乎
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See also: 平
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Translingual
[edit]Stroke order | |||
Han character
[edit]乎 (Kangxi radical 4, 丿+4, 5 strokes, cangjie input
Derived characters
[edit]- 𠇼,
呼 , 垀, 𡛚, 𫼞, 泘, 𤝘, 㭔, 𣧯, 烀, 𬏃, 䉿, 𮎇, 𫊯, 𧦝(𫍞), 軤(轷), 䤣, 𫗶, 𩶈, 䴣, 𪏹, 𪕉 - 𮓦, 𫚶, 𬼔, 乯, 𬼡, 𤇠, 𠓧, 苸, 𥬏, 雽, 𢨽, 𤵡, 虖
Descendants
[edit]References
[edit]- Kangxi Dictionary: page 82, character 7
- Dai Kanwa Jiten: character 131
- Dae Jaweon: page 166, character 1
- Hanyu Da Zidian (first edition): volume 1, page 36, character 8
- Unihan data for U+4E4E
Chinese
[edit]Glyph origin
[edit]Historical forms of the character 乎 | |||
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Shang | Western Zhou | Shuowen Jiezi (compiled in Han) | Liushutong (compiled in Ming) |
Oracle bone script | Bronze inscriptions | Small seal script | Transcribed ancient scripts |
References:
Mostly from Richard Sears' Chinese Etymology site (authorisation),
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Ideogrammic compound (
Etymology 1
[edit]simp. and trad. |
乎 | |
---|---|---|
alternative forms | 𠂞 𠂠 |
- in; at; on
- Attrited or unstressed form of 於 (OC *qa) (Schuessler, 2007).
This etymology is incomplete. You can help Wiktionary by elaborating on the origins of this term.
Pronunciation
[edit]- Mandarin
- (Standard)
- (Chengdu, Sichuanese Pinyin): hu2 / fu2
- Cantonese
- Gan (Wiktionary): fu4
- Hakka
- Jin (Wiktionary): hu1
- Northern Min (KCR): hú
- Eastern Min (BUC): hŭ
- Southern Min
- Wu (Shanghai, Wugniu): 6wu
- Xiang (Changsha, Wiktionary): fu2
- Mandarin
- (Standard Chinese)+
- Hanyu Pinyin:
- Zhuyin: ㄏㄨ
- Tongyong Pinyin: hu
- Wade–Giles: hu1
- Yale: hū
- Gwoyeu Romatzyh: hu
- Palladius: ху (xu)
- Sinological IPA (key): /xu⁵⁵/
- (Standard Chinese, rare literary variant)+
- Hanyu Pinyin:
- Zhuyin: ㄏㄨˊ
- Tongyong Pinyin: hú
- Wade–Giles: hu2
- Yale: hú
- Gwoyeu Romatzyh: hwu
- Palladius: ху (xu)
- Sinological IPA (key): /xu³⁵/
- (Chengdu)
- Sichuanese Pinyin: hu2 / fu2
- Scuanxua Ladinxua Xin Wenz: xu / fu
- Sinological IPA (key): /xu²¹/, /fu²¹/
- (Standard Chinese)+
- Cantonese
- (Standard Cantonese, Guangzhou–Hong Kong)
- Jyutping: fu4 / wu4
- Yale: fùh / wùh
- Cantonese Pinyin: fu4 / wu4
- Guangdong Romanization: fu4 / wu4
- Sinological IPA (key): /fuː²¹/, /wuː²¹/
- (Standard Cantonese, Guangzhou–Hong Kong)
Note: wu4 - rare.
- (Taishanese, Taicheng)
- Wiktionary: fu3
- Sinological IPA (key): /fu²²/
- (Taishanese, Taicheng)
- Gan
- (Nanchang)
- Wiktionary: fu4
- Sinological IPA (key): /fu³⁵/
- (Nanchang)
- Hakka
- (Sixian, incl. Miaoli and Meinong)
- Pha̍k-fa-sṳ: fû / fù
- Hakka Romanization System: fu´ / fuˇ
- Hagfa Pinyim: fu1 / fu2
- Sinological IPA: /fu²⁴/, /fu¹¹/
- (Meixian)
- (Sixian, incl. Miaoli and Meinong)
- Jin
- (Taiyuan)+
- Wiktionary: hu1
- Sinological IPA (old-style): /xu¹¹/
- (Taiyuan)+
- Northern Min
- (Jian'ou)
- Kienning Colloquial Romanized: hú
- Sinological IPA (key): /xu⁵⁴/
- (Jian'ou)
- Eastern Min
- (Fuzhou)
- Bàng-uâ-cê: hŭ
- Sinological IPA (key): /hu⁵⁵/
- (Fuzhou)
- Southern Min
- Wu
- Xiang
- (Changsha)
- Wiktionary: fu2
- Sinological IPA (key): /ɸu¹³/
- (Changsha)
- Dialectal data
Variety | Location | 乎 |
---|---|---|
Mandarin | Beijing | /xu⁵⁵/ |
Harbin | /xu⁴⁴/ | |
Tianjin | /xu²¹/ | |
Jinan | /xu⁴²/ | |
Qingdao | /xu²¹³/ | |
Zhengzhou | /xu²⁴/ | |
Xi'an | /xu²¹/ | |
Xining | /xv̩⁴⁴/ | |
Yinchuan | /xu⁴⁴/ | |
Lanzhou | /xu³¹/ | |
Ürümqi | /xu⁴⁴/ | |
Wuhan | /xu⁵⁵/ | |
Chengdu | /xu³¹/ /fu³¹/ | |
Guiyang | /fu⁵⁵/ | |
Kunming | /xu⁴⁴/ | |
Nanjing | /xu³¹/ | |
Hefei | /xu²¹/ | |
Jin | Taiyuan | /xu¹¹/ |
Pingyao | /xu¹³/ | |
Hohhot | /xu³¹/ | |
Wu | Shanghai | /hu⁵³/ /ɦu²³/ |
Suzhou | /ɦəu¹³/ | |
Hangzhou | /ɦu²¹³/ | |
Wenzhou | /vu³¹/ | |
Hui | Shexian | /xu³¹/ |
Tunxi | /xu¹¹/ | |
Xiang | Changsha | /fu¹³/ |
Xiangtan | /ɸu³³/ | |
Gan | Nanchang | /fu⁴⁵/ |
Hakka | Meixian | /fu¹¹/ |
Taoyuan | /fu¹¹/ | |
Cantonese | Guangzhou | /fu²¹/ |
Nanning | /fu⁵⁵/ /wu²¹/ | |
Hong Kong | /fu²¹/ | |
Min | Xiamen (Hokkien) | /hɔ³⁵/ /hɔ⁵⁵/ |
Fuzhou (Eastern Min) | /hu⁴⁴/ | |
Jian'ou (Northern Min) | /xu⁵⁴/ | |
Shantou (Teochew) | /hu³³/ | |
Haikou (Hainanese) | /hu²³/ |
- Middle Chinese: hu
- Old Chinese
- (Baxter–Sagart): /*ɢˤa/
- (Zhengzhang): /*ɢaː/
Definitions
[edit]乎
- in; at; on
- From: Zhuangzi, circa 3rd – 2nd centuries BCE
- Jīn zǐ yǒu wǔ dàn zhī hù, hé bù lǜ yǐwèi dà zūn ér fú hū jiānghú, ér yōu qí hùluò wú suǒ róng? [Pinyin]
- Sir, had calabashes large enough to hold five piculs; why did you not think of making large bottle-gourds of them, by means of which you could have floated over rivers and lakes, instead of giving yourself the sorrow of finding that they were useless for holding anything.
今 子 有 五 石 之 瓠 ,何 不 慮 以為大 樽 而浮乎江湖 ,而憂 其瓠 落無 所 容 ? [Classical Chinese, trad.]今 子 有 五 石 之 瓠 ,何 不 虑以为大 樽 而浮乎江湖 ,而忧其瓠 落无所 容 ? [Classical Chinese, simp.]
- (indicates the object of an action) with; on
- (indicates comparison) than
- From: Zhuangzi, circa 3rd – 2nd centuries BCE
- Fú qīng hū yǔ, mò zhī zhī zǎi; huò zhòng hū dì, mò zhī zhī bì. [Pinyin]
- Happiness is lighter than a feather, but no one knows how to support it; calamity is heavier than the earth, and yet no one knows how to avoid it.
福 輕 乎羽 ,莫之 知 載 ;禍 重 乎地 ,莫之 知 避。 [Classical Chinese, trad.]福 轻乎羽 ,莫之 知 载;祸重 乎地 ,莫之 知 避。 [Classical Chinese, simp.]
- † A suffix placed after adjectives and adverbs to express praise or amazement.
- † Sentence-final interrogative particle.
- † Sentence-final exclamatory particle.
- † Sentence-final imperative particle.
- † Sentence-final speculative particle.
Compounds
[edit]不 亦 樂 乎/不 亦 乐乎 (bùyìlèhū)不在 乎 (bù zàihu)不 外 乎 (bùwàihū)之 乎者也 (zhīhūzhěyě)二 乎云 乎似 乎 (sìhū)- 傻乎乎 (shǎhūhū)
出 乎尋常 /出 乎寻常 出 乎意外 出 乎意料 (chūhūyìliào)- 呀呀乎
- 嗟乎 (jiēhū)
在 乎 (zàihū)- 套近乎 (tàojìnhū)
幾 乎/几乎 (jīhū)微 乎其微 (wēihūqíwēi)情 見 乎言/情 见乎言 情 見 乎辭/情 见乎辞 應 乎人心 /应乎人心 - 扎乎
拉 近 乎攻 乎異端 /攻 乎异端 斷乎 /断乎 (duànhū)斷乎 不可 /断乎 不可 - 於乎/于乎 (wūhū)
- 於是乎/于是乎 (yúshìhū)
- 毫不
在 乎 況 乎/况乎 (kuànghū)渙 乎/涣乎溜 之 乎也滿 不在 乎/满不在 乎猶 之 乎/犹之乎異 乎尋常 /异乎寻常 (yìhūxúncháng)- 瞠乎其後/瞠乎其后 (chēnghūqíhòu)
- 瞠乎
後 矣/瞠乎后 矣 確乎 /确乎神 乎其技 (shénhūqíjì)神 乎其神 胖 乎乎 (pànghūhū)臭 乎乎超 乎 (chāohū)- 辣乎乎
近 乎- 迥乎
不同 (jiǒnghūbùtóng) 關 乎/关乎 (guānhū)難 乎為繼 /难乎为继 (nánhūwéijì)
Etymology 2
[edit]Pronunciation
[edit]Definitions
[edit]乎
- Alternative form of
予 (“hō͘”)
Etymology 3
[edit]simp. and trad. |
乎 | |
---|---|---|
alternative forms | 齁 嘑/ |
Pronunciation
[edit]- Southern Min
- (Hokkien: Xiamen, Zhangzhou, General Taiwanese)
- Pe̍h-ōe-jī: hohⁿ
- Tâi-lô: honnh
- Phofsit Daibuun: hvoq
- IPA (Xiamen, Zhangzhou, Taipei, Kaohsiung): /hɔ̃ʔ³²/
- (Hokkien: Xiamen, Quanzhou, Jinjiang, Philippines)
- Pe̍h-ōe-jī: hôⁿ
- Tâi-lô: hônn
- Phofsit Daibuun: hvoo
- IPA (Xiamen, Quanzhou, Jinjiang, Philippines): /hɔ̃²⁴/
- (Hokkien: Philippines)
- Pe̍h-ōe-jī: hô͘
- Tâi-lô: hôo
- Phofsit Daibuun: hoo
- IPA (Philippines): /hɔ²⁴/
- (Hokkien: Zhangzhou)
- Pe̍h-ōe-jī: hoⁿ
- Tâi-lô: honn
- Phofsit Daibuun: hvof
- IPA (Zhangzhou): /hɔ̃⁴⁴/
- (Hokkien: Zhangzhou)
- Pe̍h-ōe-jī: hōⁿ
- Tâi-lô: hōnn
- Phofsit Daibuun: hvo
- IPA (Zhangzhou): /hɔ̃²²/
- (Hokkien: Xiamen, Zhangzhou, General Taiwanese)
Note: hōⁿ - “expressing doubt with a question”.
Definitions
[edit]乎
- (Hokkien) Sentence-final particle expressing doubt with a question, especially to ask for confirmation: right?
- (Mainland China and Philippine Hokkien) Particle in the middle of a sentence to express a pause in speaking with slight emphasis on the preceding word: right
- (Taiwanese Hokkien) Sentence-final particle expressing a question to tease or ridicule someone
- (Taiwanese Hokkien) modal particle expressing understanding, comprehension, realization: oh!
- (Zhangzhou Hokkien) Sentence-final particle to indicate an imperative sentence
Japanese
[edit]Kanji
[edit]乎
- This term needs a translation to English. Please help out and add a translation, then remove the text
{{rfdef}}
.
Readings
[edit]- Go-on: ご (go); お (o)←を (wo, historical)
- Kan-on: こ (ko)
- Kun: よ (yo, 乎); かな (kana, 乎); ああ (ā, 乎); や (ya, 乎); か (ka, 乎); を (o, 乎)
Etymology
[edit]Kanji in this term |
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乎 |
か Jinmeiyō |
kun'yomi |
For pronunciation and definitions of 乎 – see the following entry. | ||
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(This term, 乎, is an alternative spelling (literary, obsolete) of the above term.) |
Korean
[edit]Hanja
[edit]- This term needs a translation to English. Please help out and add a translation, then remove the text
{{rfdef}}
.
References
[edit]Old Korean
[edit]Etymology 1
[edit]From the Middle Chinese reading 乎 (MC hu).
Phonogram
[edit]乎 (*-wo or *-hwo)
- A syllabic phonogram denoting either final syllable *-wo or *-hwo
Etymology 2
[edit]Suffix
[edit]乎 (*-wo)
- A very common verbal suffix, sometimes called the "modulator" in English, whose meaning is disputed. See the Middle Korean entry 오 (-wo) for more.
Descendants
[edit]- Middle Korean: 오 (-wo, yang-vowel modulator suffix)
Etymology 3
[edit]Suffix
[edit]乎 (*-wo)
- An adverb-deriving suffix.
Descendants
[edit]- Middle Korean: 오 (-wo, yang-vowel adverb-deriving suffix)
Etymology 4
[edit]Verb
[edit]乎 (*h(oy)-wo)
- Form with modulator suffix of
爲 (*ho(y)-, “to do”)
References
[edit]- 황선엽 (Hwang Seon-yeop), 이전경 (Yi Jeon-gyeong), 하귀녀 (Ha Gwi-nyeo), 이용 (Yi Yong), 박진호 (Park Jin-ho), 김성주 (Kim Seong-ju), 장경준 (Jang Gyeong-jun), 서민욱 (Seo Min-uk), 이지영 (Yi Ji-yeong), 서형국 (Seo Hyeong-guk). (2009) 석독구결사전/
釋 讀口訣 辭典 [Dictionary of interpretive gugyeol], Bakmunsa, →ISBN, pages 393—396
Vietnamese
[edit]Han character
[edit]乎: Hán Việt readings: hồ, hô
乎: Nôm readings: hồ
- (Literary Chinese) sentence final particle expressing a question.
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