法 (印度 哲學 )
語源 [编辑]
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dharma
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dharmā(from Namo dharmāya or Ye dharmā hetu) |
印度 教 [编辑]
佛教 [编辑]
参考 文献 [编辑]
- ^ Ainslie Thomas Embree, Stephen N. Hay, William Theodore De Bary, Sources of Indian Tradition: Modern India and Pakistan. Columbia University Press, 1988, page 215.
- ^ David Kalupahana. The Philosophy of the Middle Way. SUNY Press, 1986, pages 15-16: "The old Indian term dharma was retained by the Buddha to refer to phenomena or things. However, he was always careful to define this dharma as "dependently arisen phenomena" (paticca-samuppanna-dhamma) ... In order to distinguish this notion of dhamma from the Indian conception where the term dharma meant reality (atman), in an ontological sense, the Buddha utilized the conception of result or consequence or fruit (attha, Sk. artha) to bring out the pragmatic meaning of dhamma."
- ^ Chambers Dictionary of Etymology, Barnhart, R. K., editor (1998).
- ^ Day, Terence P. The Conception of Punishment in Early Indian Literature. 1982: 42-45.
- ^ How did the 'Ramayana' and 'Mahabharata' come to be (and what has 'dharma' got to do with it)?. [2021-05-26]. (
原始 内容 存 档于2018-12-16). - ^ Hiltebeitel, Alf. Dharma: Its Early History in Law, Religion, and Narrative. Oxford University Press, USA. 2011: 36–37 [2021-05-26]. ISBN 978-0-19-539423-8. (
原始 内容 存 档于2021-10-31) (英 语). - ^ Ṛgveda(Rigveda) - The Veda. [2021-05-26]. (
原始 内容 存 档于2021-05-26). - ^ 𑀥𑀁𑀫. wiktionary. [2021-05-18]. (
原始 内容 存 档于2021-04-15). - ^ * Inscriptions of Asoka. New Edition by E. Hultzsch. 1925: 56–57 (Sanskrit).
- Mathura lion capital. [2021-06-09]. (
原始 内容 存 档于2021-05-01). - CoinIndia. Coin of both Hermaios and Kujula Kadphises. [2021-06-09]. (
原始 内容 存 档于2021-06-09).
- Mathura lion capital. [2021-06-09]. (
- ^ Mon - Aksharamukha. [2021-05-27]. (
原始 内容 存 档于2021-05-27). - ^ * Ahom - Aksharamukha. [2021-05-26]. (
原始 内容 存 档于2021-05-26). - ^ Tai Tham Ad-hoc Meeting Report (PDF). [2021-06-14]. (
原始 内容 存 档 (PDF)于2020-10-09). - ^ Denise Cush; Michael York; Catherine Robinson. Encyclopedia of Hinduism. 2012: 455 [2021-06-14]. (
原始 内容 存 档于2021-06-14).For instance, if we find Hindi speakers talking of dharm, Bengalis of dhormo, and Tamils of tharumam, it is useful to know that these are all tatsama forms of the same Sanskrit word dharma.
- ^ * File:Sri Yashodharman.jpg. [2021-05-28]. (
原始 内容 存 档于2021-08-31).- Fleet, John Faithfull. Inscriptions Of The Early Gupta Kings And Their Successors. 1960: 150-158.
- ^ *
義 淨 .梵語 千 字 文 (東京 東洋 文庫本 ). [2021-05-26]. (原始 内容 存 档于2021-05-18).義 淨 .梵語 千 字 文 (安永 二 年 敬 光 刊 ). [2021-05-18]. (原始 内容 存 档于2021-05-18).
- ^ * Anshuman Pandey. Final proposal to encode Nandinagari in Unicode (PDF). [2021-05-28]. (
原始 内容 存 档 (PDF)于2021-01-21).- Anshuman Pandey. Preliminary Proposal to Encode Nandinagari in ISO/IEC 10646 (PDF). [2021-05-28]. (
原始 内容 存 档 (PDF)于2021-03-09).
- Anshuman Pandey. Preliminary Proposal to Encode Nandinagari in ISO/IEC 10646 (PDF). [2021-05-28]. (
- ^ Shriramana Sharma. Proposal to encode characters for Extended Tamil (PDF). [2021-06-10]. (
原始 内容 存 档 (PDF)于2021-06-10). - ^ Dieter Maue. Non-Indian Brāhmī scripts along the Silk Roads. 2010 [2021-06-04]. (
原始 内容 存 档于2021-06-04). - ^ * Bali lontar - Palm Leaf Wiki. [2021-05-26]. (
原始 内容 存 档于2021-03-05).- Paparikan Darmapada - Palm Leaf Wiki. [2021-05-26]. (
原始 内容 存 档于2021-05-26).
- Paparikan Darmapada - Palm Leaf Wiki. [2021-05-26]. (
- ^ Javanese character notes - r12a. [2021-05-27]. (
原始 内容 存 档于2021-05-27). - ^
吳 昭 新 .新編 台灣 閩南語 用 字彙 編 (PDF). [2021-06-17]. (原始 内容 存 档 (PDF)于2021-05-05).達 :tat8 ……無 、麼、摩 、磨 :moo5 - ^
ta̍t
的 發音 : môo的 發音 : - ^ * Georgios T. Halkias. When the Greeks Converted the Buddha: Asymmetrical Transfers of Knowledge in Indo-Greek Cultures. [2021-06-07]. (
原始 内容 存 档于2021-06-07).Greco-Bactrian inscription at Jaḡatu, afghanistan, of the sanskrit refuge formula to the “three-jewels”
- Bactrian Corpus (NSW) Part No. 125. [2021-06-10]. (
原始 内容 存 档于2021-06-10). - Old Indian Kapāla in a Bactrian Inscription from Qara-Tepe. Bulletin of the Asia Institute. 1994 [2021-06-10]. (
原始 内容 存 档于2021-06-10). - Nicholas Sims-Williams. JAḠATU – Encyclopaedia Iranica. [2021-06-10]. (
原始 内容 存 档于2021-06-10).
- Bactrian Corpus (NSW) Part No. 125. [2021-06-10]. (
- ^ Budhist Terminology in Sogdian (PDF). [2021-06-04]. (
原始 内容 存 档 (PDF)于2021-08-31). - ^ Georgios T. Halkias. When the Greeks Converted the Buddha: Asymmetrical Transfers of Knowledge in Indo-Greek Cultures. 2014 [2021-06-02]. (
原始 内容 存 档于2019-06-07).In later bilingual Indian-Greek coins, dharma is equated with the Greek word dikē (δίκη), right or justice and is not restricted to eusebeia (
ε ὐσέβεια). - ^ * UNESCO Staff. History of Civilizations of Central Asia. 1994: 400 [2021-05-26]. (
原始 内容 存 档于2021-05-26).- Bilingual (Greek and Aramaic) inscriptions by king Ashoka at Kandahar. [2021-05-26]. (
原始 内容 存 档于2021-06-08).
- Bilingual (Greek and Aramaic) inscriptions by king Ashoka at Kandahar. [2021-05-26]. (
- ^ Michaël Peyrot. Points of Tocharian Agramma (PDF). [2021-06-04]. (
原始 内容 存 档 (PDF)于2021-06-04). - ^ Tocharian word of the week: "dharma".
- ^ Mauro Maggi. A folio of the Ratnakūṭa (Kāśyapaparivarta) in Khotanese.
法 鼓 佛學 學 報 . 2015 [2021-06-05]. (原始 内容 存 档于2021-06-06). - ^ The Turkic Peoples of Central Asia and Buddhism. [2021-06-04]. (
原始 内容 存 档于2021-06-04).Tremblay made the point that both the Uyghur and the Manichaean Sogdian terms were independently copied from spoken Buddhist Sogdian. The frequent usage of nwm for Skt. dharma instead of the Buddhist Sogdian loanword
δ rm in Uyghur Buddhist texts would point in the same direction: nwm - ^ * Peter Zieme. The first leaf of an Old Uyghur
觀 無量 壽 經 Guanwuliangshoujing translation. Written Monuments of the Orient. 2020 [2021-06-05]. (原始 内容 存 档于2021-06-05).- Uğur UZUNKAYA. A Fragment of Old Uyghur Uṣṇīṣavijayā-nāma-dhāraṇī from the Berlin Turfan Collection. [2021-06-10]. (
原始 内容 存 档于2021-06-10).
- Uğur UZUNKAYA. A Fragment of Old Uyghur Uṣṇīṣavijayā-nāma-dhāraṇī from the Berlin Turfan Collection. [2021-06-10]. (
- ^ Edited by Khulan D. English-Mongolian Buddhist Glossary. [2021-05-26]. (
原始 内容 存 档于2021-05-26). - ^
莊 吉 發 .國立 故 宮 博物 院 典 藏 《大藏經 》滿 文 譯本 研究 .東方 宗教 研究 . 1990 [2021-05-26]. (原始 内容 存 档于2021-02-27).「
法輪 」,滿 文 譯 作 "nomun i kurdun"……「而為沙門 ,受佛法 者 」,滿 文 譯 作 "fucihi i nomun be aliha sarmana" ,意 即 「受佛法 之 沙門 」 - ^
西 夏 文 -古今 文字 集成 . [2021-05-26]. (原始 内容 存 档于2021-05-21). - ^ * Heleen Plaisier. 3. Unravelling Lepcha manuscripts. [2021-06-02]. (
原始 内容 存 档于2021-06-28).In the titles of Lepcha works......cho (book, learning)......These designations are obviously direct loans from equivalent categories in Tibetan literature......Chos......Indeed, a Lepcha book, referred to as cho, typically conveys a canonical message
- Albert Grünwedel. Dictionary of the Lepcha-language. [2021-06-02]. (
原始 内容 存 档于2021-06-02). - H. Plaisier. Chapter Four. Nominal Morphology.
ᰇᰨᰎᰴ cho–pang......books
- Albert Grünwedel. Dictionary of the Lepcha-language. [2021-06-02]. (
- ^ *
臺灣 閩南語 常用 詞 辭典 -法 . [2021-05-26]. (原始 内容 存 档于2021-05-26).香港 小學 習字 表 -法 . [2021-05-26]. (原始 内容 存 档于2021-05-26).
- ^ David Wharton. Language, Orthography and Buddhist Manuscript Culture of the Tai Nuea – An Apocryphal Jātaka Text in Mueang Sing, Laos. University of Passau. 2018: 240 [2021-05-26]. (
原始 内容 存 档于2021-02-04). - ^ Stephen Morey. Ahom and Tangsa: Case studies of language maintenance and loss in North East India (PDF). Language Documentation & Conservation. 2014, 7 [2021-06-20]. (
原始 内容 存 档 (PDF)于2017-11-14). - ^ Marseille, Carmen Eva. Shan-Ni grammar and processes of linguistic change. 2019: 34 [2021-05-26]. (
原始 内容 存 档于2021-05-26). - ^ 40.0 40.1 * d'Hubert, Thibaut. A Persian Account of the Religious Customs of the Magh (Arakanese) from Early Colonial Bengal. Iranian Studies. 2018 [2021-06-03]. (
原始 内容 存 档于2021-06-03).By the blessing of Tārā (i.e Dharma)......The term tārā transcribes the Arakanese/Burmese tarāḥ, which may be translated as "precept"or "law". This is the same term used by the Chakmas to designate the ritual texts called Āgar tārā, that the Luris used to recite on various occasions.
- d'Hubert, Thibaut. India beyond the Ganges: Defining Arakanese Buddhism in Persianate colonial Bengal. The Indian Economic and Social History Review,. 2019 [2021-06-03]. (
原始 内容 存 档于2021-06-03).Then, follows a brief comment on how one may become a Magh by reciting the ten tārā (Burmese tarāḥ; Pali dhamma,‘precepts, laws’)
- Buddhist Traditions and its Development among the Chakmas: A Historical Perspective (PDF). The Chakma Voice. 2010: 33–38 [2021-06-03]. (
原始 内容 存 档 (PDF)于2021-06-03).According to Bechert, Tara means Dharma or religion......According to other......Tara means religious literature
- Sushant Chakma; Jyotir Moy Chakma. A Short Introduction to Chakma Manuscripts. SEEMAANT. 2017: 99–104 [2021-06-07]. (
原始 内容 存 档于2021-06-07).
- d'Hubert, Thibaut. India beyond the Ganges: Defining Arakanese Buddhism in Persianate colonial Bengal. The Indian Economic and Social History Review,. 2019 [2021-06-03]. (
- ^ Vinodh Rajan. Aksharamukha : Script Converter. [2021-06-01]. (
原始 内容 存 档于2021-07-05). - ^ polyhedron. 做了一個滿文阿禮嘎禮的輸入法. [2021-05-31]. (
原始 内容 存 档于2021-06-03). - ^ Carol Henderson Garcia Culture and customs of India. 2002, page 31
- ^ Brodd, Jefferey. World Religions. Winona, MN: Saint Mary's Press. 2003. ISBN 978-0-88489-725-5.
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