凝
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Translingual
[edit]| Stroke order | |||
|---|---|---|---|
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Han character
[edit]Derived characters
[edit]References
[edit]- Kangxi Dictionary: page 133, character 45
- Dai Kanwa Jiten: character 1720
- Dae Jaweon: page 298, character 27
- Hanyu Da Zidian (first edition): volume 1, page 301, character 18
- Unihan data for U+51DD
Chinese
[edit]| trad. | ||
|---|---|---|
| simp. # | ||
| 2nd round simp. | 泞 | |
| alternative forms | 冰 𣲝 𡷪 𠘥 瓊／琼 Cantonese "to coagulate" | |
Glyph origin
[edit]Phono-semantic compound (
Etymology 1
[edit]Possibly related to 冰 (OC *p.rəŋ, “ice”) (Baxter & Sagart, 2014); if so, also related to
Pronunciation
[edit]- Mandarin
- (Standard)
- (Chengdu, Sichuanese Pinyin): nyin2
- Cantonese
- Hakka
- Jin (Wiktionary): ning1
- Northern Min (KCR): ngǐ
- Eastern Min (BUC): ngìng / ngĭk
- Southern Min
- Wu (Shanghai, Wugniu): 6gnin
- Xiang (Changsha, Wiktionary): nyin2
- Mandarin
- (Standard Chinese)+
- Hanyu Pinyin:
- Zhuyin: ㄋㄧㄥˊ
- Tongyong Pinyin: níng
- Wade–Giles: ning2
- Yale: níng
- Gwoyeu Romatzyh: ning
- Palladius: нин (nin)
- Sinological IPA (key): /niŋ³⁵/
- (Chengdu)
- Sichuanese Pinyin: nyin2
- Scuanxua Ladinxua Xin Wenz: nin
- Sinological IPA (key): /nʲin²¹/
- (Standard Chinese)+
- Cantonese
- (Standard Cantonese, Guangzhou–Hong Kong)
- Jyutping: jing4 / king4
- Yale: yìhng / kìhng
- Cantonese Pinyin: jing4 / king4
- Guangdong Romanization: ying4 / king4
- Sinological IPA (key): /jɪŋ²¹/, /kʰɪŋ²¹/
- (Standard Cantonese, Guangzhou–Hong Kong)
Note: king4 - vernacular ("to coagulate").
- (Taishanese, Taicheng)
- Wiktionary: ngen3 / ken3
- Sinological IPA (key): /ᵑɡen²²/, /kʰen²²/
- (Taishanese, Taicheng)
Note: ken3 - vernacular ("to coagulate").
- Hakka
- (Northern Sixian, incl. Miaoli)
- Pha̍k-fa-sṳ: nèn / khièn
- Hakka Romanization System: nenˇ / kienˇ
- Hagfa Pinyim: nen2 / kian2
- Sinological IPA: /nen¹¹/, /kʰi̯en¹¹/
- (Southern Sixian, incl. Meinong)
- Pha̍k-fa-sṳ: nèn / khiàn
- Hakka Romanization System: nenˇ / kianˇ
- Hagfa Pinyim: nen2 / kian2
- Sinological IPA: /nen¹¹/, /kʰi̯an¹¹/
- (Meixian)
- (Northern Sixian, incl. Miaoli)
Note: kên4 - "ice".
- Jin
- (Taiyuan)+
- Wiktionary: ning1
- Sinological IPA (old-style): /nĩŋ¹¹/
- (Taiyuan)+
- Northern Min
- (Jian'ou)
- Kienning Colloquial Romanized: ngǐ
- Sinological IPA (key): /ŋi²¹/
- (Jian'ou)
- Eastern Min
- (Fuzhou)
- Bàng-uâ-cê: ngìng / ngĭk
- Sinological IPA (key): /ŋiŋ⁵³/, /ŋiʔ⁵/
- (Fuzhou)
Note:
- ngìng - literary;
- ngĭk - vernacular.
- Southern Min
- (Hokkien: Xiamen, Quanzhou, Zhangzhou, Jinjiang, General Taiwanese)
- (Hokkien: Xiamen, Tong'an, Quanzhou, Jinjiang)
- Pe̍h-ōe-jī: kiân
- Tâi-lô: kiân
- Phofsit Daibuun: kieen
- IPA (Xiamen, Tong'an, Quanzhou, Jinjiang): /kiɛn²⁴/
- (Hokkien: Xiamen, Quanzhou)
- Pe̍h-ōe-jī: giân
- Tâi-lô: giân
- Phofsit Daibuun: gieen
- IPA (Xiamen, Quanzhou): /ɡiɛn²⁴/
Note:
- gêng - literary;
- kiân - vernacular ("to coagulate");
- giân - vernacular ("not moving").
- (Teochew)
- Peng'im: ngêng5 / nging5 / geng5 / gêng5 / ngang5
- Pe̍h-ōe-jī-like: ngêng / ngîng / kṳ̂ng / kêng / ngâng
- Sinological IPA (key): /ŋeŋ⁵⁵/, /ŋiŋ⁵⁵/, /kɯŋ⁵⁵/, /keŋ⁵⁵/, /ŋaŋ⁵⁵/
Note:
- ngêng5/nging5 - literary (nging5 - Chaoyang);
- geng5/gêng5 - vernacular ("to coagulate") (geng5 - Chaozhou, Shantou; gêng5 - Jieyang);
- ngang5 - vernacular ("cold").
- Dialectal data
| Variety | Location | |
|---|---|---|
| Mandarin | Beijing | /niŋ³⁵/ |
| Harbin | /niŋ²⁴/ ～ /niŋ⁵³/ | |
| Tianjin | /niŋ⁴⁵/ | |
| Jinan | /ȵiŋ⁴²/ /iŋ⁴²/ | |
| Qingdao | /niŋ⁴²/ /iŋ⁴²/ | |
| Zhengzhou | /niŋ⁴²/ /iŋ⁴²/ | |
| Xi'an | /niŋ²⁴/ | |
| Xining | /ȵiə̃²⁴/ | |
| Yinchuan | /niŋ⁵³/ | |
| Lanzhou | /ȵĩn⁵³/ /lĩn⁵³/ | |
| Ürümqi | /ȵiŋ⁵¹/ | |
| Wuhan | /nin²¹³/ | |
| Chengdu | /ȵin³¹/ | |
| Guiyang | /nin²¹/ | |
| Kunming | /nĩ³¹/ | |
| Nanjing | /lin²⁴/ | |
| Hefei | /lin⁵⁵/ | |
| Jin | Taiyuan | /niəŋ¹¹/ |
| Pingyao | /ȵiŋ¹³/ | |
| Hohhot | /nĩŋ³¹/ | |
| Wu | Shanghai | /ȵiŋ²³/ |
| Suzhou | /ȵin¹³/ | |
| Hangzhou | /ȵin²¹³/ | |
| Wenzhou | /ȵaŋ³¹/ | |
| Hui | Shexian | /niʌ̃⁴⁴/ |
| Tunxi | ||
| Xiang | Changsha | /ȵin¹³/ |
| Xiangtan | /ȵin¹²/ | |
| Gan | Nanchang | |
| Hakka | Meixian | /kʰen¹¹/ |
| Taoyuan | ||
| Cantonese | Guangzhou | /jeŋ²¹/ |
| Nanning | /neŋ²¹/ | |
| Hong Kong | /jiŋ²¹/ | |
| Min | Xiamen (Hokkien) | /giŋ³⁵/ |
| Fuzhou (Eastern Min) | /ŋiŋ⁵³/ | |
| Jian'ou (Northern Min) | /ŋi²¹/ | |
| Shantou (Teochew) | /ŋeŋ⁵⁵/ | |
| Haikou (Hainanese) | /ŋeŋ³¹/ /xeŋ³¹/ |
- Middle Chinese: nging, ngingH
- Old Chinese
- (Baxter–Sagart): /*[ŋ](r)əŋ/
- (Zhengzhang): /*ŋrɯŋ/, /*ŋrɯŋs/
Definitions
[edit]- to coagulate; to congeal; to freeze
- to focus; to concentrate (attention)
- to stop; to be still
- slow; sluggish
- deep; gorgeous
- (Xiamen and Quanzhou Hokkien, of eyes) not moving; staring blankly
- (Teochew) cold
- (Hakka) ice
Synonyms
[edit]Compounds
[edit]冷 凝 (lěngníng)冷 凝 劑 ／冷 凝 剂冷 凝 器 冷 凝 管 凝 乳 (níngrǔ)凝 佇凝 冱凝 凍 ／凝 冻凝 凝 凝 咽 (níngyè)凝固 (nínggù)凝固 劑 ／凝固 剂凝固 點 ／凝固 点 凝 妝／凝 妆凝 寒 凝 思 (níngsī)凝 想 凝 態 ／凝 态凝 慮 ／凝 虑凝 望 (níngwàng)凝 水石 凝滯 ／凝滞 (níngzhì)凝灰岩 (nínghuīyán)凝然 凝 目 (níngmù)凝 眄凝 眸 (níngmóu)凝 睇 (níngdì)凝 神 (níngshén)凝視 ／凝 视 (níngshì)凝視 點 ／凝 视点凝結 ／凝 结 (níngjié)凝結 作用 ／凝 结作用 凝結 反應 ／凝 结反应凝 網 ／凝 网凝 練 ／凝 练 (níngliàn)凝聚 (níngjù)凝聚 力 (níngjùlì)凝 聽／凝 听 (níngtīng)凝脂 (níngzhī)凝 膠 體 ／凝 胶体凝 華 ／凝 华 (nínghuá)凝血 因子 (níngxuè yīnzǐ)凝血 現象 ／凝血 现象凝血 障礙 ／凝血 障碍 凝 重 (níngzhòng)凝 鍊／凝 炼 (níngliàn)凝集 (níngjí)凝 雨 凝 霜 (níngshuāng)凝 霰凝 香 屏息 凝 氣 ／屏息 凝 气屏息 凝視 ／屏息 凝 视屏 氣 凝 神 ／屏 气凝神 抗 凝血 劑 ／抗 凝血 剂混 凝 混 凝 劑 ／混 凝 剂混 凝 土 端 凝 - 絮凝 (xùníng)
血液 凝固 酸 凝 酪 (suānnínglào)
Etymology 2
[edit]| trad. | ||
|---|---|---|
| simp. # | ||
Pronunciation
[edit]Definitions
[edit]Japanese
[edit]Kanji
[edit]- congeal
Readings
[edit]Compounds
[edit]Korean
[edit]Hanja
[edit]- This term needs a translation to English. Please help out and add a translation, then remove the text
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Vietnamese
[edit]Han character
[edit]
- This term needs a translation to English. Please help out and add a translation, then remove the text
{{rfdef}}.
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