbungPb.png/110px-Flammenf%C3%A4rbungPb.png)
块状
氟气
无机化合 物
[编辑]铅有两种
铅(II)
铅(II)
[编辑]无机铅
![交替的深灰色和红色球](https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0d/Red-lead-unit-cell-3D-balls.png/170px-Red-lead-unit-cell-3D-balls.png)
铅(IV)
[编辑]无机铅(IV)
其它氧化态
[编辑]![九个深灰色的球连接在一起](https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/54/Nonaplumbide-anion-from-xtal-3D-balls.png/170px-Nonaplumbide-anion-from-xtal-3D-balls.png)
一些铅化合物中的铅不以+4
许多铅(II)
负价铅
有 机 铅化合 物
[编辑]![一个蓝绿色球和四个黑球连接,而这些黑球分别和两个白球和一个连接了三个白球的黑球连接](https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/df/Tetraethyllead-3D-balls.png/170px-Tetraethyllead-3D-balls.png)
碳
氢
铅
起源 与 存 量
[编辑]42 | 钼 | 0.798 |
46 | 钯 | 0.440 |
50 | 锡 | 1.146 |
78 | 铂 | 0.417 |
80 | 汞 | 0.127 |
82 | 铅 | 1 |
90 | 钍 | 0.011 |
92 | 铀 | 0.003 |
太 空
[编辑]铅在
铅的稳定
![](https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6b/S-R-processes-atomic-mass-201-to-210.svg/250px-S-R-processes-atomic-mass-201-to-210.svg.png)
地球
[编辑]铅是亲硫
![](https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/59/%E5%85%83%E7%B4%A0%E8%B1%90%E5%BA%A6.svg/250px-%E5%85%83%E7%B4%A0%E8%B1%90%E5%BA%A6.svg.png)
铅在
历史
[编辑]史 前
[编辑]![](https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/04/Lead_production_graph_zh-hans.svg/220px-Lead_production_graph_zh-hans.svg.png)
古典 时代
[编辑]![](https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4a/Sling_bullets_BM_GR1842.7-28.550_GR1851.5-7.11.jpg/220px-Sling_bullets_BM_GR1842.7-28.550_GR1851.5-7.11.jpg)
罗马
铅板
![](https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a3/Grosvenor_Museums_-_Wasserr%C3%B6hren.jpg/220px-Grosvenor_Museums_-_Wasserr%C3%B6hren.jpg)
"Wine—An enological specimen bank", 1992[130]
罗马
和 锡、锑的混淆
[编辑]中世 纪和文 艺复兴
[编辑]![](https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fb/Nicholas_Hilliard_%28called%29_-_Portrait_of_Queen_Elizabeth_I_-_Google_Art_Project.jpg/170px-Nicholas_Hilliard_%28called%29_-_Portrait_of_Queen_Elizabeth_I_-_Google_Art_Project.jpg)
铅于11)[146]
欧 洲 和 亚洲以外 的 铅
[编辑]工 业革命
[编辑]![](https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/52/Lead_mining_Barber_1865p321cropped.jpg/220px-Lead_mining_Barber_1865p321cropped.jpg)
18
现代
[编辑]![](https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/44/Dutch_boy_collier_white_lead.png/170px-Dutch_boy_collier_white_lead.png)
生 产
[编辑]![](https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2e/Evolution_production_plomb.svg/langzh-hans-220px-Evolution_production_plomb.svg.png)
铅的产量
初 级生产
[编辑]( | |
---|---|
![]() |
2,400 |
![]() |
500 |
![]() |
335 |
![]() |
310 |
![]() |
250 |
![]() |
225 |
![]() |
135 |
![]() |
80 |
![]() |
76 |
![]() |
75 |
![]() |
41 |
![]() |
41 |
![]() |
40 |
![]() |
40 |
![]() |
35 |
![]() |
33 |
![]() |
33 |
其它 |
170 |
两步法
[编辑]- 2 PbS(s) + 3 O2(g) → 2 PbO(s) + 2 SO2(g)↑
- 2 PbO(s) + C(s) → 2 Pb(s) + CO2(g)↑
这些杂质
直接 法
[编辑]如果
替 代 方法
[编辑]二 级生产
[编辑]用途
[编辑]![一堆黑砖](https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2b/Lead_shielding.jpg/220px-Lead_shielding.jpg)
实际
单质
[编辑]铅也
![黄色的雕像](https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/50/Parc_de_Versailles%2C_Bassin_de_Flore%2C_Jean-Baptiste_Tuby_%281672-79%29_07.jpg/220px-Parc_de_Versailles%2C_Bassin_de_Flore%2C_Jean-Baptiste_Tuby_%281672-79%29_07.jpg)
铅可以
铅的
电池
[编辑]电缆涂层
[编辑]铅可以制
化合 物
[编辑]![](https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a9/Crystal_glass.jpg/220px-Crystal_glass.jpg)
![](https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3c/PbCrO4_and_PbCrO4%E2%80%A2PbO.jpg/220px-PbCrO4_and_PbCrO4%E2%80%A2PbO.jpg)
铅酸蓄电
- Pb(s) + PbO
2(s) + 2H
2SO
4(aq) → 2PbSO
4(s) + 2H
2O(l)
含铅颜料
生物 作用
[编辑]铅 | |
---|---|
![]() | |
危险 | |
GHS危险![]() ![]() ![]() | |
GHS |
Danger |
H-术语 | H302, H332, H351, H360Df, H373, H410 |
P-术语 | P201, P261, P273, P304, P340, P312, P308, P313, P391[223] |
NFPA 704 | |
铅没
毒性
[编辑]铅有剧毒,
影 响
[编辑]铅会严重损害脑和肾,
![](https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f4/Symptoms_of_lead_poisoning_zh-hans.svg/220px-Symptoms_of_lead_poisoning_zh-hans.svg.png)
铅
暴露 源
[编辑]铅矿
铅
对于
摄入含铅
吸烟
塑料玩具
[编辑]治 疗
[编辑]铅
对环境 的 影 响
[编辑]![](https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/08/Batteries_at_Thiaroye.jpg/220px-Batteries_at_Thiaroye.jpg)
铅与其产
铅会
铅会
环境
限 制 和 整 治
[编辑]![](https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ef/1plombs_chasse_cygne_cond%C3%A92.jpg/170px-1plombs_chasse_cygne_cond%C3%A92.jpg)
铅在
含铅废物
注 释
[编辑]- ^
展性 是 物 质在压力下 变形的 难度,而延性 是 物 质的拉 伸 能力 。 - ^
湿 手指 可 以浸入 液 态铅中 而不会 造成 灼伤。[15] - ^ 镧系
收 缩有 10%可 以归结为相 对论效 应的 影 响。[20] - ^ 钻石结构
的 锡叫α 锡或灰 锡,仅在13.2 °C(55.8 °F)以下 稳定。室温 下 稳定的 锡同素 异形体 是 β 锡(白 锡),它的晶 体 结构为扭曲 的 面 心 立方 结构,是 灰 锡的钻石结构和 铅标准 的 面 心 立方 结构之 间的结构,符合 元素 周期 表 越 往下金属 性 越 强的 趋势。[26] - ^ 铋-209
的 半 衰 期 为1.9×1019年 。[30]一公斤天然铋的放射性活度约为0.003 Bq(每秒 衰 变的次数 )。作 为比较,一公斤人体的放射性活度约为65 Bq。[31] - ^ 铅-205
的 衰 变方式 是 电子捕 获,因 此如果 它的82个电子 都 被 完全 电离,周 围也没 有 电子,它就无法衰 变。铅-205会 衰 变成铊-205,但 完全 电离的 铊-205就不是 稳定同位 素 了 ,会 衰 变成有 一个电子的铅-205。[43] - ^
四 苯基铅更 加 稳定,270 °C才 分解 。[83] - ^
来 源 中 的 丰度不 是 以分比 计算,而是以和硅(丰度定 义为106)的 相 对比例 计算的 。所有 元素 按这个相对比例 计算的 总和为2.6682×1010,其中铅占了 3.258。 - ^
元素 丰度可能 会 因 为来源 的 不同 而有所 改 变。[105] - ^ 儒略·恺撒
只 生 一 个孩子 和 奥 古 斯都据 称 不 育 的 事 实都归咎于铅中毒 。[135] - ^
加 利 福 尼 亚州因 此在2015年 7月 开始禁止 使用 铅弹打 猎。[192] - ^ 铅酸蓄电
池 对普通 使用 者 的 潜在 危害 都和 铅的毒性 无关。[208] - ^
参 见这个参考 资料[210]来 得 到 铅酸蓄电池 工作 原理 的 详细资料。 - ^ 这个值会
因 国家 而异。[226] - ^ 这是
黄 铜(铜和锌的合金 )和 铅、铁、锡(有 时还有 锑)组成的 合金 。[274]
参考 文献
[编辑]- ^ Prohaska, Thomas; Irrgeher, Johanna; Benefield, Jacqueline; Böhlke, John K.; Chesson, Lesley A.; Coplen, Tyler B.; Ding, Tiping; Dunn, Philip J. H.; Gröning, Manfred; Holden, Norman E.; Meijer, Harro A. J. Standard atomic weights of the elements 2021 (IUPAC Technical Report). Pure and Applied Chemistry. 2022-05-04. ISSN 1365-3075. doi:10.1515/pac-2019-0603 (
英 语). - ^ Pb(0)
存在 于铅和 一 氧化碳反 应形成 的 羰基化合 物 中 ,参 见Ling, Jiang; Qiang, Xu. Observation of the lead carbonyls PbnCO (n=1–4): Reactions of lead atoms and small clusters with carbon monoxide in solid argon. The Journal of Chemical Physics. 122 (3): 034505. 2005, 122 (3): 34505 [2022-09-27]. Bibcode:2005JChPh.122c4505J. ISSN 0021-9606. PMID 15740207. doi:10.1063/1.1834915. (原始 内容 存 档于2022-11-08). - ^
夏 征 农、陈至立 (编). 《辞 海 》第 六 版 彩 图本.上海 :上海 辞 书出版 社 . 2009年 :第 3227页. ISBN 9787532628599. - ^ Theodore Low De Vinne (1899). The Practice of Typography: A Treatise on the Processes of Type-making, the Point System, the Names, Sizes, Styles, and Prices of Plain Printing Types. Century Company. pp. 9–36.
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延伸 阅读
[编辑][
- Astrid, S.; Helmut, S.; Sigel, R. K. O. (编). Lead: Its Effects on Environment and Health. Metal Ions in Life Sciences 17. De Gruyter. 2017. ISBN 978-3-11-044107-9. ([//web.archive.org/web/20200311113727/https://www.degruyter.com/viewbooktoc/product/460569 页面
存 档备份,存 于互联网档案 馆) Table of contents] - Casas, J. S.; Sordo, J. (编). Lead Chemistry, Analytical Aspects. Environmental Impacts and Health Effects. Elsevier. 2006 [2022-09-30]. ISBN 978-0-444-52945-9. (
原始 内容 存 档于2014-07-06).
外部 連結
[编辑]元素 铅在洛 斯阿拉 莫斯国家 实验室 的 介 紹(英文 )- EnvironmentalChemistry.com —— 铅(
英文 ) 元素 铅在 The Periodic Table of Videos(諾 丁 漢 大學 )的 介 紹(英文 )元素 铅在Peter van der Krogt elements site的 介 紹(英文 )- WebElements.com – 铅(
英文 )
IA 1 |
IIA 2 |
IIIB 3 |
IVB 4 |
VB 5 |
VIB 6 |
VIIB 7 |
VIIIB 8 |
VIIIB 9 |
VIIIB 10 |
IB 11 |
IIB 12 |
IIIA 13 |
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VA 15 |
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1 | H | He | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
2 | Li | Be | B | C | N | O | F | Ne | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
3 | Na | Mg | Al | Si | P | S | Cl | Ar | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
4 | K | Ca | Sc | Ti | V | Cr | Mn | Fe | Co | Ni | Cu | Zn | Ga | Ge | As | Se | Br | Kr | |||||||||||||||||||
5 | Rb | Sr | Y | Zr | Nb | Mo | Tc | Ru | Rh | Pd | Ag | Cd | In | Sn | Sb | Te | I | Xe | |||||||||||||||||||
6 | Cs | Ba | La | Ce | Pr | Nd | Pm | Sm | Eu | Gd | Tb | Dy | Ho | Er | Tm | Yb | Lu | Hf | Ta | W | Re | Os | Ir | Pt | Au | Hg | Tl | Pb | Bi | Po | At | Rn | |||||
7 | Fr | Ra | Ac | Th | Pa | U | Np | Pu | Am | Cm | Bk | Cf | Es | Fm | Md | No | Lr | Rf | Db | Sg | Bh | Hs | Mt | Ds | Rg | Cn | Nh | Fl | Mc | Lv | Ts | Og | |||||
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