锝
![本页使用了标题或全文手工转换](https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cd/Zh_conversion_icon_m.svg/35px-Zh_conversion_icon_m.svg.png)
𨱏
历史
[编辑]搜 寻43号 元素
[编辑]1877
1925
锝的正式 发现
[编辑]1936
1952
性 质
[编辑]物理 性 质
[编辑]锝是
化学 性 质
[编辑]同位 素
[编辑]𨱏
锝最稳定
锝还
锝-99
化合 物
[编辑]氢化物 和 氧化物
[编辑]锝和氢气
9,其
9类似。
![Skeletal formula of technetium hydride described in the text.](https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/f/f3/Technetiumhydrid.png)
4。[35][27]
- 4 Tc + 7 O2 → 2 Tc2O7
此
- Tc2O7 + 2 NaOH → 2 NaTcO4 + H2O
4)
硫化 物 、硒化物 和 碲化物
[编辑]锝有
- 2 HTcO4 + 7 H2S → Tc2S7 + 8 H2O
- Tc2S7 → 2 TcS2 + 3 S
![](https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ae/Technetiumcluster.png/220px-Technetiumcluster.png)
卤化物
[编辑]锝能
碳化锝和锝的正 交晶相
[编辑]簇 合 物 和 有 机 配合 物
[编辑]锝有几种
![](https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f2/Technetiumkomplex.svg/220px-Technetiumkomplex.svg.png)
锝可以
存 象 和生 产
[编辑]![Block of yellow-green stone with rough surface.](https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e6/Uraniumore.jpg/220px-Uraniumore.jpg)
裂 变核废料
[编辑]铀-235
锝的商 业用途
[编辑]以铀
4
绝大
4)
2009
废物处理
[编辑]锝-99
4)。这些对于
)
还有一种处理方式是
从乏
中子 活 化
[编辑]钼-98经
粒子 加速器
[编辑]1971
应用
[编辑]核 医学 和 生物 学
[编辑]![Upper image: two drop-like features merged at their bottoms; they have a yellow centre and a red rim on a black background. Caption: Graves' Disease Tc-Uptake 16%. Lower image: red dots on black background. Caption: 250 Gy (30mCi) + Prednison.](https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/3/3f/Basedow-vor-nach-RIT.jpg)
锝-99m
锝-95m
工 业及化学 应用
[编辑]锝-99
4也能
锝的安全 使用
[编辑]注 释
[编辑]参考 资料
[编辑]- ^ 1.0 1.1 1.2 Kondev, F. G.; Wang, M.; Huang, W. J.; Naimi, S.; Audi, G. The NUBASE2020 evaluation of nuclear properties (PDF). Chinese Physics C. 2021, 45 (3): 030001. doi:10.1088/1674-1137/abddae.
- ^ Arblaster, John W. Selected Values of the Crystallographic Properties of Elements. Materials Park, Ohio: ASM International. 2018. ISBN 978-1-62708-155-9.
- ^ John E. Ellis. Metal Carbonyl Anions: from [Fe(CO)4]2- to [Hf(CO)6]2- and Beyond†. Organometallics. 2003, 22 (17): 3322–3338. doi:10.1021/om030105l (
英 语). - ^ Greenwood, N. N.; Earnshaw, A. Chemistry of the Elements 2nd. Oxford:Butterworth-Heinemann. 1997. ISBN 0-7506-3365-4.
- ^ HTc(CO)5
中 含有 Tc(–1),见此[3]。此来源 [4]错误报告了 Tc(–3)的 存在 。 - ^ Kobell, V. Ueber eine eigenthümliche Säure, Diansäure, in der Gruppe der Tantal- und Niob- verbindungen. Journal für Praktische Chemie. 1860, 79 (1): 291–303. doi:10.1002/prac.18600790145.
- ^ 7.0 7.1 Holden, N. E. History of the Origin of the Chemical Elements and Their Discoverers. Brookhaven National Laboratory. [2009-05-05]. (
原始 内容 存 档于2011-07-21). - ^ Jonge, F. A. A.; Pauwels, EK. Technetium, the missing element. European Journal of Nuclear Medicine. 1996, 23 (3): 336–44. PMID 8599967. doi:10.1007/BF00837634.
- ^ Yoshihara, H. K. Discovery of a new element 'nipponium': re-evaluation of pioneering works of Masataka Ogawa and his son Eijiro Ogawa. Atomic spectroscopy (Spectrochim. Acta, Part B). 2004, 59 (8): 1305–1310. Bibcode:2004AcSpe..59.1305Y. doi:10.1016/j.sab.2003.12.027.
- ^ 10.0 10.1 van der Krogt, P. Elentymolgy and Elements Multidict, "Technetium". [2009-05-05]. (
原始 内容 存 档于2010-01-23). - ^ Emsley 2001,
第 423页 - ^ Armstrong, J. T. Technetium. Chemical & Engineering News. 2003 [2009-11-11]. doi:10.1021/cen-v081n036.p110. (
原始 内容 存 档于2008-10-06). - ^ Nies, K. A. Ida Tacke and the warfare behind the discovery of fission. 2001 [2009-05-05]. (
原始 内容 存 档于2009-08-09). - ^ Weeks, M. E. The discovery of the elements. XX. Recently discovered elements. Journal of Chemical Education. 1933: 161–170.
- ^ 15.0 15.1 Armstrong, J. T. Technetium. Chemical & Engineering News. 2003 [2013-03-21]. doi:10.1021/cen-v081n036.p110. (
原始 内容 存 档于2008-10-06). - ^ Zingales, R. From Masurium to Trinacrium: The Troubled Story of Element 43. Journal of Chemical Education. 2005, 82 (2): 221–227 [2013-03-21]. Bibcode:2005JChEd..82..221Z. doi:10.1021/ed082p221. (
原始 内容 存 档于2006-09-13). - ^ Heiserman 1992,
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原始 内容 存 档于2007-01-24). - ^ Merrill, P. W. Technetium in the stars. Science. 1952, 115 (2992): 479–89 [484]. Bibcode:1952Sci...115..479.. doi:10.1126/science.115.2992.479.
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原始 内容 (PDF)存 档于2011-05-14). - ^ Greenwood 1997,
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原始 内容 存 档于2021-05-05). - ^ 28.0 28.1 28.2 Hammond, C. R. The Elements. Handbook of Chemistry and Physics 81st. CRC press. 2004. ISBN 0-8493-0485-7.
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由 Eagleson, Mary; Brewer, William翻 译, San Diego/Berlin: Academic Press/De Gruyter: 84, 2001, ISBN 0-12-352651-5 - ^ Clayton, D. D. Principles of stellar evolution and nucleosynthesis: with a new preface. University of Chicago Press. 1983: 547. ISBN 0-226-10953-4.
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原始 内容 存 档于2008-05-22). - ^ Lide, David R. (编). Table of the isotopes. The CRC Handbook of Chemistry and Physics. CRC press. 2004–2005.
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第 146页 - ^ Krebs, B. Technetium(VII)-oxid: Ein Übergangsmetalloxid mit Molekülstruktur im festen Zustand. Angewandte Chemie. 1969, 81 (9): 328–329. doi:10.1002/ange.19690810905.
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原始 内容 (PDF)存 档于2017-03-05). - ^ Lukens, W. W.; et al. Evolution of Technetium Speciation in Reducing Grout Waste Forms (PDF). Environmental Science & Technology. 2005, 39 (20): 8064–8070 [2013-03-21]. PMID 16295876. doi:10.1021/es050155c. (
原始 内容 (PDF)存 档于2012-04-24). - ^ Schwochau 2000,
第 112–113页 - ^ Poineau, Frederic; Johnstone, Erik V.; Czerwinski, Kenneth R.; Sattelberger, Alfred P. Recent Advances in Technetium Halide Chemistry. Accounts of Chemical Research (American Chemical Society (ACS)). 2014-01-07, 47 (2): 624–632. ISSN 0001-4842. doi:10.1021/ar400225b.
- ^ German, K. E.; et al. Tc Carbide and New Orthorhombic Tc Metal Phase (PDF). Journal of Nuclear and Radiochemical Sciences. 2005, 39 (20): 211–214.[
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第 985页 - ^ Löwdin, P.-O.; Brändas, E.; Kryachko, E. S. Fundamental world of quantum chemistry: a tribute to the memory of Per-Olov Löwdin 2. Springer. 2003: 479. ISBN 1-4020-1286-1.
- ^ German, K. E.; Kryutchkov, S. V. Polynuclear Technetium Halide Clusters. Russian Journal of Inorganic Chemistry. 2002, 47 (4): 578–583.
- ^ 3,3,9,9-Tetramethyl-4,8-diazaundecane-2,10-dione dioximato-oxotechnetium(V) [TcO(pnao)]; Schwochau 2000,
第 176页 - ^ Hileman, J. C.; Huggins, D. K.; Kaesz, H. D. Technetium carbonyl. Journal of the American Chemical Society. 1961, 83 (13): 2953–2954. doi:10.1021/ja01474a038.
- ^ Bailey, M. F.; Dahl, Lawrence F. The Crystal Structure of Ditechnetium Decacarbonyl. Inorganic Chemistry. 1965, 4 (8): 1140–1145. doi:10.1021/ic50030a011.
- ^ Wallach, D. Unit cell and space group of technetium carbonyl, Tc2(CO)10. Acta Crystallographica. 1962, 15 (10): 1058. doi:10.1107/S0365110X62002789.
- ^ Schwochau 2000,
第 286, 328页 - ^ Jurisson, S.; Schlemper, E. O.; Troutner, D. E.; Canning, L. R.; Nowotnik, D. P.; Neirinckx, R. D. Synthesis, characterization, and x-ray structural determinations of technetium(V)-oxo-tetradentate amine oxime complexes. Inorganic Chemistry. 1986, 25 (4): 543–549. doi:10.1021/ic00224a031.
- ^ Dixon, P.; Curtis, David B.; Musgrave, John; Roensch, Fred; Roach, Jeff; Rokop, Don. Analysis of Naturally Produced Technetium and Plutonium in Geologic Materials. Analytical Chemistry. 1997, 69 (9): 1692–9. PMID 21639292. doi:10.1021/ac961159q.
- ^ Curtis, D.; Fabryka-Martin, June; Dixon, Paul; Cramer, Jan. Nature's uncommon elements: plutonium and technetium. Geochimica et Cosmochimica Acta. 1999, 63 (2): 275. Bibcode:1999GeCoA..63..275C. doi:10.1016/S0016-7037(98)00282-8.
- ^ Moore, C.E. Technetium in the Sun. Science (New York, N.Y.). 1951, 114 (2951): 59–61. Bibcode:1951Sci...114...59M. PMID 17782983. doi:10.1126/science.114.2951.59.
- ^ Branch, David; Peery, Benjamin F. A search for ²⁶A1 in the spectra of technetium stars. Publications of The Astronomical Society of The Pacific. 1970, 82 (489): 1060–1064.
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第 374–404页 - ^ 60.0 60.1 60.2 Yoshihara, K. Technetium in the Environment. K. Yoshihara and T. Omori (编). Topics in Current Chemistry: Technetium and Rhenium 176. Berlin Heidelberg: Springer-Verlag. 1996: 17–35. ISBN 978-3-540-59469-7. doi:10.1007/3-540-59469-8_2.
- ^ 61.0 61.1 Garcia-Leon, M. 99Tc in the Environment: Sources, Distribution and Methods (PDF). Journal of Nuclear and Radiochemical Sciences. 2005, 6 (3): 253–259 [2013-03-21]. (
原始 内容 (PDF)存 档于2012-03-05). - ^ Hammond, C. R. The Elements. Handbook of Chemistry and Physics 81st. CRC press. 2004. ISBN 0-8493-0485-7.
- ^ Desmet, G.; Myttenaere, C. Technetium in the environment. Springer. 1986: 69. ISBN 0-85334-421-3.
- ^ Tagami, K. Technetium-99 Behaviour in the Terrestrial Environment — Field Observations and Radiotracer Experiments (PDF). Journal of Nuclear and Radiochemical Sciences. 2003, 4: A1–A8. (
原始 内容 (PDF)存 档于2012-03-13). - ^ Szefer, P.; Nriagu, J. O. Mineral components in foods. CRC Press. 2006: 403. ISBN 0-8493-2234-0.
- ^ Harrison, J. D.; Phipps, A. Gut transfer and doses from environmental technetium. J. Radiol. Prot. 2001, 21 (1): 9–11. Bibcode:2001JRP....21....9H. PMID 11281541. doi:10.1088/0952-4746/21/1/004.
- ^ Francis, A. J.; Dodge, C. J.; Meinken, G. E. Biotransformation of pertechnetate by Clostridia. Radiochimica Acta. 2002, 90 (9–11_2002): 791–797 [2022-11-13]. doi:10.1524/ract.2002.90.9-11_2002.791. (
原始 内容 存 档于2022-11-13). - ^ Schwochau 2000,
第 39页 - ^ Moore, P.W. Technetium-99 in generator systems. (PDF). Journal of nuclear medicine : official publication, Society of Nuclear Medicine. April 1984, 25 (4): 499–502 [2012-05-11]. PMID 6100549. (
原始 内容 (PDF)存 档于2020-11-04). - ^ US 3799883,Hirofumi Arino,“Silver coated charcoal step”,发行于March 26, 1974,
指定 于Union Carbide Corporation - ^ Committee on Medical Isotope Production Without Highly Enriched Uranium. Medical Isotope Production Without Highly Enriched Uranium. National Academies Press. 2009: vii [2009-08-27]. ISBN 0-309-13040-9. (
原始 内容 存 档于2019-07-10). - ^ Lützenkirchen, K.-R. Nuclear forensics sleuths trace the origin of trafficked material. Los Alamos National Laboratory. [2009-11-11]. (
原始 内容 存 档于2013-02-16). - ^ Snelgrove, J. L.; et al. Development and Processing of LEU Targets for Mo-99 Production (PDF). 1995 [2009-05-05]. (
原始 内容 (PDF)存 档于2021-04-28). - ^ Thomas, Gregory S.; Maddahi, Jamshid. The technetium shortage. Journal of Nuclear Cardiology. 2010, 17 (6): 993–8. PMID 20717761. doi:10.1007/s12350-010-9281-8.
- ^ 75.0 75.1 Guérin, B.; Tremblay, S.; Rodrigue, S.; Rousseau, J.A.; Dumulon-Perreault, V.; Lecomte, R.; van Lier, J.E.; Zyuzin, A.; van Lier, E.J. Cyclotron production of 99mTc: an approach to the medical isotope crisis. (PDF). Journal of nuclear medicine : official publication, Society of Nuclear Medicine. April 2010, 51 (4): 13N–6N [2012-05-11]. PMID 20351346. (
原始 内容 (PDF)存 档于2020-10-28). - ^ Wals, M. L. New Source Of an Isotope In Medicine Is Found. New York Times. 2010-02-16 [2013-03-21]. (
原始 内容 存 档于2020-11-09). - ^ Shaw, Gina. Medical Isotope Shortage Nearing End—For Now. Clinical Oncology News. October 2010 [2010-11-02]. (
原始 内容 存 档于2020-09-18). - ^ German, Konstantin E.; Firsova, E.V. Bioaccumulation of Tc, Pu, and Np on Bottom Sediments in Two Types of Freshwater Lakes of the Moscow Oblast. Russ. Radiochemistry. 2003, 45 (6): 250–6 [2013-03-21]. doi:10.1023/A:1026008108860. (
原始 内容 存 档于2019-07-10). - ^ Shaw, G. Radioactivity in the terrestrial environment. Elsevier. 2007: 147. ISBN 0-08-043872-5.
- ^ Altomare, P; et al. Alternative disposal concepts for high-level and transuranic radioactive waste disposal. US Environmental Protection Agency. 1979 [2013-03-21]. (
原始 内容 存 档于2013-06-01). - ^ Schwochau 2000,
第 87–96页 - ^ Manual for reactor produced radioisotopes (PDF). IAEA. [2009-08-27]. (
原始 内容 (PDF)存 档于2011-05-21). - ^ Kelly, J. J. Effluent and environmental radiation surveillance: a symposium. ASTM International. 1980: 91.
- ^ Beaver, J.E.; Hupf, H.B. Production of 99mTc on a Medical Cyclotron: a Feasibility Study (PDF). Journal of Nuclear Medicine. November 1971, 12 (11): 739–41 [2013-03-21]. PMID 5113635. (
原始 内容 (PDF)存 档于2020-10-28). - ^ Scholten, Bernhard; Lambrecht, Richard M.; Cogneau, Michel; Vera Ruiz,, Hernan; Qaim,, Syed M. Excitation functions for the cyclotron production of 99mTc and 99Mo. Applied Radiation and Isotopes. 1999-05-25, 51 (1): 69–80. doi:10.1016/S0969-8043(98)00153-5.
- ^ Takács, S.; Szűcs, Z.; Tárkányi, F.; Hermanne, A.; Sonck, M. Evaluation of proton induced reactions on 100Mo: New cross sections for production of 99mTc and 99Mo. Journal of Radioanalytical and Nuclear Chemistry. 2003-01-01, 257 (1): 195–201. doi:10.1023/A:1024790520036.
- ^ Celler, A.; Hou, X.; Bénard, F.; Ruth, T. Theoretical modeling of yields for proton-induced reactions on natural and enriched molybdenum targets. Physics in Medicine and Biology. 2011-09-07, 56 (17): 5469–5484. Bibcode:2011PMB....56.5469C. PMID 21813960. doi:10.1088/0031-9155/56/17/002.
- ^ Schwochau 2000,
第 414页 - ^ Schwochau 2000,
第 12–27页 - ^ Schwochau 2000,
第 87页 - ^ University Research Program in Robotics REPORT (PDF). University of Florida. 2006-11-30 [2007-10-12]. (
原始 内容 存 档 (PDF)于2019-07-10). - ^ Schwochau 2000,
第 87–90页 - ^ 93.0 93.1 Emsley 2001,
第 425页 - ^ EPA: 402-b-04-001b-14-final (PDF). US Environmental Protection Agency. July 2004 [2008-08-04]. (
原始 内容 存 档 (PDF)于2014-03-08). - ^ 95.0 95.1 Schwochau 2000,
第 91页 - ^ Desmet, G.; Myttenaere, C.; Commission of the European Communities. Radiation Protection Programme, France. Service d'études et de recherches sur l'environnement, United States. Dept. of Energy. Office of Health and Environmental Research. Technetium in the environment. Springer, 1986. 1986-05-31: 392–395. ISBN 0-85334-421-3.
- ^ Schwochau 2000,
第 371–381页 - ^ Schwochau 2000,
第 40页
引用 书目
[编辑]- Cotton, F. A.; Wilkinson, G.; Murillo, C. A.; Bochmann, M. Advanced Inorganic Chemistry 6th. New York: John Wiley & Sons, Inc. 1999. ISBN 0-471-19957-5.
- Emsley, J. Nature's Building Blocks: An A-Z Guide to the Elements. Oxford, England, UK: Oxford University Press. 2001. ISBN 0-19-850340-7.
- Greenwood, N. N.; Earnshaw, A. Chemistry of the Elements 2nd. Oxford: Butterworth-Heinemann. 1997. ISBN 0-7506-3365-4.
- Heiserman, D. L. Element 43: Technetium. Exploring Chemical Elements and their Compounds. New York: TAB Books. 1992. ISBN 0-8306-3018-X.
- Schwochau, K. Technetium: chemistry and radiopharmaceutical applications. Wiley-VCH. 2000. ISBN 3-527-29496-1.
参考 书目
[编辑]- B.J. Wilson (编). The radiochemical Manual 2nd. 1966. ISBN 0-7058-1768-7.(
英文 ) - Scerri, E.R. The Periodic Table, Its Story and Its Significance. Oxford University Press,. 2007 [2013-03-21]. ISBN 0-19-530573-6. (
原始 内容 存 档于2013-04-08).(英文 ) - Choppin, G.; Liljenzin, J-O; Rydberg, J. Nuclear Mass and Stability. Radiochemistry and nuclear chemistry 3rd. Butterworth-Heinemann. 2002: 41–57. ISBN 978-0-7506-7463-8.(
英文 )
外部 链接
[编辑]元素 锝在洛 斯阿拉 莫斯国家 实验室 的 介 绍(英文 )- EnvironmentalChemistry.com —— 锝(
英文 ) 元素 锝在 The Periodic Table of Videos(诺丁汉大学 )的 介 绍(英文 )元素 锝在Peter van der Krogt elements site的 介 绍(英文 )- WebElements.com – 锝(
英文 ) - WebElements.com – Technetium (页面
存 档备份,存 于互联网档案 馆), and EnvironmentalChemistry.com – Technetium(英文 ) - Nudat 2 (页面
存 档备份,存 于互联网档案 馆)美国 布 鲁克黑 文 国家 实验室 国家 核 数 据 中心 的 核 素 图表(英文 ) - Nuclides and Isotopes (页面
存 档备份,存 于互联网档案 馆) Fourteenth Edition: Chart of the Nuclides, General Electric Company, 1989(英文 ) - Chemistry in its element podcast(MP3)
取 自 皇 家 化学 学会 的 《化学 世界 》杂志(Chemistry World): Technetium(英文 )
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1 | H | He | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
2 | Li | Be | B | C | N | O | F | Ne | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
3 | Na | Mg | Al | Si | P | S | Cl | Ar | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
4 | K | Ca | Sc | Ti | V | Cr | Mn | Fe | Co | Ni | Cu | Zn | Ga | Ge | As | Se | Br | Kr | |||||||||||||||||||
5 | Rb | Sr | Y | Zr | Nb | Mo | Tc | Ru | Rh | Pd | Ag | Cd | In | Sn | Sb | Te | I | Xe | |||||||||||||||||||
6 | Cs | Ba | La | Ce | Pr | Nd | Pm | Sm | Eu | Gd | Tb | Dy | Ho | Er | Tm | Yb | Lu | Hf | Ta | W | Re | Os | Ir | Pt | Au | Hg | Tl | Pb | Bi | Po | At | Rn | |||||
7 | Fr | Ra | Ac | Th | Pa | U | Np | Pu | Am | Cm | Bk | Cf | Es | Fm | Md | No | Lr | Rf | Db | Sg | Bh | Hs | Mt | Ds | Rg | Cn | Nh | Fl | Mc | Lv | Ts | Og | |||||
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