とも

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See also:
とも U+7FA8, 羨
CJK UNIFIED IDEOGRAPH-7FA8

[U+7FA7]
CJK Unified Ideographs よし
[U+7FA9]

Translingual

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Han character

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とも (Kangxi radical 123, ひつじ+7, 13 strokes, cangjie input 廿にじゅうすいゆみじん (TGENO), four-corner 80182, composition 𦍌)

Derived characters

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References

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  • Kangxi Dictionary: page 952, character 31
  • Dai Kanwa Jiten: character 28503
  • Dae Jaweon: page 1396, character 25
  • Hanyu Da Zidian (first edition): volume 5, page 3134, character 10
  • Unihan data for U+7FA8

Chinese

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trad. とも/*
simp. *

Glyph origin

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Ideogrammic compound (會意かいい会意かいい) : ひつじ (sheep) + (saliva) – to envy.

ひつじ may be interpreted as a beautiful sheep or good mutton (cf. よし “beautiful” and ぜん “good”).

The Kangxi Dictionary, following 《佩觿》, enters the word in etymology 2 as , separating it from とも (etymology 1). This is also followed by dictionaries such as Hanyu Da Cidian and Dai Kan-Wa Jiten, but Zhongwen Da Cidian disagrees with this treatment. (Hanyu Da Zidian regards as the main form of all pronunciations.) According to せつぶんかい羣經正字せいじ:

とも貪欲どんよくいま經典きょうてん往往おうおうさくかく忠恕ただひろ《佩觿》ぶんともためあぶらこぼし江夏えなつ地名ちめいともめんこぼし字書じしょつぎこれおもんみいちかずおとみみ [Classical Chinese, trad.]
贪欲いま经典往往おうおうさくかく忠恕ただひろ《佩觿》ぶんあぶらこぼし江夏えなつ地名ちめいめんこぼしつぎこれおもんみいちかずおとみみ [Classical Chinese, simp.]
From: せつぶんかい羣經正字せいじ, quoted from Zhongwen Da Cidian
とも (Xiàn), tānyù yě, jīn jīngdiǎn wǎngwǎng zuò . Guō Zhōngshù “Pèixī” fēn とも (xiàn), (yí) wéi èr zì. Yí, yǐ zhī fān, Jiāngxià dìmíng; xiàn, sì miàn fān, mù yě. Fēi yě, zìshū wú cóng つぎ (cì) zhī zì, wéi yī zì ér shù yīn ěr. [Pinyin]
とも, meaning "to covet", is now frequently written as in the classics. Guo Zhongshu's Peixi distinguishes とも and as separate characters. , fanqie 以脂, name of a place in Jiangxia. とも, fanqie めん, to desire. This is not the case. There's no such character with the つぎ element in character dictionaries. There is only one character but several pronunciations.

Etymology 1

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Possibly related to (OC *la, “surplus”) (Wang, 1982).

Pronunciation

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Note:
  • Xiamen, Zhangzhou:
    • siān - literary;
    • soān - vernacular.
  • surname:
    • siān - Xiamen, Quanzhou, Zhangzhou;
    • soān - Zhangzhou;
    • soan - Taiwan.
Note:
  • iang6 - Shantou;
  • iêng6 - Chaozhou.

Rime
Character とも
Reading # 2/3
Initial (こえ) よこしま (17)
Final (いん) せん (77)
Tone (調しらべ) Departing (H)
Openness (ひらきあい) Open
Division (ひとし) III
Fanqie めんきり
Baxter zjenH
Reconstructions
Zhengzhang
Shangfang
/ziᴇnH/
Pan
Wuyun
/ziɛnH/
Shao
Rongfen
/zjænH/
Edwin
Pulleyblank
/zianH/
Li
Rong
/ziɛnH/
Wang
Li
/zĭɛnH/
Bernard
Karlgren
/zi̯ɛnH/
Expected
Mandarin
Reflex
xiàn
Expected
Cantonese
Reflex
zin6
BaxterSagart system 1.1 (2014)
Character とも とも
Reading # 1/3 2/3
Modern
Beijing
(Pinyin)
xiàn xiàn
Middle
Chinese
‹ zjenH › ‹ zjenH ›
Old
Chinese
/*s-N-qa[r]-s/ /*s-[ɢ]a[n]-s/
English covet, desire surplus, affluence

Notes for Old Chinese notations in the Baxter–Sagart system:

* Parentheses "()" indicate uncertain presence;
* Square brackets "[]" indicate uncertain identity, e.g. *[t] as coda may in fact be *-t or *-p;
* Angle brackets "<>" indicate infix;
* Hyphen "-" indicates morpheme boundary;

* Period "." indicates syllable boundary.
Zhengzhang system (2003)
Character とも
Reading # 2/3
No. 13574
Phonetic
component
とも
Rime
group
もと
Rime
subdivision
1
Corresponding
MC rime
Old
Chinese
/*ljans/
Notes てん

Definitions

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とも

  1. to envy; to admire
  2. (literary) surplus
  3. (literary) to exceed
  4. (obsolete) crooked; evil
  5. 10th tetragram of the Taixuanjing (𝌏)
  6. a surname

Compounds

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Etymology 2

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Pronunciation

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Rime
Character とも
Reading # 1/3
Initial (こえ) (36)
Final (いん) あぶら (15)
Tone (調しらべ) Level (Ø)
Openness (ひらきあい) Open
Division (ひとし) III
Fanqie あぶらきり
Baxter yij
Reconstructions
Zhengzhang
Shangfang
/jiɪ/
Pan
Wuyun
/ji/
Shao
Rongfen
/jɪ/
Edwin
Pulleyblank
/ji/
Li
Rong
/i/
Wang
Li
/ji/
Bernard
Karlgren
/i/
Expected
Mandarin
Reflex
Expected
Cantonese
Reflex
ji4
Zhengzhang system (2003)
Character とも
Reading # 1/3
No. 13573
Phonetic
component
とも
Rime
group
うた
Rime
subdivision
3
Corresponding
MC rime
Old
Chinese
/*lel/
Notes すなともかんけん

Definitions

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とも

  1. Only used in すなともすな (“Shayi (county)”).

Etymology 3

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Pronunciation

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Rime
Character とも
Reading # 3/3
Initial (こえ) (36)
Final (いん) せん (77)
Tone (調しらべ) Departing (H)
Openness (ひらきあい) Open
Division (ひとし) III
Fanqie せんきり
Baxter yenH
Reconstructions
Zhengzhang
Shangfang
/jiᴇnH/
Pan
Wuyun
/jiɛnH/
Shao
Rongfen
/jænH/
Edwin
Pulleyblank
/jianH/
Li
Rong
/iɛnH/
Wang
Li
/jĭɛnH/
Bernard
Karlgren
/i̯ɛnH/
Expected
Mandarin
Reflex
yàn
Expected
Cantonese
Reflex
jin6
BaxterSagart system 1.1 (2014)
Character とも
Reading # 3/3
Modern
Beijing
(Pinyin)
yán
Middle
Chinese
‹ yen ›
Old
Chinese
/*[ɢ]a[n]/
English extend; go forward

Notes for Old Chinese notations in the Baxter–Sagart system:

* Parentheses "()" indicate uncertain presence;
* Square brackets "[]" indicate uncertain identity, e.g. *[t] as coda may in fact be *-t or *-p;
* Angle brackets "<>" indicate infix;
* Hyphen "-" indicates morpheme boundary;

* Period "." indicates syllable boundary.
Zhengzhang system (2003)
Character とも
Reading # 3/3
No. 13575
Phonetic
component
とも
Rime
group
もと
Rime
subdivision
1
Corresponding
MC rime
Old
Chinese
/*lans/
Notes はらさくとういんあらため

Definitions

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とも

  1. Alternative form of のべ (yán, to invite; to engage)
  2. Alternative form of (tomb passage)

References

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Japanese

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Kanji

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とも

(Jōyō kanji)

  1. This term needs a translation to English. Please help out and add a translation, then remove the text {{rfdef}}.

Readings

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Compounds

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Korean

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Etymology 1

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From Middle Chinese とも (MC zjenH).

Pronunciation

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  • (SK Standard/Seoul) IPA(key): [sʰɘ(ː)n]
  • Phonetic hangul: [(ː)]
    • Though still prescribed in Standard Korean, most speakers in both Koreas no longer distinguish vowel length.

Hanja

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Korean Wikisource has texts containing the hanja:

Wikisource

とも (eumhun 부러워할 (bureowohal seon))

  1. hanja form? of (envy; envious)

Compounds

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Etymology 2

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From Middle Chinese とも (MC yenH).

Pronunciation

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Hanja

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とも (eumhun 무덤 (mudeomgil yeon))

  1. hanja form? of (road to a grave)

Compounds

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References

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  • 국제퇴계학회 대구경북지부 (國際こくさい退すさけい學會がっかい 大邱たいきゅうけいきた支部しぶ) (2007). Digital Hanja Dictionary, 전자사전/電子でんし字典じてん. [2]