卡菲勒

卡菲勒（阿おもね拉ひしげ伯はく语：كافر‎，拉ひしげ丁ひのと转写：kāfir；复数形式けいしき：阿おもね拉ひしげ伯はく语：كفّار‎，拉ひしげ丁ひのと转写：kuffār），或ある譯わけ卡菲尔，是ぜ阿おもね拉ひしげ伯はく语“拒こばめ绝者”、“忘恩ぼうおん负义者しゃ”一いち词的音おん译。是ぜ一个用来诅咒非穆斯林，甚至是ぜ不ふ同意どうい自己じこ的てき穆きよし斯林的てき术语。是ぜ伊い斯兰教きょう用よう语，与あずか穆きよし斯林（阿おもね拉ひしげ伯はく语：مسلم‎，顺从者しゃ）相あい对立，特とく指ゆび对神的てき否いや认和隐昧者しゃ，即そく不信ふしん神かみ者しゃ。类似于基督教きりすときょう用よう语中的てき异教徒きょうと。

卡菲勒指拒こばめ绝承认唯一的造物主的人和对神的旨意隐昧和违背的人：前者ぜんしゃ包括ほうかつ无神论者もの和わ多神教たしんきょう徒と；后きさき者しゃ指ゆび信仰しんこう其他一神教いっしんきょう者もの（包括ほうかつ有ゆう經けい人じん）。但ただし是ぜ，需要じゅよう强きょう调的是ぜ：对唯一いち的てき造物主ぞうぶつしゅ尚なお无认识且不ふ否ひ认唯一的造物主存在的非伊斯兰教徒并不在此列，即そく使し他た是ぜ外がい教徒きょうと，此类人じん被ひ称しょう为蒙昧もうまい者しゃ。故こ一般いっぱん來らい說せつ，不ふ應おう該任意にんい這樣稱呼しょうこ別人べつじん，比ひ如說2019年ねん，世界せかい上じょう最大さいだい的てき獨立どくりつ伊い斯蘭組織そしき伊い斯蘭教きょう士し聯合れんごう會かい在ざい印度いんど尼あま西にし亞あ發布はっぷ了りょう一いち項こう公告こうこく，敦あつし促穆斯林不要ふよう使用しよう卡菲勒一詞來指代非穆斯林，因いん為ため這個詞し既すんで令れい人じん反感はんかん，又また被ひ認みとめ為ため是ぜ“神學しんがく暴力ぼうりょく”^[1]^[2]。

否認ひにん創造そうぞう者しゃ存在そんざい的てき人じん可能かのう被ひ稱しょう為ため達たち赫里。^[3]^[4]從したがえ歷史れきし上じょう看み，儘管伊い斯蘭學者がくしゃ同意どうい多た神かみ論ろん者しゃ/穆きよし什里克かつ是ぜ卡菲勒，他た們有時じ不ふ同意どうい將はた這個詞し應用おうよう於犯下か嚴重げんじゅう罪ざい行ぎょう的てき穆きよし斯林或ある《聖せい經けい》中ちゅう的てき人民じんみん的てき禮節れいせつ。^[5]^[6] 《古こ蘭らん經けい》區分くぶん了りょう穆きよし斯特里さと肯和《書中しょちゅう的てき人じん》，保留ほりゅう了りょう偶像ぐうぞう崇拜すうはい者しゃ的てき前まえ稱たたえ，儘管一些古典評論員認為基督教教義是一種推卸形式。^[7]犹太人じん和かず基督きりすと徒と必须付づけ吉よし茲亞，但ただし其他人たにん，必须繳付吉きち茲亞、皈依伊い斯兰教きょう、流ながれ放ひ或ある被ひ杀。^[8]^[9]^[10]^[11]^[12] 在ざい有ゆう關せき這一時期的穆斯林入侵、奴やつ役やく和わ掠奪りゃくだつ的てき回かい憶錄中ちゅう，南みなみ亞あ的てき許多きょた穆きよし斯林歷史れきし學がく家か將はた卡菲爾なんじ一詞用於印度教徒、佛教徒ぶっきょうと、錫すず克かつ教徒きょうと和わ耆那教徒きょうと。^[13]^[14]^[15]

参考さんこう文献ぶんけん

^ 印しるし尼あま最大さいだい伊い斯兰团体吁停止ていし羞辱非ひ穆きよし斯林. 東方とうほう日報にっぽう (馬うま來らい西にし亞あ). 2019-03-03 [2023-05-08]. （原始げんし内容ないよう存そん档于2023-05-08）（中ちゅう文ぶん（繁しげる體からだ））.
^ Winn, Patrick. The world's largest Islamic group wants Muslims to stop saying 'infidel'. The World, Public Radio International. 8 March 2019 [15 November 2020]. （原始げんし内容ないよう存そん档于2021-10-29）.
^ Swartz, Merlin. A medieval critique of Anthropomorphism. Brill. 30 January 2015: 96 [16 January 2022]. ISBN 978-9004123762. （原始げんし内容ないよう存そん档于2022-05-12）.
^ Goldziher, I. Dahrīya. BrillOnline Reference Works (Brill Online). 2012-04-24 [16 January 2022]. （原始げんし内容ないよう存そん档于2022-01-16）.
^ Charles Adams; A. Kevin Reinhart. Kufr. John L. Esposito (编). The Oxford Encyclopedia of the Islamic World. Oxford: Oxford University Press. 2009 [2022-05-08]. ISBN 9780195305135. （原始げんし内容ないよう存そん档于2022-01-18）.
^ Björkman, W. Kāfir. P. Bearman; Th. Bianquis; C. E. Bosworth; E. van Donzel; W. P. Heinrichs (编). Encyclopaedia of Islam 2nd. Brill. 2012. doi:10.1163/1573-3912_islam_SIM_3775.
^ SHIRK, Brill, doi:10.1163/1573-3912_islam_sim_6965
^ Michael Bonner. Jihad in Islamic History. Princeton University Press. 2008: 89–90 [2022-05-11]. ISBN 978-1400827381. （原始げんし内容ないよう存そん档于2022-04-07）. To begin with, there was no forced conversion, no choice between "Islam and the Sword". Islamic law, following a clear Quranic principle (2:256), prohibited any such things [...] although there have been instances of forced conversion in Islamic history, these have been exceptional.
^ Waines, David. An Introduction to Islam. Cambridge University Press. 2003年ねん11月6日にち: 53. ISBN 9780521539067.
^ Winter, T. J.; Williams, John A. Understanding Islam and the Muslims: The Muslim Family and Islam and World Peace. Louisville, Kentucky: Fons Vitae. 2002年ねん10月がつ19日にち: 82. ISBN 978-1-887752-47-3. The laws of Muslim warfare forbid any forced conversions, and regard them as invalid if they occur.
^ Ira M. Lapidus. Islamic Societies to the Nineteenth Century: A Global History. : 345.
^ Islam. Encyclopedia Britannica. New York. 17 August 2021 [12 January 2022]. （原始げんし内容ないよう存そん档于2020-02-10）.
^ Engineer, Ashghar Ali. Hindu-Muslim Problem: An Approach. Economic and Political Weekly. 13–19 February 1999, 37 (7): 396–400. JSTOR 4407649.
^ Elliot and Dowson, Tabakat-i-Nasiri, The History of India, as Told by Its Own Historians – The Muhammadan Period, Vol 2, Trubner London, pp. 347–67
^ Elliot and Dowson, Tarikh-i Mubarak-Shahi, The History of India, as Told by Its Own Historians – The Muhammadan Period, Vol 4, Trubner London, pp. 68–69, 273

参まいり见

[1] 印しるし尼あま最大さいだい伊い斯兰团体吁停止ていし羞辱非ひ穆きよし斯林. 東方とうほう日報にっぽう (馬うま來らい西にし亞あ). 2019-03-03 [2023-05-08]. （原始げんし内容ないよう存そん档于2023-05-08）（中ちゅう文ぶん（繁しげる體からだ））.

[pri-2] Winn, Patrick. The world's largest Islamic group wants Muslims to stop saying 'infidel'. The World, Public Radio International. 8 March 2019 [15 November 2020]. （原始げんし内容ないよう存そん档于2021-10-29）.

[3] Swartz, Merlin. A medieval critique of Anthropomorphism. Brill. 30 January 2015: 96 [16 January 2022]. ISBN 978-9004123762. （原始げんし内容ないよう存そん档于2022-05-12）.

[4] Goldziher, I. Dahrīya. BrillOnline Reference Works (Brill Online). 2012-04-24 [16 January 2022]. （原始げんし内容ないよう存そん档于2022-01-16）.

[adams-5] Charles Adams; A. Kevin Reinhart. Kufr. John L. Esposito (编). The Oxford Encyclopedia of the Islamic World. Oxford: Oxford University Press. 2009 [2022-05-08]. ISBN 9780195305135. （原始げんし内容ないよう存そん档于2022-01-18）.

[EI2-6] Björkman, W. Kāfir. P. Bearman; Th. Bianquis; C. E. Bosworth; E. van Donzel; W. P. Heinrichs (编). Encyclopaedia of Islam 2nd. Brill. 2012. doi:10.1163/1573-3912_islam_SIM_3775.

[SHIRK-7] SHIRK, Brill, doi:10.1163/1573-3912_islam_sim_6965

[Bon08-8] Michael Bonner. Jihad in Islamic History. Princeton University Press. 2008: 89–90 [2022-05-11]. ISBN 978-1400827381. （原始げんし内容ないよう存そん档于2022-04-07）. To begin with, there was no forced conversion, no choice between "Islam and the Sword". Islamic law, following a clear Quranic principle (2:256), prohibited any such things [...] although there have been instances of forced conversion in Islamic history, these have been exceptional.

[Wai03-9] Waines, David. An Introduction to Islam. Cambridge University Press. 2003年ねん11月6日にち: 53. ISBN 9780521539067.

[10] Winter, T. J.; Williams, John A. Understanding Islam and the Muslims: The Muslim Family and Islam and World Peace. Louisville, Kentucky: Fons Vitae. 2002年ねん10月がつ19日にち: 82. ISBN 978-1-887752-47-3. The laws of Muslim warfare forbid any forced conversions, and regard them as invalid if they occur.

[Lapid-11] Ira M. Lapidus. Islamic Societies to the Nineteenth Century: A Global History. : 345.

[Britannica-12] Islam. Encyclopedia Britannica. New York. 17 August 2021 [12 January 2022]. （原始げんし内容ないよう存そん档于2020-02-10）.

[HMP-13] Engineer, Ashghar Ali. Hindu-Muslim Problem: An Approach. Economic and Political Weekly. 13–19 February 1999, 37 (7): 396–400. JSTOR 4407649.

[14] Elliot and Dowson, Tabakat-i-Nasiri, The History of India, as Told by Its Own Historians – The Muhammadan Period, Vol 2, Trubner London, pp. 347–67

[15] Elliot and Dowson, Tarikh-i Mubarak-Shahi, The History of India, as Told by Its Own Historians – The Muhammadan Period, Vol 4, Trubner London, pp. 68–69, 273

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