羨とも

See also: 羡

羨とも U+7FA8, 羨 CJK UNIFIED IDEOGRAPH-7FA8 ← 羧 [U+7FA7] CJK Unified Ideographs 義よし → [U+7FA9]

Translingual

Han character

羨とも (Kangxi radical 123, 羊ひつじ+7, 13 strokes, cangjie input 廿にじゅう土ど水すい弓ゆみ人じん (TGENO), four-corner 8018₂, composition ⿱𦍌㳄)

Derived characters

• 𠿢, 㵪, 䢭, 檨, 𦆀

References

• Kangxi Dictionary: page 952, character 31
• Dai Kanwa Jiten: character 28503
• Dae Jaweon: page 1396, character 25
• Hanyu Da Zidian (first edition): volume 5, page 3134, character 10
• Unihan data for U+7FA8

Chinese

trad.		羨とも/羡*
simp.		羡*

Glyph origin

Ideogrammic compound (會意かいい／会意かいい) : 羊ひつじ (“sheep”) + 㳄 (“saliva”) – to envy.

羊ひつじ may be interpreted as a beautiful sheep or good mutton (cf. 美よし “beautiful” and 善ぜん “good”).

The Kangxi Dictionary, following 《佩觿》, enters the word in etymology 2 as 羡, separating it from 羨とも (etymology 1). This is also followed by dictionaries such as Hanyu Da Cidian and Dai Kan-Wa Jiten, but Zhongwen Da Cidian disagrees with this treatment. (Hanyu Da Zidian regards 羡 as the main form of all pronunciations.) According to 《說せつ文ぶん解かい字じ羣經正字せいじ》:

羨とも，貪欲どんよく也，今いま經典きょうてん往往おうおう作さく羡。郭かく忠恕ただひろ《佩觿》分ぶん羨とも、羡爲ため二に字じ。羡，以脂あぶら翻こぼし，江夏えなつ地名ちめい；羨とも，似に面めん翻こぼし，慕也。非ひ也，字書じしょ無む从次つぎ之これ字じ，惟おもんみ一いち字じ而數かず音おと耳みみ。 [Classical Chinese, trad.]

---

羡，贪欲也，今いま经典往往おうおう作さく羡。郭かく忠恕ただひろ《佩觿》分ぶん羡、羡为二に字じ。羡，以脂あぶら翻こぼし，江夏えなつ地名ちめい；羡，似に面めん翻こぼし，慕也。非ひ也，字じ书无从次つぎ之これ字じ，惟おもんみ一いち字じ而数かず音おと耳みみ。 [Classical Chinese, simp.]

From: 《說せつ文ぶん解かい字じ羣經正字せいじ》, quoted from Zhongwen Da Cidian

羨とも (Xiàn), tānyù yě, jīn jīngdiǎn wǎngwǎng zuò 羡. Guō Zhōngshù “Pèixī” fēn 羨とも (xiàn), 羡 (yí) wéi èr zì. Yí, yǐ zhī fān, Jiāngxià dìmíng; xiàn, sì miàn fān, mù yě. Fēi yě, zìshū wú cóng 次つぎ (cì) zhī zì, wéi yī zì ér shù yīn ěr. [Pinyin]

羨とも, meaning "to covet", is now frequently written as 羡 in the classics. Guo Zhongshu's Peixi distinguishes 羨とも and 羡 as separate characters. 羡, fanqie 以脂, name of a place in Jiangxia. 羨とも, fanqie 似に面めん, to desire. This is not the case. There's no such character with the 次つぎ element in character dictionaries. There is only one character but several pronunciations.

Etymology 1

Possibly related to 餘よ (OC *la, “surplus”) (Wang, 1982).

Pronunciation

• Mandarin

  (Standard)

  (Pinyin): xiàn (xian⁴)

  (Zhuyin): ㄒㄧㄢˋ

  (Chengdu, Sichuanese Pinyin): xian⁴

• Cantonese

  (Guangzhou–Hong Kong, Jyutping): sin⁶

  (Taishan, Wiktionary): lhun⁵

• Gan (Wiktionary): xien⁵
• Hakka

  (Sixian, PFS): sien

  (Meixian, Guangdong): xiên³

• Jin (Wiktionary): xie³
• Northern Min (KCR): sīng
• Eastern Min (BUC): siêng
• Southern Min

  (Hokkien, POJ): siān / siǎn / soān / soan

  (Teochew, Peng'im): iang⁶ / iêng⁶

• Wu (Shanghai, Wugniu): ⁶zhi
• Xiang (Changsha, Wiktionary): sienn⁴

---

• Mandarin
  • (Standard Chinese)⁺
    • Hanyu Pinyin: xiàn
    • Zhuyin: ㄒㄧㄢˋ
    • Tongyong Pinyin: siàn
    • Wade–Giles: hsien⁴
    • Yale: syàn
    • Gwoyeu Romatzyh: shiann
    • Palladius: сянь (sjanʹ)
    • Sinological IPA ^(key): /ɕi̯ɛn⁵¹/
  • (Chengdu)
    • Sichuanese Pinyin: xian⁴
    • Scuanxua Ladinxua Xin Wenz: xian
    • Sinological IPA ^(key): /ɕiɛn²¹³/
• Cantonese
  • (Standard Cantonese, Guangzhou–Hong Kong)
    • Jyutping: sin⁶
    • Yale: sihn
    • Cantonese Pinyin: sin⁶
    • Guangdong Romanization: xin⁶
    • Sinological IPA ^(key): /siːn²²/
  • (Taishanese, Taicheng)
    • Wiktionary: lhun⁵
    • Sinological IPA ^(key): /ɬun³²/
• Gan
  • (Nanchang)
    • Wiktionary: xien⁵
    • Sinological IPA ^(key): /ɕiɛn¹¹/
• Hakka
  • (Sixian, incl. Miaoli and Neipu)
    • Pha̍k-fa-sṳ: sien
    • Hakka Romanization System: xien
    • Hagfa Pinyim: xian⁴
    • Sinological IPA: /si̯en⁵⁵/
  • (Meixian)
    • Guangdong: xiên³
    • Sinological IPA: /siɛn³¹/
• Jin
  • (Taiyuan)⁺
    • Wiktionary: xie³
    • Sinological IPA (old-style): /ɕie⁴⁵/
• Northern Min
  • (Jian'ou)
    • Kienning Colloquial Romanized: sīng
    • Sinological IPA ^(key): /siŋ⁵⁵/
• Eastern Min
  • (Fuzhou)
    • Bàng-uâ-cê: siêng
    • Sinological IPA ^(key): /siɛŋ²⁴²/
• Southern Min
  • (Hokkien: Xiamen, Quanzhou, Zhangzhou, General Taiwanese)
    • Pe̍h-ōe-jī: siān
    • Tâi-lô: siān
    • Phofsit Daibuun: sien
    • IPA (Xiamen, Zhangzhou): /siɛn²²/
    • IPA (Quanzhou): /siɛn⁴¹/
    • IPA (Taipei, Kaohsiung): /siɛn³³/
  • (Hokkien: Quanzhou)
    • Pe̍h-ōe-jī: siǎn
    • Tâi-lô: siǎn
    • IPA (Quanzhou): /siɛn²²/
  • (Hokkien: Xiamen, Zhangzhou, General Taiwanese)
    • Pe̍h-ōe-jī: soān
    • Tâi-lô: suān
    • Phofsit Daibuun: soan
    • IPA (Taipei, Kaohsiung): /suan³³/
    • IPA (Xiamen, Zhangzhou): /suan²²/
  • (Hokkien: General Taiwanese)
    • Pe̍h-ōe-jī: soan
    • Tâi-lô: suan
    • Phofsit Daibuun: soafn
    • IPA (Taipei, Kaohsiung): /suan⁴⁴/

Note:

• Xiamen, Zhangzhou:
  • siān - literary;
  • soān - vernacular.
• surname:
  • siān - Xiamen, Quanzhou, Zhangzhou;
  • soān - Zhangzhou;
  • soan - Taiwan.

• (Teochew)
  • Peng'im: iang⁶ / iêng⁶
  • Pe̍h-ōe-jī-like: iăng / iĕng
  • Sinological IPA ^(key): /iaŋ³⁵/, /ieŋ³⁵/

Note:

• iang6 - Shantou;
• iêng6 - Chaozhou.

• Wu
  • (Northern: Shanghai)
    • Wugniu: ⁶zhi
    • MiniDict: zhi^去さ
    • Wiktionary Romanisation (Shanghai): ³xxi
    • Sinological IPA (Shanghai): /ʑi²³/
• Xiang
  • (Changsha)
    • Wiktionary: sienn⁴
    • Sinological IPA ^(key) (old-style): /si̯ẽ⁴⁵/
    • Sinological IPA ^(key) (new-style): /ɕi̯ẽ⁴⁵/

---

• Middle Chinese: zjenH

Rime
Character	羨とも
Reading #	2/3
Initial (聲こえ)	邪よこしま (17)
Final (韻いん)	仙せん (77)
Tone (調しらべ)	Departing (H)
Openness (開ひらき合あい)	Open
Division (等ひとし)	III
Fanqie	似に面めん切きり
Baxter	zjenH
Reconstructions
Zhengzhang Shangfang	/ziᴇnH/
Pan Wuyun	/ziɛnH/
Shao Rongfen	/zjænH/
Edwin Pulleyblank	/zianH/
Li Rong	/ziɛnH/
Wang Li	/zĭɛnH/
Bernard Karlgren	/zi̯ɛnH/
Expected Mandarin Reflex	xiàn
Expected Cantonese Reflex	zin6

• Old Chinese

  (Baxter–Sagart): /*s-N-qa[r]-s/, /*s-[ɢ]a[n]-s/

  (Zhengzhang): /*ljans/

Baxter–Sagart system 1.1 (2014)
Character	羨とも	羨とも
Reading #	1/3	2/3
Modern Beijing (Pinyin)	xiàn	xiàn
Middle Chinese	‹ zjenH ›	‹ zjenH ›
Old Chinese	/*s-N-qa[r]-s/	/*s-[ɢ]a[n]-s/
English	covet, desire	surplus, affluence
Notes for Old Chinese notations in the Baxter–Sagart system: * Parentheses "()" indicate uncertain presence; * Square brackets "[]" indicate uncertain identity, e.g. *[t] as coda may in fact be *-t or *-p; * Angle brackets "<>" indicate infix; * Hyphen "-" indicates morpheme boundary; * Period "." indicates syllable boundary.

Zhengzhang system (2003)
Character	羨とも
Reading #	2/3
No.	13574
Phonetic component	羨とも
Rime group	元もと
Rime subdivision	1
Corresponding MC rime	羡
Old Chinese	/*ljans/
Notes	㳄字じ轉てん註

Definitions

羨とも

1. to envy; to admire

   • 臨河かわ而羨とも魚さかな，不ふ如歸き家いえ織お網あみ。 [Classical Chinese, trad.]
     临河かわ而羡鱼，不ふ如归家いえ织网。 [Classical Chinese, simp.]

     From: Huainanzi, 2^nd century BCE

     Lín hé ér xiàn yú, bùrú guī jiā zhī wǎng. [Pinyin]

     (please add an English translation of this quotation)

   • 哀あい吾われ生せい之これ須臾しゅゆ，羨とも長江ながえ之これ無窮むきゅう。 [Classical Chinese, trad.]
     哀あい吾われ生せい之これ须臾，羡长江之これ无穷。 [Classical Chinese, simp.]

     From: 1082, Su Shi, 前ぜん赤あか壁かべ賦ふ

     Āi wú shēng zhī xūyú, xiàn Chángjiāng zhī wúqióng. [Pinyin]

     (please add an English translation of this quotation)

2. (literary) surplus

   • 四方しほう有ゆう羨とも，我わが獨どく居きょ憂う。 [Pre-Classical Chinese, trad.]
     四方しほう有ゆう羡，我わが独どく居きょ忧。 [Pre-Classical Chinese, simp.]

     From: The Classic of Poetry, c. 11^th – 7^th centuries BCE, translated based on James Legge's version

     Sìfāng yǒu xiàn, wǒ dú jū yōu. [Pinyin]

     (please add an English translation of this quotation)

   • 子こ不ふ通つう功こう易えき事ごと，以羨とも補ほ不足ふそく，則のり農のう有ゆう餘よ粟あわ，女おんな有ゆう餘よ布ぬの。 [Pre-Classical Chinese, trad.]
     子こ不ふ通つう功こう易えき事ごと，以羡补不足ふそく，则农有ゆう余よ粟あわ，女おんな有ゆう余よ布ぬの。 [Pre-Classical Chinese, simp.]

     From: The Classic of Poetry, c. 11^th – 7^th centuries BCE, translated based on James Legge's version

     Zǐ bù tōnggōngyìshì, yǐ xiàn bǔ bùzú, zé nóng yǒu yú sù, nǚ yǒu yú bù. [Pinyin]

     If you do not have an intercommunication of the productions of labour, and an interchange of men's services, so that one from his overplus may supply the deficiency of another, then husbandmen will have a superfluity of grain, and women will have a superfluity of cloth.

3. (literary) to exceed

   • 德とく隆たかし乎三さん皇すめらぎ，功こう羨とも於五ご帝みかど。 [Classical Chinese, trad.]
     德とく隆たかし乎三さん皇すめらぎ，功こう羡于五ご帝みかど。 [Classical Chinese, simp.]

     From: The Records of the Grand Historian, by Sima Qian, c. 91 BCE

     Dé lóng hū sānhuáng, gōng xiàn yú wǔdì. [Pinyin]

     (please add an English translation of this quotation)

4. (obsolete) crooked; evil
5. 10th tetragram of the Taixuanjing (𝌏)
6. a surname

Compounds

• 企くわだて羨とも／企くわだて羡
• 個個ここ稱しょう羨とも／个个称しょう羡
• 健けん羨とも／健けん羡
• 充たかし羨とも／充たかし羡
• 奇き羨とも／奇き羡
• 曼羨／曼羡
• 欣羨／欣羡 (xīnxiàn)
• 欽羨／钦羡 (qīnxiàn)
• 歆羨／歆羡 (xīnxiàn)
• 歎羨／叹羡
• 稱たたえ羨とも／称しょう羡 (chēngxiàn)
• 羨とも慕／羡慕 (xiànmù)
• 羨とも煞／羡煞
• 羨とも財ざい／羡财
• 羨とも餘よ／羡余 (xiànyú)
• 耗羨／耗羡
• 臨川りんせん羨とも魚ぎょ／临川羡鱼
• 臨河羨とも魚ぎょ／临河羡鱼
• 臨淵羨とも魚ぎょ／临渊羡鱼 (línyuānxiànyú)
• 談だん羨とも／谈羡 (tánxiàn)
• 豔羨／艳羡 (yànxiàn)
• 陽ひ羨とも／阳羡
• 餘よ羨とも／余よ羡
• 驚おどろき羨とも／惊羡

 

Etymology 2

Pronunciation

• Mandarin

  (Pinyin): yí (yi²)

  (Zhuyin): ㄧˊ

---

• Mandarin
  • (Standard Chinese)⁺
    • Hanyu Pinyin: yí
    • Zhuyin: ㄧˊ
    • Tongyong Pinyin: yí
    • Wade–Giles: i²
    • Yale: yí
    • Gwoyeu Romatzyh: yi
    • Palladius: и (i)
    • Sinological IPA ^(key): /i³⁵/

---

• Middle Chinese: yij

Rime
Character	羨とも
Reading #	1/3
Initial (聲こえ)	以 (36)
Final (韻いん)	脂あぶら (15)
Tone (調しらべ)	Level (Ø)
Openness (開ひらき合あい)	Open
Division (等ひとし)	III
Fanqie	以脂あぶら切きり
Baxter	yij
Reconstructions
Zhengzhang Shangfang	/jiɪ/
Pan Wuyun	/ji/
Shao Rongfen	/jɪ/
Edwin Pulleyblank	/ji/
Li Rong	/i/
Wang Li	/ji/
Bernard Karlgren	/i/
Expected Mandarin Reflex	yí
Expected Cantonese Reflex	ji4

• Old Chinese

  (Zhengzhang): /*lel/

Zhengzhang system (2003)
Character	羨とも
Reading #	1/3
No.	13573
Phonetic component	羨とも
Rime group	歌うた
Rime subdivision	3
Corresponding MC rime	姨
Old Chinese	/*lel/
Notes	沙すな羨とも漢かん縣けん

Definitions

羨とも

1. Only used in 沙すな羨とも／沙すな羡 (“Shayi (county)”).

Etymology 3

Pronunciation

• Mandarin

  (Pinyin): yán, yàn (yan², yan⁴)

  (Zhuyin): ㄧㄢˊ, ㄧㄢˋ

---

• Mandarin
  • (Standard Chinese)⁺
    • Hanyu Pinyin: yán
    • Zhuyin: ㄧㄢˊ
    • Tongyong Pinyin: yán
    • Wade–Giles: yen²
    • Yale: yán
    • Gwoyeu Romatzyh: yan
    • Palladius: янь (janʹ)
    • Sinological IPA ^(key): /jɛn³⁵/
      
  • (Standard Chinese)⁺
    • Hanyu Pinyin: yàn
    • Zhuyin: ㄧㄢˋ
    • Tongyong Pinyin: yàn
    • Wade–Giles: yen⁴
    • Yale: yàn
    • Gwoyeu Romatzyh: yann
    • Palladius: янь (janʹ)
    • Sinological IPA ^(key): /jɛn⁵¹/

---

• Middle Chinese: yenH

Rime
Character	羨とも
Reading #	3/3
Initial (聲こえ)	以 (36)
Final (韻いん)	仙せん (77)
Tone (調しらべ)	Departing (H)
Openness (開ひらき合あい)	Open
Division (等ひとし)	III
Fanqie	于線せん切きり
Baxter	yenH
Reconstructions
Zhengzhang Shangfang	/jiᴇnH/
Pan Wuyun	/jiɛnH/
Shao Rongfen	/jænH/
Edwin Pulleyblank	/jianH/
Li Rong	/iɛnH/
Wang Li	/jĭɛnH/
Bernard Karlgren	/i̯ɛnH/
Expected Mandarin Reflex	yàn
Expected Cantonese Reflex	jin6

• Old Chinese

  (Baxter–Sagart): /*[ɢ]a[n]/

  (Zhengzhang): /*lans/

Baxter–Sagart system 1.1 (2014)
Character	羨とも
Reading #	3/3
Modern Beijing (Pinyin)	yán
Middle Chinese	‹ yen ›
Old Chinese	/*[ɢ]a[n]/
English	extend; go forward
Notes for Old Chinese notations in the Baxter–Sagart system: * Parentheses "()" indicate uncertain presence; * Square brackets "[]" indicate uncertain identity, e.g. *[t] as coda may in fact be *-t or *-p; * Angle brackets "<>" indicate infix; * Hyphen "-" indicates morpheme boundary; * Period "." indicates syllable boundary.

Zhengzhang system (2003)
Character	羨とも
Reading #	3/3
No.	13575
Phonetic component	羨とも
Rime group	元もと
Rime subdivision	1
Corresponding MC rime
Old Chinese	/*lans/
Notes	予よ原はら作さく於，依よ唐とう韻いん改あらため

Definitions

羨とも

1. Alternative form of 延のべ (yán, “to invite; to engage”)
2. Alternative form of 埏 (“tomb passage”)

References

• “羨とも”, in 漢語かんご多功たこう能のう字じ庫こ (Multi-function Chinese Character Database)‎^[1], 香港ほんこん中ちゅう文ぶん大學だいがく (the Chinese University of Hong Kong), 2014–

Japanese

Kanji

羨とも

(Jōyō kanji)

1. This term needs a translation to English. Please help out and add a translation, then remove the text {{rfdef}}.

Readings

• On (unclassified): せん (sen, Jōyō)、えん (en)
• Kun: うらやましい (urayamashii, 羨うらやましい, Jōyō)、うらやむ (urayamu, 羨うらやむ, Jōyō)、あまり (amari)
• Nanori: よし (yoshi)

Compounds

• 羨とも(うらや)ましい (urayamashii): jealous, envious
• 羨とも(うらや)む (urayamu): to be jealous, to be envious

Korean

Etymology 1

From Middle Chinese 羨とも (MC zjenH).

Historical readings

• Recorded as Middle Korean 쎤〮 (Yale: ssyén) in Dongguk Jeongun (東國とうごく正せい韻いん / 동국정운), 1448.
• Recorded as Middle Korean 션 (syen)^訓くん (Yale: syen) in Sinjeung Yuhap (新しん增ぞう類るい合あい / 신증유합), 1576.

Pronunciation

• (SK Standard/Seoul) IPA^(key): [sʰɘ(ː)n]
• Phonetic hangul: [선(ː)]
  • Though still prescribed in Standard Korean, most speakers in both Koreas no longer distinguish vowel length.

Hanja

Wikisource

羨とも (eumhun 부러워할 선 (bureowohal seon))

1. hanja form^? of 선 (“envy; envious”)

Compounds

Compounds

• 선망 (羨望せんぼう, seonmang, “envy”)
• 선모 (羨とも慕, seonmo)

Etymology 2

From Middle Chinese 羨とも (MC yenH).

Historical readings

• Recorded as Middle Korean 연〮 (Yale: yén) in Dongguk Jeongun (東國とうごく正せい韻いん / 동국정운), 1448.

Pronunciation

• (SK Standard/Seoul) IPA^(key): [jʌ̹n]
• Phonetic hangul: [연]

Hanja

羨とも (eumhun 무덤길 연 (mudeomgil yeon))

1. hanja form^? of 연 (“road to a grave”)

Compounds

Compounds

• 연문 (羨とも門もん, yeonmun)
• 연도 (羨道せんどう, yeondo)
• 연도분 (羨道せんどう墳ふん, yeondobun, “passage grave”)

References

• 국제퇴계학회 대구경북지부 (國際こくさい退すさ溪けい學會がっかい 大邱たいきゅう慶けい北きた支部しぶ) (2007). Digital Hanja Dictionary, 전자사전／電子でんし字典じてん. [2]