涯

涯 U+6DAF, 涯 CJK UNIFIED IDEOGRAPH-6DAF ← 涮 [U+6DAE] CJK Unified Ideographs 涰 → [U+6DB0]

Translingual

Han character

Stroke order

涯 (Kangxi radical 85, 水みず+8, 11 strokes, cangjie input 水みず一いち土ど土ど (EMGG), four-corner 3111₄, composition ⿰氵厓)

Derived characters

• 𠽎 𦹹

References

• Kangxi Dictionary: page 627, character 38
• Dai Kanwa Jiten: character 17582
• Dae Jaweon: page 1029, character 24
• Hanyu Da Zidian (first edition): volume 3, page 1643, character 7
• Unihan data for U+6DAF

Chinese

simp. and trad.		涯
alternative forms		漄 厓 𪞢

Glyph origin

Historical forms of the character 涯
Shuowen Jiezi (compiled in Han)
Small seal script

Characters in the same phonetic series (圭けい) (Zhengzhang, 2003) 

	Old Chinese
街まち	*kreː, *kreː
鞋	*ɡreː, *ɡreː, *ɡreː
娾	*ŋreː, *ŋreːʔ
佳けい	*kreː
鮭さけ	*ɡreː, *kʷeː, *kʰʷeː
涯	*ŋreː, *ŋre
崖がけ	*ŋreː, *ŋre
啀	*ŋreː
厓	*ŋreː
捱	*ŋreː
睚	*ŋreːs
娃	*qreː
洼	*qreː, *qʷraː, *kʷeː
哇	*qreː, *qʷraː
胿	*ɡeː, *kʷeː
溎	*qeːns
觟	*ɡʷraːʔ
黊	*ɡʷraːʔ, *ɡʷreːs, *ɡʷeː
蘳	*ɡʷraːʔ, *qʰʷe
蛙かえる	*qʷraː, *qʷreː
窪くぼ	*qʷraː
卦け	*kʷreːs
挂	*kʷreːs
掛かけ	*kʷreːs
詿	*kʷreːs, *ɡʷreːs
罣	*kʷreːs, *ɡʷreːs, *kʷeːs
絓	*kʰʷreː, *ɡʷreːs
鼃	*ɢʷreː, *qʷreː
圭けい	*kʷeː
珪	*kʷeː
邽	*kʷeː
閨ねや	*kʷeː
袿	*kʷeː
窐	*kʷeː, *ɡʷeː
茥	*kʷeː, *kʰʷeː
桂かつら	*kʷeːs
筀	*kʷeːs
奎	*kʰʷeː
刲	*kʰʷeː
蝰	*kʰʷeː
楏	*kʰʷeː
睳	*qʰʷeː
畦あぜ	*ɡʷeː
眭	*ɡʷeː, *sqʰʷe, *qʰʷe, *qʰʷi
烓	*qʷeː, *kʰʷeːŋʔ
跬	*kʰʷeʔ
恚	*qʷes
硅	*qʰʷreɡ

Etymology 1

From a root *ŋ(ˤ)rar (“slope, nearly vertical side”), whence also 巘 (OC *ŋ(r)ar(ʔ), “hill”), 山やま (OC *s-ŋrar, “mountain”), and 顏かお (OC *C.ŋˤrar, “forehead”) (Baxter & Sagart, 2014).

Same word as 崖がけ (yá, “cliff”) and 睚 (yá, “rim (of the eye)”) (Schuessler, 2007).

Pronunciation

• Mandarin

  (Pinyin): yá (ya²)

  (Zhuyin): ㄧㄚˊ

• Cantonese (Jyutping): ngaai⁴
• Hakka

  (Sixian, PFS): ngài

  (Meixian, Guangdong): ngai²

• Eastern Min (BUC): ngài
• Southern Min

  (Hokkien, POJ): gâi / gâ

  (Teochew, Peng'im): ngai⁵

• Wu (Shanghai, Wugniu): ⁶ya

---

• Mandarin
  • (Standard Chinese)⁺
    • Hanyu Pinyin: yá
    • Zhuyin: ㄧㄚˊ
    • Tongyong Pinyin: yá
    • Wade–Giles: ya²
    • Yale: yá
    • Gwoyeu Romatzyh: ya
    • Palladius: я (ja)
    • Sinological IPA ^(key): /jä³⁵/
• Cantonese
  • (Standard Cantonese, Guangzhou–Hong Kong)
    • Jyutping: ngaai⁴
    • Yale: ngàaih
    • Cantonese Pinyin: ngaai⁴
    • Guangdong Romanization: ngai⁴
    • Sinological IPA ^(key): /ŋaːi̯²¹/
• Hakka
  • (Sixian, incl. Miaoli and Meinong)
    • Pha̍k-fa-sṳ: ngài
    • Hakka Romanization System: ngaiˇ
    • Hagfa Pinyim: ngai²
    • Sinological IPA: /ŋai̯¹¹/
  • (Meixian)
    • Guangdong: ngai²
    • Sinological IPA: /ŋaɪ¹¹/
• Eastern Min
  • (Fuzhou)
    • Bàng-uâ-cê: ngài
    • Sinological IPA ^(key): /ŋai⁵³/
• Southern Min
  • (Hokkien: Xiamen, Quanzhou, Zhangzhou, General Taiwanese)
    • Pe̍h-ōe-jī: gâi
    • Tâi-lô: gâi
    • Phofsit Daibuun: gaai
    • IPA (Xiamen, Quanzhou, Taipei): /ɡai²⁴/
    • IPA (Zhangzhou): /ɡai¹³/
    • IPA (Kaohsiung): /ɡai²³/
  • (Hokkien: Xiamen, Quanzhou)
    • Pe̍h-ōe-jī: gâ
    • Tâi-lô: gâ
    • Phofsit Daibuun: gaa
    • IPA (Xiamen, Quanzhou): /ɡa²⁴/
  • (Teochew)
    • Peng'im: ngai⁵
    • Pe̍h-ōe-jī-like: ngâi
    • Sinological IPA ^(key): /ŋai⁵⁵/
• Wu
  • (Northern: Shanghai)
    • Wugniu: ⁶ya
    • MiniDict: ya^去さ
    • Wiktionary Romanisation (Shanghai): ³hhia
    • Sinological IPA (Shanghai): /ɦia²³/

---

• Dialectal data

Variety	Location	edit 涯
Mandarin	Beijing	/ia³⁵/
	Harbin	/ia²⁴/
	Tianjin	/iɑ⁴⁵/
	Jinan	/iɛ⁴²/
	Qingdao	/ia⁴²/
	Zhengzhou	/ia⁴²/
	Xi'an	/iai²⁴/
	Xining	/ia²⁴/
	Yinchuan	/ia⁵³/
	Lanzhou	/ia⁵³/
	Ürümqi	/ia⁵¹/
	Wuhan	/ia²¹³/
	Chengdu	/ia⁵³/
	Guiyang	/ia²¹/
	Kunming	/ia̠³¹/
	Nanjing	/iɑ²⁴/
	Hefei	/ia⁵⁵/
Jin	Taiyuan	/ia¹¹/
	Pingyao	/ȵiɑ¹³/
	Hohhot	/ia³¹/
Wu	Shanghai	/ɦia²³/
	Suzhou	/ɦiɑ¹³/
	Hangzhou	/ɦie̞²¹³/
	Wenzhou	/ŋa³¹/
Hui	Shexian	/ia³¹/
	Tunxi	/ŋɔ⁴⁴/
Xiang	Changsha	/ia¹³/
	Xiangtan	/iɒ¹²/
Gan	Nanchang
Hakka	Meixian	/ŋai¹¹/
	Taoyuan	/ŋɑi¹¹/
Cantonese	Guangzhou	/ŋai²¹/
	Nanning	/ŋai²¹/
	Hong Kong	/ŋai²¹/
Min	Xiamen (Hokkien)	/gai³⁵/
	Fuzhou (Eastern Min)	/ŋai⁵³/
	Jian'ou (Northern Min)	/ŋa³³/
	Shantou (Teochew)	/ŋãi⁵⁵/
	Haikou (Hainanese)	/zai³¹/

---

• Middle Chinese: ngje, ngea

Rime
Character	涯	涯
Reading #	1/2	2/2
Initial (聲こえ)	疑うたぐ (31)	疑うたぐ (31)
Final (韻いん)	支ささえ (13)	佳けい (31)
Tone (調しらべ)	Level (Ø)	Level (Ø)
Openness (開ひらき合あい)	Open	Open
Division (等ひとし)	III	II
Fanqie	魚さかな羈切きり	五ご佳けい切きり
Baxter	ngje	ngea
Reconstructions
Zhengzhang Shangfang	/ŋˠiᴇ/	/ŋˠɛ/
Pan Wuyun	/ŋᵚiɛ/	/ŋᵚæ/
Shao Rongfen	/ŋiɛ/	/ŋæi/
Edwin Pulleyblank	/ŋjiə̆/	/ŋaɨj/
Li Rong	/ŋje/	/ŋɛ/
Wang Li	/ŋǐe/	/ŋai/
Bernard Karlgren	/ŋie̯/	/ŋai/
Expected Mandarin Reflex	yí	yá
Expected Cantonese Reflex	ji4	ngaai4

• Old Chinese

  (Baxter–Sagart): /*ŋˤrar/

  (Zhengzhang): /*ŋreː/, /*ŋre/

Baxter–Sagart system 1.1 (2014)
Character	涯
Reading #	1/1
Modern Beijing (Pinyin)	yá
Middle Chinese	‹ ngɛ ›
Old Chinese	/*ŋˁrar/
English	river bank; limit
Notes for Old Chinese notations in the Baxter–Sagart system: * Parentheses "()" indicate uncertain presence; * Square brackets "[]" indicate uncertain identity, e.g. *[t] as coda may in fact be *-t or *-p; * Angle brackets "<>" indicate infix; * Hyphen "-" indicates morpheme boundary; * Period "." indicates syllable boundary.

Zhengzhang system (2003)
Character	涯	涯
Reading #	1/2	2/2
No.	4535	4546
Phonetic component	圭けい	圭けい
Rime group	支ささえ	支ささえ
Rime subdivision	0	0
Corresponding MC rime	崖がけ	宜むべ
Old Chinese	/*ŋreː/	/*ŋre/

Definitions

涯

1. (literary, or in compounds) bank; shore
2. (literary, or in compounds) limit; boundary; margin

Synonyms

• (limit):

• 墘頭／墘头 (Quanzhou Hokkien, Xiamen Hokkien)
• 崖がけ (yá) (literary, or in compounds)
• 沿子 (yánzi)
• 沿邊／沿边 (yánbiān)
• 界線かいせん／界さかい线 (jièxiàn)
• 端倪たんげい (duānní) (literary)
• 邊あたり／边 (biān)
• 邊あたり墘／边墘 (Quanzhou Hokkien, Xiamen Hokkien)
• 邊あたり沿／边沿 (biānyán)
• 邊あたり緣えん／边缘 (biānyuán)
• 邊あたり角かく／边角 (biānjiǎo)
• 邊あたり際さい／边际 (biānjì)

 

Compounds

• 不ふ自じ涯
• 咫尺しせき天涯てんがい
• 地角じかく天涯てんがい
• 天涯てんがい (tiānyá)
• 天涯てんがい咫尺しせき
• 天涯てんがい地角じかく (tiānyá dìjiǎo)
• 天涯てんがい海うみ角かく (tiānyáhǎijiǎo)
• 天涯てんがい知己ちき
• 明日あした天涯てんがい
• 橫よこ無む際涯さいがい／横よこ无际涯
• 水みず涯
• 津つ涯
• 海うみ角かく天涯てんがい
• 浪なみ跡あと天涯てんがい／浪なみ迹天涯てんがい
• 涯分がいぶん
• 涯涘
• 涯詞／涯词
• 涯際／涯际
• 無涯むがい／无涯 (wúyá)
• 生涯しょうがい (shēngyá)
• 皮肉ひにく生涯しょうがい
• 神かみ女おんな生涯しょうがい
• 筆墨ひつぼく生涯しょうがい／笔墨生涯しょうがい
• 苦海くかい無涯むがい／苦海くかい无涯
• 際涯さいがい／际涯

 

Etymology 2

For pronunciation and definitions of 涯 – see 𠊎 (“I; me; etc.”). (This character is a variant form of 𠊎).

References

• “涯”, in 漢語かんご多功たこう能のう字じ庫こ (Multi-function Chinese Character Database)‎^[1], 香港ほんこん中ちゅう文ぶん大學だいがく (the Chinese University of Hong Kong), 2014–

Japanese

Kanji

涯

(Jōyō kanji)

1. shore, horizon

Readings

• Go-on: げ (ge)
• Kan-on: がい (gai, Jōyō)
• Kun: はて (hate, 涯)

Compounds

Compounds

• 一いち生涯しょうがい(いっしょうがい) (isshōgai): lifetime
• 境涯きょうがい(きょうがい) (kyōgai): circumstances; one's situation in life
• 公おおやけ生涯しょうがい(こうしょうがい) (kōshōgai): public life
• 際涯さいがい(さいがい) (saigai): limits; boundary; end
• 水みず涯(すいがい) (suigai): water's edge
• 全ぜん生涯しょうがい(ぜんしょうがい) (zenshōgai): one's whole life
• 天涯てんがい(てんがい) (tengai): horizon; distant land; skyline; heavenly shores; remote region
• 生涯しょうがい(しょうがい)学習がくしゅう(がくしゅう) (shōgaigakushū): lifelong learning

Etymology

By extension from verb 果はてる (hateru, “to be at an end, to finish, to be done”).

The hate reading for 涯 is rare, and is not listed in all dictionaries.

Pronunciation

• (Tokyo) はて [hàtéꜜ] (Odaka – [2])
• IPA^(key): [ha̠te̞]

Noun

涯(はて) • (hate) 

1. the end of the land: the shore

   Synonyms: 際涯さいがい, 限かぎり

2. the end of the visible world: the horizon

Korean

Etymology

From Middle Chinese 涯 (MC ngje|ngea). Recorded as Middle Korean 애 (ay) (Yale: ay) in Hunmong Jahoe (訓蒙くんもう字じ會かい / 훈몽자회), 1527.

Hanja

Wikisource

涯 (eumhun 물가 애 (mulga ae))

1. hanja form^? of 애 (“shore”)

Compounds

Compounds

• 생애 (生涯しょうがい, saeng'ae)
• 애한 (涯限, aehan)
• 경애 (境涯きょうがい, gyeong'ae)
• 천애 (天涯てんがい, cheonae)

References

• 국제퇴계학회 대구경북지부 (國際こくさい退すさ溪けい學會がっかい 大邱たいきゅう慶けい北きた支部しぶ) (2007). Digital Hanja Dictionary, 전자사전／電子でんし字典じてん. [2]

Vietnamese

Han character

涯: Hán Nôm readings: rượi, nhai, nhười, rười, nhầy

1. This term needs a translation to English. Please help out and add a translation, then remove the text {{rfdef}}.