妹
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See also: 妺
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Translingual
[edit]Han character
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Derived characters
[edit]References
[edit]- Kangxi Dictionary: page 257, character 28
- Dai Kanwa Jiten: character 6138
- Dae Jaweon: page 522, character 23
- Hanyu Da Zidian (first edition): volume 2, page 1034, character 6
- Unihan data for U+59B9
Chinese
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| simp. # | ||
Glyph origin
[edit]| Historical forms of the character | ||
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| Shang | Western Zhou | Shuowen Jiezi (compiled in Han) |
| Oracle bone script | Bronze inscriptions | Small seal script |
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Phono-semantic compound (
Etymology
[edit]Probably Sino-Tibetan. Proposed etymologies:
- STEDT relates it to Proto-Sino-Tibetan *mi (“girl; female; feminine suffix”), whence Apatani nyimii (“girl; woman; female”), Proto-Loloish *C-mi² (“woman”), Proto-Karen *hmɨᴮ (“female; woman”).
- Schuessler (2007) compares it to Burmese မ (ma., “sister”) (whence အစ်မ (acma., “elder sister”), ညီမ (nyima., “younger sister”)), Miju ku-mai- (“woman”), Tibetan བུད་མེད (bud med, “woman”), and also Mizo hmei (“concubine”) (> Mizo hmei-chhia (“woman; wife”)), which STEDT relates to Proto-Sino-Tibetan *s-maj (“widow, widower”) instead.
Pronunciation
[edit]- Mandarin
- (Standard)
- (Chengdu, Sichuanese Pinyin): mei4
- Cantonese
- Gan (Wiktionary): mi5
- Hakka
- Jin (Wiktionary): mei3
- Northern Min (KCR): mṳē / mṳē→mā̤
- Eastern Min (BUC): muói
- Southern Min
- Wu (Shanghai, Wugniu): 6me
- Xiang (Changsha, Wiktionary): mei5 / mei4
- Mandarin
- (Standard Chinese)+
- Hanyu Pinyin:
- Zhuyin: ㄇㄟˋ
- Tongyong Pinyin: mèi
- Wade–Giles: mei4
- Yale: mèi
- Gwoyeu Romatzyh: mey
- Palladius: мэй (mɛj)
- Sinological IPA (key): /meɪ̯⁵¹/
- (Chengdu)
- Sichuanese Pinyin: mei4
- Scuanxua Ladinxua Xin Wenz: mei
- Sinological IPA (key): /mei²¹³/
- (Standard Chinese)+
- Cantonese
- (Standard Cantonese, Guangzhou–Hong Kong)
- Jyutping: mui6 / mui6-1 / mui6-2
- Yale: muih / mūi / múi
- Cantonese Pinyin: mui6 / mui6-1 / mui6-2
- Guangdong Romanization: mui6 / mui6-1 / mui6-2
- Sinological IPA (key): /muːi̯²²/, /muːi̯²²⁻⁵⁵/, /muːi̯²²⁻³⁵/
- (Taishanese, Taicheng)
- Wiktionary: moi2
- Sinological IPA (key): /ᵐbᵘɔi⁵⁵/
- (Standard Cantonese, Guangzhou–Hong Kong)
- Gan
- (Nanchang)
- Wiktionary: mi5
- Sinological IPA (key): /mi¹¹/
- (Nanchang)
- Hakka
- (Sixian, incl. Miaoli and Meinong)
- Pha̍k-fa-sṳ: moi
- Hakka Romanization System: moi
- Hagfa Pinyim: moi4
- Sinological IPA: /moi̯⁵⁵/
- (Meixian)
- (Sixian, incl. Miaoli and Meinong)
- Jin
- (Taiyuan)+
- Wiktionary: mei3
- Sinological IPA (old-style): /mei⁴⁵/
- (Taiyuan)+
- Northern Min
- (Jian'ou)
- Kienning Colloquial Romanized: mṳē / mṳē→mā̤
- Sinological IPA (key): /myɛ⁵⁵/, /mɛ⁵⁵/
- (Jian'ou)
- Eastern Min
- (Fuzhou)
- Bàng-uâ-cê: muói
- Sinological IPA (key): /mui²¹³/
- (Fuzhou)
- Southern Min
- (Hokkien: Xiamen, Taipei, Magong, Hsinchu, Singapore)
- Pe̍h-ōe-jī: bē
- Tâi-lô: bē
- Phofsit Daibuun: be
- IPA (Xiamen, Singapore): /be²²/
- IPA (Taipei): /be³³/
- (Hokkien: Quanzhou, Sanxia, Kinmen, Hsinchu, Singapore)
- (Hokkien: Zhangzhou)
- Pe̍h-ōe-jī: māi
- Tâi-lô: māi
- Phofsit Daibuun: mai
- IPA (Zhangzhou): /mãi²²/
- (Hokkien: Kaohsiung, Tainan, Yilan, Taichung)
- Pe̍h-ōe-jī: mōe
- Tâi-lô: muē
- Phofsit Daibuun: moe
- IPA (Kaohsiung, Tainan, Yilan): /muẽ³³/
- (Hokkien: Lukang)
- Pe̍h-ōe-jī: běr
- Tâi-lô: běr
- IPA (Lukang): /bə³³/
- (Hokkien: Xiamen)
- Pe̍h-ōe-jī: bōe
- Tâi-lô: buē
- Phofsit Daibuun: boe
- IPA (Xiamen): /bue²²/
- (Hokkien: Quanzhou)
- Pe̍h-ōe-jī: mūi
- Tâi-lô: muī
- Phofsit Daibuun: mui
- IPA (Quanzhou): /muĩ⁴¹/
- (Hokkien: Zhangzhou)
- Pe̍h-ōe-jī: moāi
- Tâi-lô: muāi
- Phofsit Daibuun: moai
- IPA (Zhangzhou): /muãi²²/
- (Hokkien: Xiamen, Taipei, Magong, Hsinchu, Singapore)
Note:
- Xiamen:
- bē - vernacular;
- bōe - literary.
- Quanzhou:
- bēr - vernacular;
- mūi - literary.
- Zhangzhou:
- māi - vernacular;
- moāi - literary.
- (Teochew)
- Peng'im: muê6 / muê7
- Pe̍h-ōe-jī-like: muĕ / muē
- Sinological IPA (key): /mue³⁵/, /mue¹¹/
Note:
- muê6 - literary;
- muê7 - vernacular.
Note:
- mei5 - vernacular;
- mei4 - literary.
- Middle Chinese: mwojH
- Old Chinese
- (Baxter–Sagart): /*C.mˤə[t]-s/
- (Zhengzhang): /*mɯːds/
Definitions
[edit]Synonyms
[edit]Compounds
[edit]乾 妹 妹 ／干 妹 妹 令妹 (lìngmèi)伊 妹 (yīmèi)伊 妹 兒 ／伊 妹 儿 (yīmèir, “(humorous, obsolete) email”)- 你妹 (nǐmèi, “(Mandarin) my arse”)
兄妹 (xiōngmèi)兄弟 姐 妹 (xiōngdì jiěmèi, “brothers and sisters”)- 內妹／
内 妹 十 姊妹 (shízǐmèi)嘉 麗 妹 妹 ／嘉 丽妹妹 堂 妹 (tángmèi)堂 姊妹大陸 妹 ／大 陆妹 (dàlùmèi)太 妹 (tàimèi)女 妹 妹 丈 (mèizhàng)妹 仔 妹 夫 (mèifū)妹 妹 (“younger sister”)- 姊妹 (“sisters”)
姐 妹 (jiěmèi, “sisters”)妻 姊妹婚 - 姊妹
市 (zǐmèishì) - 姊妹
校 - 姊妹
盟 姐 妹 花 (jiěmèihuā)- 姊妹
行 妹 婿 (mèixù)妹 子 (mèizi)妹 紙 ／妹 纸 (mèizhǐ)- 姨妹 (yímèi)
學生 妹 ／学生 妹 小 妹 (xiǎomèi, “(Min Nan) younger sister”)師 妹 ／师妹 (shīmèi)弟妹 (dìmèi)恐龍 妹 ／恐 龙妹 (kǒnglóngmèi)手 帕姊妹 把 妹 (bǎmèi)架 妹 歸 妹 ／归妹 (guīmèi)祭 妹 文 細 妹 ／细妹 (“(dialectal) younger sister”)老 姐 妹 兒 ／老 姐 妹 儿- 胞妹 (bāomèi)
- 胞姊
妹 花 小 妹 蘇 小 妹 ／苏小妹 蜆 妹 ／蚬妹表 妹 (biǎomèi)表 姐 妹 (biǎojiěmèi)- 辣妹 (làmèi, “hot babe”)
酷 妹 鍾馗 嫁 妹 ／钟馗嫁 妹 阿 妹 (āmèi, “(Wu) younger sister”)香 火 姊妹鬼 妹 (guǐmèi, “(Cantonese) a Caucasian girl”)鹹水 妹 ／咸水妹 (xiánshuǐmèi)
Descendants
[edit]- → Thai: หมวย (mǔai, “younger sister”) (said by Chinese ethnicity)
References
[edit]- “
妹 ”, in漢語 多功 能 字 庫 (Multi-function Chinese Character Database)[5],香港 中 文 大學 (the Chinese University of Hong Kong), 2014–
Japanese
[edit]Kanji
[edit]Readings
[edit]- Go-on: まい (mai, Jōyō); め (me)
- Kan-on: ばい (bai)
- Kun: いもうと (imōto,
妹 , Jōyō)←いも𛄟と (imowuto,妹 , historical)←いもひと (imofito,妹 , ancient); いも (imo,妹 ) - Nanori: せ (se)
Compounds
[edit]Compounds
Etymology 1
[edit]| Kanji in this term |
|---|
| いも Grade: 2 |
| kun’yomi |
⟨imo1⟩ → */imʷo/ → /imo/
From Old Japanese
Speculatively, may be related to terms such as
Pronunciation
[edit]Noun
[edit]- (archaic, said from a male speaker) a close female companion
- one's sister regardless of age difference
- one's lover or sweetheart who is the subject of marriage or is already married
- 905–914, Kokin Wakashū (book 11, poem 485)
- かりごもの
思 ひ乱 れて我 恋 ふといも知 るらめや人 し告 げずは- karigomo no omoimidarete ware kou to imo shirurame ya hito shi tsugezu wa
- (please add an English translation of this example)
- かりごもの
- 905–914, Kokin Wakashū (book 11, poem 485)
- (archaic, said from a female speaker) a close female companion
Antonyms
[edit]Derived terms
[edit]Derived terms
妹 (imōto, “one's younger sister”)妹 が績む (imo ga umu, pillow word)妹 姑 (imo-shūtome)妹 兄 ,妹 背 (imose)妹 山 (imoyama)
Etymology 2
[edit]| Kanji in this term |
|---|
| いもうと Grade: 2 |
/imo ɸito/ → /imowito/ → */imowuto/ → /imoːto/
Originally a compound of
This is an instance of
Pronunciation
[edit]Noun
[edit]- one's own younger sister
- Antonym:
姉 (ane, “older sister”)
- 2005 January 10, Izawa, Hiroshi with Yamada, Kotaro, “
第 34話 復 讐の槍 [Chapter 34: The Lance of Vengeance]”, in ファイアーエムブレム覇者 の剣 [Fire Emblem: Sword of Champions], volume 9 (fiction), Tokyo: Shueisha, →ISBN, page 60:妹 の仇 だ！何 万 人 だろうが地 獄 へ送 ってやる‼- Imōto no kataki da! Nanmannin darō ga jigoku e okutte yaru‼
- This is for my sister! Keep coming, all of you! I’ll send you all straight to hell‼
- 2014 January 17, Ōima Yoshitoki, “
第 14話 西 宮 結 絃 [Chapter 14: Nishimiya Yuzuru]”, in聲 の形 (聲 の形 ) [A Silent Voice], volume 2 (fiction), Tokyo: Kodansha, →ISBN, page 60:永 束 君 「少 年 」じゃない…西 宮 の妹 だってよ- Nagatsuka-kun “Shōnen” ja nai… Nishimiya no imōto da tte yo
- Nagatsuka-kun. That's not a "boy"… Nishimiya said that's her sister.
- Antonym:
- the wife of one's younger brother; one's sister-in-law
- Synonym:
義妹 (gimai)
- Synonym:
- a younger female
- (archaic, said from a male speaker) one's sister regardless of age difference
- Antonym:
兄人 (shōto)
- Antonym:
(alternative reading hiragana いもっ, rōmaji imo')
- (Kagoshima) younger sister
Derived terms
[edit]Etymology 3
[edit]| Kanji in this term |
|---|
| いもと Grade: 2 |
| irregular |
Analyzed as a shortening of imōto, itself a compound
Appears in The Tale of Heiji, written around the mid-12th century.[3] May be much older, as this reading is also included in kun'yomi glosses for the Nihon Shoki of 720 (although the manuscripts with the glosses themselves are not as old).[1]
Noun
[edit]- (rare) Same as いもうと (imōto) above
Proper noun
[edit]Etymology 4
[edit]| Kanji in this term |
|---|
| まい Grade: 2 |
| goon |
From Middle Chinese
Affix
[edit]- Same as いもうと (imōto) above
Proper noun
[edit]- a female given name
References
[edit]- ↑ 1.0 1.1 1.2 1.3 1.4 1.5 “
妹 ”, in日本 国語 大 辞典 [Nihon Kokugo Daijiten][1] (in Japanese), concise edition, Tokyo: Shogakukan, 2000 - ↑ 2.0 2.1 2.2 Kindaichi, Kyōsuke et al., editors (1997),
新 明解 国語 辞典 [Shin Meikai Kokugo Jiten] (in Japanese), Fifth edition, Tokyo: Sanseidō, →ISBN - ↑ 3.0 3.1 3.2 3.3 Matsumura, Akira, editor (2006),
大辞林 [Daijirin] (in Japanese), Third edition, Tokyo: Sanseidō, →ISBN - ↑ 4.0 4.1 “
妹 ”, in デジタル大辞泉 [Digital Daijisen][2] (in Japanese), Tōkyō: Shogakukan, updated roughly every four months - ^ NHK Broadcasting Culture Research Institute, editor (1998), NHK
日本語 発音 アクセント辞典 [NHK Japanese Pronunciation Accent Dictionary] (in Japanese), Tokyo: NHK Publishing, Inc., →ISBN - ^ Shinmura, Izuru, editor (1998),
広辞苑 [Kōjien] (in Japanese), Fifth edition, Tokyo: Iwanami Shoten, →ISBN
Korean
[edit]Hanja
[edit]Old Japanese
[edit]Etymology 1
[edit]Speculatively, may be related to terms such as
Noun
[edit]- said from a male speaker:
- one's sister regardless of age difference
- , text here
言 不問 木 尚 妹 與 兄 有 云 乎直獨 子 尓有之 苦 者 - ko2to2 to1panu ki2 sura imo to2 se ari to2 ipu wo tada pi1to2riko1 ni aru ga kurusisa
- (please add an English translation of this usage example)
- , text here
- one's lover or sweetheart who is the subject of marriage or is already married
- one's sister regardless of age difference
- said from a female speaker:
- a daughter
- 711–712, Kojiki, poem 51:
- ...
母 登 弊 波 岐美袁淤母 比 傅 須恵 幣 波 伊毛 袁淤母 比 傅 ...- ...mo2to2pe1 pa ki1mi1 wo omo2pi1de suwepe1 pa imo1 wo omo2pi1de...
- (please add an English translation of this quotation)
Antonyms
[edit]兄 (se)
Derived terms
[edit]Derived terms
妹 ら (imora)妹 が家 に (imo ga ipe1 ni, pillow word)妹 が髪 (imo ga *kami, pillow word)妹 が着 る (imo ga ki1ru, pillow word)妹 が袖 (imo ga so1de, pillow word)妹 が手 を (imo ga te wo, pillow word)妹 が紐 (imo ga pi1mo, pillow word)妹 が目 を (imo ga me2 wo, pillow word)妹 許 (imogari)妹 に恋 ひ (imo ni ko1pi2, pillow word)汝 妹 (nanimo1)継 妹 (mamaimo1)吾妹 (wagi1mo1)
Descendants
[edit]- Japanese:
妹 (imo)
Etymology 2
[edit]Shortening of imo1,[1][2][3] due possibly to poetic reasons, haplology, or a reduction of vowel clusters to avoid hiatus, which was phonologically prohibited in Old Japanese. This hiatus avoidance is also seen in
Noun
[edit]- same as いも (imo1) above
- , text here
多 妣等弊 等 麻 多 妣爾奈理奴 以弊乃母 加 枳 世 之 己 呂 母 爾 阿 加都 枳 爾 迦理- tabi1 to2 pe1do2 ma-tabi1 ni narinu ipe1 no2 mo ga ki1sesi ko2ro2mo ni aka tuki1nikari
- (please add an English translation of this usage example)
- , text here
Etymology 3
[edit]Eastern dialectal variant of imo1.[1]
Noun
[edit]- (regional, Eastern Old Japanese) Same as いも (imo1) above
- , text here
可 之 古 伎夜美 許 等 加 我 布 理 阿須 由利 也加曳我牟多祢牟伊 牟奈之爾志 弖- kasiko1ki1 ya mi1-ko2to2 kagapuri asu yuri ya kaye ga muta nemu imu nasi ni site
- (please add an English translation of this usage example)
- , text here
References
[edit]- ↑ 1.0 1.1 1.2 “
妹 ”, in日本 国語 大 辞典 [Nihon Kokugo Daijiten][3] (in Japanese), concise edition, Tokyo: Shogakukan, 2000 - ^ “
妹 ”, in デジタル大辞泉 [Digital Daijisen][4] (in Japanese), Tōkyō: Shogakukan, updated roughly every four months - ^ Shinmura, Izuru, editor (1998),
広辞苑 [Kōjien] (in Japanese), Fifth edition, Tokyo: Iwanami Shoten, →ISBN
Vietnamese
[edit]Han character
[edit]- This term needs a translation to English. Please help out and add a translation, then remove the text
{{rfdef}}.
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