茹

茹 U+8339, 茹 CJK UNIFIED IDEOGRAPH-8339 ← 茸たけ [U+8338] CJK Unified Ideographs 茺 → [U+833A]

Translingual

Han character

茹 (Kangxi radical 140, 艸そうこう+6, 12 strokes, cangjie input 廿にじゅう女おんな口こう (TVR), four-corner 4446₀, composition ⿱艹如)

1. roots
2. vegetables
3. eat
4. to bear; withstand

Derived characters

• 𣺾, 𦷸

References

• Kangxi Dictionary: page 1029, character 10
• Dai Kanwa Jiten: character 30921
• Dae Jaweon: page 1488, character 4
• Hanyu Da Zidian (first edition): volume 5, page 3211, character 11
• Unihan data for U+8339

Chinese

trad.		茹
simp. #		茹

Glyph origin

Characters in the same phonetic series (女おんな) (Zhengzhang, 2003) 

	Old Chinese
拿	*rnaː
拏	*rnaː
詉	*rnaː
蒘	*rnaː, *na
笯	*rnaː, *naː, *naːs
挐	*rnaː, *na
絮	*rnaːs, *nas, *snas, *nas
呶	*rnaːw
怓	*rnaːw
帑	*n̥ʰaːŋʔ, *naː
奴やつ	*naː
砮	*naː, *naːʔ
駑	*naː
孥	*naː
努つとむ	*naːʔ
弩いしゆみ	*naːʔ
怒いか	*naːʔ, *naːs
袽	*na
帤	*na
女おんな	*naʔ, *nas
籹	*naʔ
恕じょ	*hnjas
如	*nja, *njas
茹	*nja, *njaʔ, *njas
洳	*nja, *njas
鴽	*nja
蕠	*nja
汝なんじ	*njaʔ
肗	*njaʔ

Phono-semantic compound (形聲けいせい／形声けいせい, OC *nja, *njaʔ, *njas) : semantic 艹 (“grass, plants”) + phonetic 如 (OC *nja, *njas) – plant roots, part of a plant.

Etymology 1

Schuessler (2007) proposes an Austroasiatic origin; compare Kharia [script needed] (ɲoʔ, “to eat”) and Proto-Vietic *s-nja:ʔ (“to chew, to masticate”) (> Vietnamese nhá). Schuessler (2003) also compares 茹 with Jingpho noʔ¹ 'to eat' and Proto-Mienic *ʔnək^D 'to swallow'.

Pronunciation

• Mandarin

  (Pinyin): rú, rù (ru², ru⁴)

  (Zhuyin): ㄖㄨˊ, ㄖㄨˋ

• Cantonese (Jyutping): jyu⁴ / jyu⁶
• Southern Min

  (Hokkien, POJ): lîr / lû / jî / jû

  (Teochew, Peng'im): ru⁵

---

• Mandarin
  • (Standard Chinese, standard in Mainland and Taiwan)⁺
    • Hanyu Pinyin: rú
    • Zhuyin: ㄖㄨˊ
    • Tongyong Pinyin: rú
    • Wade–Giles: ju²
    • Yale: rú
    • Gwoyeu Romatzyh: ru
    • Palladius: жу (žu)
    • Sinological IPA ^(key): /ʐu³⁵/
      
  • (Standard Chinese, variant)⁺
    • Hanyu Pinyin: rù
    • Zhuyin: ㄖㄨˋ
    • Tongyong Pinyin: rù
    • Wade–Giles: ju⁴
    • Yale: rù
    • Gwoyeu Romatzyh: ruh
    • Palladius: жу (žu)
    • Sinological IPA ^(key): /ʐu⁵¹/
• Cantonese
  • (Standard Cantonese, Guangzhou–Hong Kong)
    • Jyutping: jyu⁴ / jyu⁶
    • Yale: yùh / yuh
    • Cantonese Pinyin: jy⁴ / jy⁶
    • Guangdong Romanization: yu⁴ / yu⁶
    • Sinological IPA ^(key): /jyː²¹/, /jyː²²/
• Southern Min
  • (Hokkien: Quanzhou)
    • Pe̍h-ōe-jī: lîr
    • Tâi-lô: lîr
    • IPA (Quanzhou): /lɯ²⁴/
  • (Hokkien: Xiamen)
    • Pe̍h-ōe-jī: lû
    • Tâi-lô: lû
    • Phofsit Daibuun: luu
    • IPA (Xiamen): /lu²⁴/
  • (Hokkien: Zhangzhou)
    • Pe̍h-ōe-jī: jî
    • Tâi-lô: jî
    • Phofsit Daibuun: jii
    • IPA (Zhangzhou): /d͡zi¹³/
  • (Hokkien: General Taiwanese)
    • Pe̍h-ōe-jī: jû
    • Tâi-lô: jû
    • Phofsit Daibuun: juu
    • IPA (Kaohsiung): /zu²³/
  • (Teochew)
    • Peng'im: ru⁵
    • Pe̍h-ōe-jī-like: jû
    • Sinological IPA ^(key): /d͡zu⁵⁵/

---

• Middle Chinese: nyo, nyoX, nyoH

Rime
Character	茹	茹	茹
Reading #	1/3	2/3	3/3
Initial (聲こえ)	日ひ (38)	日ひ (38)	日ひ (38)
Final (韻いん)	魚さかな (22)	魚さかな (22)	魚さかな (22)
Tone (調しらべ)	Level (Ø)	Rising (X)	Departing (H)
Openness (開ひらき合あい)	Open	Open	Open
Division (等ひとし)	III	III	III
Fanqie	人ひと諸しょ切きり	人ひと渚なぎさ切きり	人ひと恕じょ切きり
Baxter	nyo	nyoX	nyoH
Reconstructions
Zhengzhang Shangfang	/ȵɨʌ/	/ȵɨʌX/	/ȵɨʌH/
Pan Wuyun	/ȵiɔ/	/ȵiɔX/	/ȵiɔH/
Shao Rongfen	/ȵʑiɔ/	/ȵʑiɔX/	/ȵʑiɔH/
Edwin Pulleyblank	/ȵɨə̆/	/ȵɨə̆X/	/ȵɨə̆H/
Li Rong	/ȵiɔ/	/ȵiɔX/	/ȵiɔH/
Wang Li	/ȵʑĭo/	/ȵʑĭoX/	/ȵʑĭoH/
Bernard Karlgren	/ȵʑi̯wo/	/ȵʑi̯woX/	/ȵʑi̯woH/
Expected Mandarin Reflex	rú	rǔ	rù
Expected Cantonese Reflex	jyu4	jyu5	jyu6

• Old Chinese

  (Baxter–Sagart): /*naʔ/, /*na-s/, /*naʔ-s/

  (Zhengzhang): /*nja/, /*njaʔ/, /*njas/

Baxter–Sagart system 1.1 (2014)
Character	茹	茹	茹
Reading #	1/3	2/3	3/3
Modern Beijing (Pinyin)	rú	rú	rú
Middle Chinese	‹ nyoX ›	‹ nyoH ›	‹ nyoH ›
Old Chinese	/*naʔ/	/*na-s/	/*naʔ-s/
English	swallow, eat	scrutinize	swallow, eat
Notes for Old Chinese notations in the Baxter–Sagart system: * Parentheses "()" indicate uncertain presence; * Square brackets "[]" indicate uncertain identity, e.g. *[t] as coda may in fact be *-t or *-p; * Angle brackets "<>" indicate infix; * Hyphen "-" indicates morpheme boundary; * Period "." indicates syllable boundary.

Zhengzhang system (2003)
Character	茹	茹	茹
Reading #	1/3	2/3	3/3
No.	9624	9630	9633
Phonetic component	女おんな	女おんな	女おんな
Rime group	魚さかな	魚さかな	魚さかな
Rime subdivision	0	0	0
Corresponding MC rime	如	汝なんじ	洳
Old Chinese	/*nja/	/*njaʔ/	/*njas/

Definitions

茹

1. to eat

   • 未み有ゆう火ひ化か，食しょく草木くさき之これ實み，鳥獸ちょうじゅう之これ肉にく，飲いん其血ち，茹其毛もう。 [Classical Chinese, trad.]
     未み有ゆう火ひ化か，食しょく草木くさき之これ实，鸟兽之これ肉にく，饮其血ち，茹其毛もう。 [Classical Chinese, simp.]

     From: The Book of Rites, c. 4^th – 2^nd century BCE

     Wèi yǒu huǒhuà, shí cǎomù zhī shí, niǎoshòu zhī ròu, yǐn qí xuè, rú qí máo. [Pinyin]

     They knew not yet the transforming power of fire, but ate the fruits of plants and trees, and the flesh of birds and beasts, drinking their blood, and swallowing (also) the hair and feathers.

   • 舜しゅん之これ飯めし糗茹草くさ也，若わか將はた終身しゅうしん焉。 [Classical Chinese, trad.]
     舜しゅん之これ饭糗茹草くさ也，若わか将はた终身焉。 [Classical Chinese, simp.]

     From: Mencius, c. 4^th century BCE

     Shùn zhī fàn qiǔ rú cǎo yě, ruò jiāng zhōngshēn yān. [Pinyin]

     Shun's manner of eating his parched grain and consuming herbs was as if he were to be doing so all his life.

2. (literary) to bear

   含辛茹苦く  ―  hánxīnrúkǔ  ―  to suffer hardships

   • 有ゆう詩賦しふ銘めい誄書しょ表ひょう啟けい疏二に十じゅう卷まき，吾われ兄弟きょうだい始はじめ在ざい草くさ土ど，並なみ未み得とく編へん次じ，便びん遭火ひ盪盡つき，竟不ふ傳つて於世よ。銜酷こく茹恨，徹とおる於心髓しんずい！ [Literary Chinese, trad.]
     有ゆう诗赋铭诔书表ひょう启疏二に十じゅう卷まき，吾われ兄弟きょうだい始はじめ在ざい草くさ土ど，并未み得とく编次，便びん遭火ひ荡尽つき，竟不ふ传于世よ。衔酷こく茹恨，彻于心髓しんずい！ [Literary Chinese, simp.]

     From: Yan Zhitui, The Family Instructions of Master Yan, 6^th century CE

     Yǒu shīfù mínglěi shū biǎo qǐ shū èrshí juǎn, wú xiōngdì shǐ zài cǎotǔ, bìng wèi dé biāncì, biàn zāo huǒ dàng jìn, jìng bù chuán yú shì. Xián kù rú hèn, chè yú xīnsuǐ! [Pinyin]

     (please add an English translation of this quotation)

3. (literary) to guess

   • 我わが心しん匪鑒，不ふ可か以茹。 [Pre-Classical Chinese, trad.]
     我わが心しん匪鉴，不ふ可か以茹。 [Pre-Classical Chinese, simp.]

     From: The Classic of Poetry, c. 11^th – 7^th centuries BCE, translated based on James Legge's version

     Wǒ xīn fěi jiàn, bù kěyǐ rú. [Pinyin]

     (please add an English translation of this quotation)

4. (literary) soft

   • 攬茹蕙以掩涕兮，霑余よ襟えり之これ浪浪ろうろう。 [Classical Chinese, trad.]
     揽茹蕙以掩涕兮，沾余よ襟えり之これ浪浪ろうろう。 [Classical Chinese, simp.]

     From: The Verses of Chu, 4^th century BCE – 2^nd century CE

     Lǎn rú huì yǐ yǎn tì xī, zhān yú jīn zhī lànglàng. [Pinyin]

     (please add an English translation of this quotation)

5. (literary) corrupted
6. (literary) vegetables

   • 秋あき黃き之これ蘇そ，白露しらつゆ之これ茹。 [Classical Chinese, trad.]
     秋あき黄き之これ苏，白露しらつゆ之これ茹。 [Classical Chinese, simp.]

     From: c. 2nd century CE, 枚まい乘じょう, 七なな發はつ

     Qiūhuáng zhī sū, báilù zhī rú. [Pinyin]

     (please add an English translation of this quotation)

7. a surname
8. (organic chemistry) rubicene

Compounds

• 吐剛茹柔／吐刚茹柔
• 含辛茹苦 (hánxīnrúkǔ)
• 拔茅連れん茹／拔茅连茹
• 柔やわら茹剛吐／柔やわら茹刚吐
• 柔やわら茹寡斷だん／柔やわら茹寡断だん
• 竹たけ茹 (zhúrú)
• 茅かや茹
• 茹古涵今
• 茹柔吐剛／茹柔吐刚
• 茹毛飲いん血ち／茹毛饮血 (rúmáoyǐnxuè)
• 茹泣吞悲
• 茹素 (rúsù)
• 茹苦含辛
• 茹茹 (Rúrú)
• 茹荼
• 茹葷／茹荤 (rúhūn)
• 茹魚去さ蠅はえ／茹鱼去蝇
• 菜さい茹
• 蔬茹氣き／蔬茹气
• 銜悲茹恨／衔悲茹恨
• 銜聲茹氣／衔声茹气
• 飲いん冰茹蘗／饮冰茹蘗
• 飯めし糗茹草そう／饭糗茹草
• 飲いん血ち茹毛／饮血茹毛
• 香こう茹 (xiāngrú)

 

References

• “茹”, in 漢語かんご多功たこう能のう字じ庫こ (Multi-function Chinese Character Database)‎^[1], 香港ほんこん中ちゅう文ぶん大學だいがく (the Chinese University of Hong Kong), 2014–

Etymology 2

For pronunciation and definitions of 茹 – see 挐 (“(Southern Min) chaotic; messy; disorderly”). (This character is a variant form of 挐).

Japanese

Kanji

茹

(uncommon “Hyōgai” kanji)

1. to boil
2. to seethe

Readings

• Go-on: にょ (nyo)
• Kan-on: じょ (jo)
• Kun: ゆでる (yuderu, 茹ゆでる); くう (kuu, 茹う)
• Nanori: かやね (kayane)

Korean

Hanja

茹 • (yeo) (hangeul 여, revised yeo, McCune–Reischauer yŏ, Yale ye)

1. This term needs a translation to English. Please help out and add a translation, then remove the text {{rfdef}}.

Vietnamese

Han character

茹: Hán Việt readings: như, nhự
茹: Nôm readings: nhà, nhờ, nhựa, nhừa, nhu

1. Nôm form of nhà (“home”).