凹
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Translingual
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Stroke order (Japan) | |||
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Han character
[edit]凹 (Kangxi radical 17, 凵+3, 5 strokes, cangjie input
Derived characters
[edit]References
[edit]- Kangxi Dictionary: page 135, character 10
- Dai Kanwa Jiten: character 1810
- Dae Jaweon: page 301, character 6
- Hanyu Da Zidian (first edition): volume 1, page 308, character 3
- Unihan data for U+51F9
Chinese
[edit]simp. and trad. |
凹 |
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Glyph origin
[edit]Pictogram (
Etymology
[edit]Pronunciation 1
[edit]- Mandarin
- (Standard)
- (Chengdu, Sichuanese Pinyin): wa4 / ye2
- Cantonese (Jyutping): nap1 / aau3
- Hakka
- Southern Min
- Wu (Northern, Wugniu): 1au
- Mandarin
- (Standard Chinese)+
- Hanyu Pinyin:
- Zhuyin: ㄠ
- Tongyong Pinyin: ao
- Wade–Giles: ao1
- Yale: āu
- Gwoyeu Romatzyh: au
- Palladius: ао (ao)
- Sinological IPA (key): /ˀɑʊ̯⁵⁵/
- (Standard Chinese, variant in Taiwan)+
- Hanyu Pinyin:
- Zhuyin: ㄧㄠ
- Tongyong Pinyin: yao
- Wade–Giles: yao1
- Yale: yāu
- Gwoyeu Romatzyh: iau
- Palladius: яо (jao)
- Sinological IPA (key): /jɑʊ̯⁵⁵/
- (Chengdu)
- Sichuanese Pinyin: wa4 / ye2
- Scuanxua Ladinxua Xin Wenz: ua / ie
- Sinological IPA (key): /ua²¹³/, /iɛ²¹/
- (Standard Chinese)+
- Cantonese
- (Standard Cantonese, Guangzhou–Hong Kong)
- Jyutping: nap1 / aau3
- Yale: nāp / aau
- Cantonese Pinyin: nap7 / aau3
- Guangdong Romanization: neb1 / ao3
- Sinological IPA (key): /nɐp̚⁵/, /aːu̯³³/
- (Standard Cantonese, Guangzhou–Hong Kong)
- nap1 - semantic (
訓讀 ), common; - aau3 - variant, used in place names.
- Hakka
- (Sixian, incl. Miaoli and Meinong)
- Pha̍k-fa-sṳ: âu
- Hakka Romanization System: auˊ
- Hagfa Pinyim: au1
- Sinological IPA: /au̯²⁴/
- (Meixian)
- (Sixian, incl. Miaoli and Meinong)
- Southern Min
- (Hokkien: Xiamen, Quanzhou, Zhangzhou, General Taiwanese)
- (Hokkien: Xiamen, Quanzhou, General Taiwanese)
- Pe̍h-ōe-jī: nah
- Tâi-lô: nah
- Phofsit Daibuun: naq
- IPA (Xiamen, Taipei, Kaohsiung): /nãʔ³²/
- IPA (Quanzhou): /nãʔ⁵/
- (Hokkien: Quanzhou, Zhangzhou)
- Pe̍h-ōe-jī: lap
- Tâi-lô: lap
- Phofsit Daibuun: lab
- IPA (Zhangzhou): /lap̚³²/
- IPA (Quanzhou): /lap̚⁵/
- au - literary;
- lap - literary (
俗 ); - nah - vernacular (
俗 ) (“concave; to cave in; indentation”).
- Middle Chinese: 'eap
- Old Chinese
- (Zhengzhang): /*qriːw/, /*qriːb/
Definitions
[edit]凹
- concave; hollow; sunken; dented
- to cave in; to be sunken; to dent; to be concave
- indentation; depression
Antonyms
[edit]- (antonym(s) of “concave”):
凸 (tū, “convex”)
Compounds
[edit]Pronunciation 2
[edit]- Mandarin
- (Standard Chinese)+
- Hanyu Pinyin:
- Zhuyin: ㄨㄚ
- Tongyong Pinyin: wa
- Wade–Giles: wa1
- Yale: wā
- Gwoyeu Romatzyh: ua
- Palladius: ва (va)
- Sinological IPA (key): /wä⁵⁵/
- (Standard Chinese)+
- Cantonese
- (Standard Cantonese, Guangzhou–Hong Kong)
- Jyutping: waa1
- Yale: wā
- Cantonese Pinyin: waa1
- Guangdong Romanization: wa1
- Sinological IPA (key): /waː⁵⁵/
- (Standard Cantonese, Guangzhou–Hong Kong)
Definitions
[edit]凹
Pronunciation 3
[edit]- Cantonese
- (Standard Cantonese, Guangzhou–Hong Kong)
- Jyutping: nip1
- Yale: nīp
- Cantonese Pinyin: nip7
- Guangdong Romanization: nib1
- Sinological IPA (key): /niːp̚⁵/
- (Standard Cantonese, Guangzhou–Hong Kong)
Definitions
[edit]凹
Pronunciation 4
[edit]- Southern Min (Hokkien, POJ): nah
- Southern Min
- (Hokkien: Zhangzhou)
- Pe̍h-ōe-jī: nah
- Tâi-lô: nah
- Phofsit Daibuun: naq
- IPA (Zhangzhou): /nãʔ³²/
- (Hokkien: Zhangzhou)
Definitions
[edit]凹
- (Zhangzhou Hokkien) swollen bumps on the skin
- (Zhangzhou Hokkien) Classifier for swollen bumps on the skin.
Japanese
[edit]Kanji
[edit]Readings
[edit]- Go-on: よう (yō)←えふ (efu, historical)
- Kan-on: おう (ō, Jōyō)←あふ (afu, historical)
- Kun: くぼ (kubo, 凹); くぼい (kuboi, 凹い); くぼか (kuboka, 凹か); くぼむ (kubomu,
凹 む); くぼめる (kubomeru,凹 める); くぼまる (kubomaru,凹 まる); くぼます (kubomasu,凹 ます); くぼやか (kuboyaka, 凹やか); なかくぼ (nakakubo); へこむ (hekomu,凹 む); ぼこ (boko, 凹)
Etymology 1
[edit]Kanji in this term |
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凹 |
おう Grade: S |
on'yomi |
/apu/ → /afu/ → /au/ → /ɔː/ → /oː/
From Middle Chinese 凹 (MC 'eap). Compare modern Mandarin reading āo, Min Nan au.
Pronunciation
[edit]Affix
[edit]Usage notes
[edit]The character 凹 with the reading ō is only used in compounds, and never in isolation.
Compounds
[edit]- 凹
角 (ōkaku): a reflex angle - 凹
型 (ōgata): a die or other three-dimensional shape having a concave cross-section - 凹
形 (ōkei): a concave shape - 凹
状 (ōjō): concavity - 凹
多 角 形 (ō takakukei): a polygon with at least one internal reflex angle - 凹
地 (ōchi): an area where the ground is noticeable lower than the surrounding area - 凹
凸 (ōtotsu): bumpiness, unevenness; inequality, variation, ups and downs - 凹
凸 画 (ōtotsu ga): a style of Sui-Dynasty wall painting using trompe l'œil techniques to look three-dimensional - 凹
凸 レンズ (ōtotsu renzu): a concavo-convex lens - 凹
版 (ōhan): an intaglio - 凹
版 印 刷 (ōhan insatsu): intaglio printing - 凹
面 (ōmen): a concave surface - 凹
面 鏡 (ōmenkyō): a concave mirror 準 凹 (jun'ō): quasiconcavity凸 凹 (dekoboko): bumpiness, unevenness; inequality, variation, ups and downs凸 凹瘢痕 (totsuō hankon): an uneven scar凸 凹レンズ (totsuō renzu): a convexo-concave lens
Etymology 2
[edit]Kanji in this term |
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凹 |
くぼ Grade: S |
kun'yomi |
Unknown. Sound similarities might suggest a connection to words related to darkness or deep interior, such as
Alternative forms
[edit]Pronunciation
[edit]Noun
[edit]- an area with sides higher than the center: an indentation, a depression, a dip, a divot, a hole
- (slang) female genitalia, the vagina
Synonyms
[edit]Derived terms
[edit]窪 い, 凹い (kuboi): hollowed out, indented; of low status, mean窪 か, 凹か (kuboka): hollowed out, indented, depressed (physically), low窪 む, 凹む (kubomu): to become hollowed out or indented; to hollow out or indent something; to sink inwardly, to collapse inwardly; to fall upon hard times, to become poor窪 み,窪 , 凹み, 凹 (kubomi): see below窪 まる, 凹まる (kubomaru): to become hollowed out or indented; to squat for a while, to sink into a crouch窪 める, 凹める (kubomeru): to make something sink or collapse inwardly; to dent something; to make something into a hollowed out shape窪 やか, 凹やか (kuboyaka): hollowed out, indented, depressed (physically), low窪 窪 , 凹凹 (kubokubo): in a hollowed out or indented way窪 地 , 凹地 (kubochi): a hollow, a dip, a depression or low spot in the ground窪 田 , 凹田 (kubota): a paddy or wet field in a low place窪 目 ,窪 眼 , 凹目 , 凹眼 (kubome): deep-set eyes, sunken eyes窪 溜 , 凹溜 (kubotamari): a low place where water tends to gather笑 窪 ,靨 (ekubo): a dimple, particularly one from smiling大 窪 ,大 久保 (Ōkubo): a surname- 落
窪 , 落ち窪 (ochikubo): a dip in the floor or ground 手 窪 ,手 凹 (tekubo);手 の窪 ,手 の凹 (te no kubo): a cupped hand; a rice ball; eating rice by hand; a one-night stand, a fling or short-term romance中 窪 , 凹 (nakakubo): see below盆 の窪 (bon no kubo): the hollow of the nape of the neck; a hairstyle for infants in the Edo period, shaving the whole head except for a small area on the nape of the neck目 窪 ,目 凹 (mekubo): sunken eyes; a person with sunken or deep-set eyes
Etymology 3
[edit]Kanji in this term |
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凹 |
くぼみ Grade: S |
kun'yomi |
Noun stem of verb
Alternative forms
[edit]Pronunciation
[edit]Noun
[edit]- a pit, a hollow, a cavity, a depression, a dent
Usage notes
[edit]The 凹み or
Derived terms
[edit]- 凹
石 (kubomi ishi),窪 石 (kubomi ishi): an artifact from the Jōmon period, consisting of a flat stone with one to several indentations, of uncertain utility but thought to be used to help start fires
Etymology 4
[edit]Kanji in this term |
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凹 |
なかくぼ Grade: S |
kun'yomi |
Compound of
Alternative forms
[edit]Pronunciation
[edit]- (Tokyo) なかくぼ [nàkákúbó] (Heiban – [0])[1]
- (Tokyo) なかくぼ [nàkáꜜkùbò] (Nakadaka – [2])[1]
- IPA(key): [na̠ka̠kɯ̟bo̞]
Noun
[edit]Usage notes
[edit]The
Synonyms
[edit]中 低 (nakabiku)
Etymology 5
[edit]Kanji in this term |
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凹 |
へこみ Grade: S |
kun'yomi |
Noun stem of verb
Alternative forms
[edit]- 凹み (hekomi)
Pronunciation
[edit]Noun
[edit]- a pit, a hollow, a cavity, a depression, a dent
- a mistake, and error
- a moment of weakness or confusion, being at a loss
Usage notes
[edit]The 凹み (hekomi) spelling is more common.
Synonyms
[edit]- (hollow):
窪 み (kubomi),窪 (kubomi), 凹み (kubomi), 凹 (kubomi) (also see above) - (mistake):
失 策 (shissaku) - (mistake):
失 敗 (shippai) - (at a loss):
困 惑 (konwaku)
Etymology 6
[edit]Kanji in this term |
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凹 |
ぼこ Grade: S |
kun'yomi |
Uncertain. Possibly onomatopoeic from the sound of a wheel bouncing in a rut or pothole, or from the sound of something hollow when tapped. Compare adverb ぼこぼこ (bokoboko, “full of holes; hollowly”).
Alternately, may be compound of ぼ (bo, “empty?”, uncertain; possibly related to verb
Pronunciation
[edit]Noun
[edit]- an indentation, a dip or divot, a hollow, a dent in a surface
Derived terms
[edit]References
[edit]- ↑ 1.0 1.1 1.2 1.3 1.4 1.5 1.6 1.7 1.8 Matsumura, Akira, editor (2006),
大辞林 [Daijirin] (in Japanese), Third edition, Tokyo: Sanseidō, →ISBN - ↑ 2.0 2.1 2.2 NHK Broadcasting Culture Research Institute, editor (1998), NHK
日本語 発音 アクセント辞典 [NHK Japanese Pronunciation Accent Dictionary] (in Japanese), Tokyo: NHK Publishing, Inc., →ISBN - ↑ 3.0 3.1 3.2 Shōgaku Tosho (1988)
国語 大 辞典 (新装 版 ) [Unabridged Dictionary of Japanese (Revised Edition)] (in Japanese), Tōkyō: Shogakukan, →ISBN - ^ Matsumura, Akira (1995)
大辞泉 [Daijisen] (in Japanese), First edition, Tokyo: Shogakukan, →ISBN
Korean
[edit]Hanja
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Vietnamese
[edit]Han character
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