儒
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Translingual
[edit]Han character
[edit]儒 (Kangxi radical 9,
Derived characters
[edit]References
[edit]- Kangxi Dictionary: page 119, character 30
- Dai Kanwa Jiten: character 1220
- Dae Jaweon: page 253, character 8
- Hanyu Da Zidian (first edition): volume 1, page 230, character 9
- Unihan data for U+5112
Chinese
[edit]trad. | 儒 | |
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simp. # | 儒 | |
2nd round simp. | 𰁡 | |
alternative forms | 㐵 偄 𠍶 𪝥 |
Glyph origin
[edit]Historical forms of the character 儒 | |
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Shuowen Jiezi (compiled in Han) | Liushutong (compiled in Ming) |
Small seal script | Transcribed ancient scripts |
References:
Mostly from Richard Sears' Chinese Etymology site (authorisation),
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Phono-semantic compound (
Etymology
[edit]Origin obscure. Chen (2013)[1] – following Xu Shen's Shuowen Jiezi, etc. – links 儒 (OC *njo, “sorcerers, intellectuals, government officials, Confucians”) to
Pronunciation
[edit]- Mandarin
- (Standard)
- (Chengdu, Sichuanese Pinyin): ru2
- Cantonese
- Gan (Wiktionary): eo4
- Hakka
- Jin (Wiktionary): ru2
- Northern Min (KCR): ṳ̌
- Eastern Min (BUC): ṳ̀
- Southern Min
- Wu (Shanghai, Wugniu): 6zy
- Xiang (Changsha, Wiktionary): y2
- Mandarin
- (Standard Chinese)+
- Hanyu Pinyin:
- Zhuyin: ㄖㄨˊ
- Tongyong Pinyin: rú
- Wade–Giles: ju2
- Yale: rú
- Gwoyeu Romatzyh: ru
- Palladius: жу (žu)
- Sinological IPA (key): /ʐu³⁵/
- (Chengdu)
- Sichuanese Pinyin: ru2
- Scuanxua Ladinxua Xin Wenz: rhu
- Sinological IPA (key): /zu²¹/
- (Standard Chinese)+
- Cantonese
- (Standard Cantonese, Guangzhou–Hong Kong)
- Jyutping: jyu4
- Yale: yùh
- Cantonese Pinyin: jy4
- Guangdong Romanization: yu4
- Sinological IPA (key): /jyː²¹/
- (Taishanese, Taicheng)
- Wiktionary: yi3
- Sinological IPA (key): /ji²²/
- (Standard Cantonese, Guangzhou–Hong Kong)
- Gan
- (Nanchang)
- Wiktionary: eo4
- Sinological IPA (key): /ɵ³⁵/
- (Nanchang)
- Hakka
- (Northern Sixian, incl. Miaoli)
- Pha̍k-fa-sṳ: yì
- Hakka Romanization System: iˇ
- Hagfa Pinyim: yi2
- Sinological IPA: /i¹¹/
- (Southern Sixian, incl. Neipu)
- Pha̍k-fa-sṳ: yì
- Hakka Romanization System: (r)iˇ
- Hagfa Pinyim: yi2
- Sinological IPA: /(j)i¹¹/
- (Meixian)
- (Northern Sixian, incl. Miaoli)
- Jin
- (Taiyuan)+
- Wiktionary: ru2
- Sinological IPA (old-style): /ʐu⁵³/
- (Taiyuan)+
- Northern Min
- (Jian'ou)
- Kienning Colloquial Romanized: ṳ̌
- Sinological IPA (key): /y²¹/
- (Jian'ou)
- Eastern Min
- (Fuzhou)
- Bàng-uâ-cê: ṳ̀
- Sinological IPA (key): /y⁵³/
- (Fuzhou)
- Southern Min
- (Hokkien: Xiamen, Quanzhou, Jinjiang, Taipei)
- Pe̍h-ōe-jī: lû
- Tâi-lô: lû
- Phofsit Daibuun: luu
- IPA (Xiamen, Quanzhou, Jinjiang, Taipei): /lu²⁴/
- (Hokkien: Kaohsiung)
- Pe̍h-ōe-jī: jû
- Tâi-lô: jû
- Phofsit Daibuun: juu
- IPA (Kaohsiung): /zu²³/
- (Hokkien: Zhangzhou)
- Pe̍h-ōe-jī: jî
- Tâi-lô: jî
- Phofsit Daibuun: jii
- IPA (Zhangzhou): /d͡zi¹³/
- (Teochew)
- Peng'im: ru5
- Pe̍h-ōe-jī-like: jû
- Sinological IPA (key): /d͡zu⁵⁵/
- (Hokkien: Xiamen, Quanzhou, Jinjiang, Taipei)
- Wu
- Xiang
- (Changsha)
- Wiktionary: y2
- Sinological IPA (key): /y¹³/
- (Changsha)
- Dialectal data
- Middle Chinese: nyu
- Old Chinese
- (Baxter–Sagart): /*no/
- (Zhengzhang): /*njo/
Definitions
[edit]儒
- scholar; learned person
- 儒
林 外史 ― Rúlín wàishǐ ― Unofficial History of the Scholars (a satirical novel by吳 敬 梓 Wu Jingzi)
- From: The Analects of Confucius, c. 475 – 221 BCE
- Zǐ wèi Zǐxià yuē: “Rǔ wèi jūnzǐ rú, wú wèi xiǎorén rú.” [Pinyin]
- The Master said to Zi Xia, "Do you be a scholar after the style of the superior man, and not after that of the mean man."
子 謂 子 夏 曰:「女 為 君子 儒,無 為 小人 儒。」 [Classical Chinese, trad.]子 谓子 夏 曰:「女 为君子 儒,无为小人 儒。」 [Classical Chinese, simp.]- 以
- From: Rites of Zhou, circa 3rd century BCE
- Yǐ jiǔ liǎng xì bāngguó zhī mín:...... Sì yuē rú, yǐ dào dé mín........ [Pinyin]
- Use nine working-duos to involve the people of the polities and states: [...] the fourth are called the scholars, who use moral principles to procure people. [...].
九 兩 系 邦國 之 民 :……四 曰儒,以道 得 民 。……。 [Classical Chinese, trad.]
以九 两系 邦国 之 民 :……四 曰儒,以道 得 民 。……。 [Classical Chinese, simp.]
- 儒
- Confucian; Ruist
- From: Yang Xiong, Fa Yan (Exemplary Sayings), 9 CE
- Tōng tiān, dì, rén yuē rú, tōng tiān, dì ér bùtōng rén yuē jì. [Pinyin]
- Having a penetrating understanding of Heaven, Earth, and Man is called ru (Confucian). Having a penetrating understanding of Heaven and Earth, but not understanding Man, is called "clever."
通 天 、地 、人 曰儒,通 天 、地 而不通 人 曰伎。 [Classical Chinese, trad. and simp.]
- Confucianism; Ruism
- From: Mencius, c. 4th century BCE
- Mèngzǐ yuē: “Táo Mò bì guī yú Yáng, táo Yáng bì guī yú Rú. Guī, sī shòu zhī ér yǐ yǐ. Jīn zhī yǔ Yángmò biàn zhě, rú zhuī fàng tún, jì rù qí lì, yòu cóng ér zhāo zhī.” [Pinyin]
- Mencius said, 'Those who are fleeing from the errors of Mohism naturally turn to Yangism, and those who are fleeing from the errors of Yang naturally turn to Ruism. When they so turn, they should at once and simply be received. Those who nowadays dispute with the followers of Yangism and Mohism do so as if they were pursuing a stray pig, the leg of which, after they have got it to enter the pen, they proceed to tie.'
孟子 曰:「逃墨 必歸 於楊,逃楊必歸 於儒。歸 ,斯受之 而已 矣。今 之 與 楊墨 辯 者 ,如追 放 豚 ,既 入 其苙,又 從 而招之 。」 [Classical Chinese, trad.]孟子 曰:「逃墨 必归于杨,逃杨必归于儒。归,斯受之 而已 矣。今 之 与 杨墨 辩者 ,如追 放 豚 ,既 入 其苙,又 从而招之 。」 [Classical Chinese, simp.]
- weak; cowardly
- a surname
Compounds
[edit]世 儒侏儒 (zhūrú)侏儒 症 (zhūrúzhèng)侏儒 觀戰 /侏儒 观战俗儒 - 俚儒
僻 儒- 儒冠
- 儒士 (rúshì)
儒學 /儒学 (rúxué)- 儒宗
儒家 (rújiā)- 儒將/儒将
- 儒巾
儒教 (rújiào)- 儒林 (rúlín)
- 儒林
外史 (Rúlín Wàishǐ) - 儒業/儒业
儒生 (rúshēng)- 儒略
曆 /儒略历 (rúlüèlì) - 儒經/儒经 (rújīng)
儒者 (rúzhě)儒艮 (rúgèn)- 儒藏 (rúzàng)
- 儒術/儒术 (rúshù)
- 儒醫/儒医 (rúyī)
- 儒雅 (rúyǎ)
- 儒風/儒风
先 儒八 儒博學 鴻儒 /博学 鸿儒名 儒 (míngrú)回 儒 (huírú)坑 儒- 夙儒
大儒 (dàrú)宋 儒 (sòngrú)宏 儒碩學 /宏 儒硕学 宿 儒 (sùrú)宿學 舊 儒/宿学 旧 儒崇 儒拘 儒拘 拘 儒儒散 儒新 儒學 /新 儒学 溫 文 儒雅/温 文 儒雅焚書坑儒 /焚书坑 儒 (fénshūkēngrú)- 燔書
坑 儒/燔书坑 儒 犬儒 學派 /犬儒 学派 - 瑰儒
當世 儒宗/当世 儒宗盜 儒/盗 儒- 瞀儒
碩儒 /硕儒碩學 通 儒/硕学通 儒碩 彥名儒/硕彦名 儒穴見 小 儒/穴 见小儒老儒 老師 宿 儒/老 师宿儒- 耆儒
- 耆儒
碩德 /耆儒硕德 - 耆儒
碩 望 /耆儒硕望 - 耆儒
碩 老 /耆儒硕老 腐儒 (fǔrú)英 儒- 豎儒/竖儒 (shùrú)
- 賈儒
商 秀 /贾儒商 秀 迂 儒通 儒 (tōngrú)醇 儒- 陋儒 (lòurú)
陽 儒陰釋 /阳儒阴释章句 儒風流 儒雅/风流儒雅鴻儒 /鸿儒 (hóngrú)
References
[edit]- ^ Chen, Yong (2013) Confucianism as Religion: Controversies and Consequences. Series: Religion in Chinese Societies, Volume 5. Leiden: Brill. pp. 26-29
- “儒”, in
漢語 多功 能 字 庫 (Multi-function Chinese Character Database)[1],香港 中 文 大學 (the Chinese University of Hong Kong), 2014– - Dictionary of Chinese Character Variants (
教育 部 異體 字 字典 ), A00253
Japanese
[edit]Kanji
[edit]Readings
[edit]Compounds
[edit]Korean
[edit]Etymology
[edit]From Middle Chinese 儒 (MC nyu).
Historical Readings | ||
---|---|---|
Dongguk Jeongun Reading | ||
Dongguk Jeongun, 1448 | ᅀᅲᆼ (Yale: zyù) | |
Middle Korean | ||
Text | Eumhun | |
Gloss (hun) | Reading | |
Hunmong Jahoe, 1527[2] | 션븨 (Yale: syènpùy) | ᅀᅲ (Yale: zyù) |
Pronunciation
[edit]- (SK Standard/Seoul) IPA(key): [ju]
- Phonetic hangul: [유]
Hanja
[edit]Compounds
[edit]References
[edit]- 국제퇴계학회 대구경북지부 (
國際 退 溪 學會 大邱 慶 北 支部 ) (2007). Digital Hanja Dictionary, 전자사전/電子 字典 . [3]
Vietnamese
[edit]Han character
[edit]儒: Hán Nôm readings: nho[1][2][3][4][5][6], nhu[1][2][5][7], nhô[8][6]
References
[edit]- CJK Unified Ideographs block
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