壞
| ||||||||
Translingual
edit| Traditional | 壞 |
|---|---|
| Shinjitai | 壊 |
| Simplified | 坏 |
Han character
edit壞 (Kangxi radical 32,
Derived characters
editReferences
edit- Kangxi Dictionary: page 242, character 3
- Dai Kanwa Jiten: character 5590
- Dae Jaweon: page 481, character 27
- Hanyu Da Zidian (first edition): volume 1, page 500, character 2
- Unihan data for U+58DE
Chinese
editGlyph origin
editPhono-semantic compound (
Etymology 1
edit| trad. | 壞 | |
|---|---|---|
| simp. | 坏* | |
| alternative forms | 坯 | |
Compare Tibetan འདྲུལ ('drul, “to become putrid/rotten”), Tibetan བྲུལ (brul, “crumbles”) (Hill, 2019).
Pronunciation
edit- Mandarin
- (Standard)
- (Chengdu, Sichuanese Pinyin): huai4
- (Dungan, Cyrillic and Wiktionary): хуэй (huey, III)
- Cantonese
- Gan (Wiktionary): fuai5
- Hakka
- Jin (Wiktionary): huai3
- Northern Min (KCR): huōi
- Eastern Min (BUC): huâi
- Southern Min
- Wu (Shanghai, Wugniu): 6wa
- Xiang
- (Changsha, Wiktionary): fai4 / fai5
- (Loudi, Wiktionary): ghua5
- (Hengyang, Wiktionary): fai5
- Mandarin
- (Standard Chinese)+
- Hanyu Pinyin:
- Zhuyin: ㄏㄨㄞˋ
- Tongyong Pinyin: huài
- Wade–Giles: huai4
- Yale: hwài
- Gwoyeu Romatzyh: huay
- Palladius: хуай (xuaj)
- Sinological IPA (key): /xu̯aɪ̯⁵¹/
- (Chengdu)
- Sichuanese Pinyin: huai4
- Scuanxua Ladinxua Xin Wenz: xuai
- Sinological IPA (key): /xuai²¹³/
- (Dungan)
- Cyrillic and Wiktionary: хуэй (huey, III)
- Sinological IPA (key): /xuɛi⁴⁴/
- (Note: Dungan pronunciation is currently experimental and may be inaccurate.)
- (Standard Chinese)+
- Cantonese
- (Standard Cantonese, Guangzhou–Hong Kong)
- Jyutping: waai6
- Yale: waaih
- Cantonese Pinyin: waai6
- Guangdong Romanization: wai6
- Sinological IPA (key): /waːi̯²²/
- (Taishanese, Taicheng)
- Wiktionary: vai5
- Sinological IPA (key): /vai³²/
- (Standard Cantonese, Guangzhou–Hong Kong)
- Gan
- (Nanchang)
- Wiktionary: fuai5
- Sinological IPA (key): /fuai¹¹/
- (Nanchang)
- Hakka
- (Sixian, incl. Miaoli and Neipu)
- Pha̍k-fa-sṳ: fái
- Hakka Romanization System: faiˋ
- Hagfa Pinyim: fai3
- Sinological IPA: /fai̯³¹/
- (Meixian)
- (Sixian, incl. Miaoli and Neipu)
- Jin
- (Taiyuan)+
- Wiktionary: huai3
- Sinological IPA (old-style): /xuai⁴⁵/
- (Taiyuan)+
- Northern Min
- (Jian'ou)
- Kienning Colloquial Romanized: huōi
- Sinological IPA (key): /xuɛ⁵⁵/
- (Jian'ou)
- Eastern Min
- (Fuzhou)
- Bàng-uâ-cê: huâi
- Sinological IPA (key): /huɑi²⁴²/
- (Fuzhou)
- Southern Min
- (Hokkien: Xiamen, Quanzhou, Zhangzhou, Jinjiang, Nan'an, Hui'an, Yongchun, Zhangpu, Changtai, General Taiwanese)
- (Hokkien: Longyan)
- Pe̍h-ōe-jī: hoǎi
- Tâi-lô: huǎi
- IPA (Longyan): /huai⁵³/
- (Hokkien: variant in Taiwan)
- Pe̍h-ōe-jī: hāi
- Tâi-lô: hāi
- Phofsit Daibuun: hai
- IPA (Taipei, Kaohsiung): /hai³³/
- (Teochew)
- Peng'im: huai6
- Pe̍h-ōe-jī-like: huăi
- Sinological IPA (key): /huai³⁵/
- (Leizhou)
- Leizhou Pinyin: huai7 / huai1
- Sinological IPA: /huai⁵⁵/, /huai³⁵/
Note:
- huai7 - literary;
- huai1 - vernacular.
Note:
- fai4 - literary;
- fai5 - vernacular.
- (Loudi)
- Wiktionary: ghua5
- Sinological IPA (key): /ɣu̯a¹¹/
- (Hengyang)
- Wiktionary: fai5
- Sinological IPA (key): /v̥ai̯²¹³/
- Middle Chinese: kweajH, hweajH
- Old Chinese
- (Baxter–Sagart): /*N-[k]ˤ<r>uj-s/, /*m-[k]ˤ<r>uj-s/, /*N-[k]ˤujʔ/, /*m-[k]ˤujʔ/, /*[k]ʷˤ<r>ujʔ-s/
- (Zhengzhang): /*ɡruːls/
Definitions
edit壞
- bad
- rotten; spoiled
- to spoil; to ruin
- to break; to stop working
- (Classical) to collapse
- (Classical) to demolish; to destroy
- From: Mencius, c. 4th century BCE
- Bàojūn dàizuò, huài gōngshì yǐ wéi wūchí, mín wú suǒ ānxī. [Pinyin]
- Oppressive sovereigns arose one after another, who pulled down houses to make ponds and lakes, so that the people knew not where they could rest in quiet.
暴君 代作 ，壞宮室 以為 汙池，民 無 所 安息 。 [Classical Chinese, trad.]暴君 代作 ，坏宫室以为污池，民 无所 安息 。 [Classical Chinese, simp.]
- bad idea; dirty trick
- extremely; very; highly
Synonyms
edit- (bad):
Dialectal synonyms of 壞 (“bad; not good”) [map]
| Variety | Location | Words |
|---|---|---|
| Classical Chinese | ||
| Formal (Written Standard Chinese) | 壞 | |
| Northeastern Mandarin | Beijing | 壞, |
| Taiwan | 壞 | |
| Malaysia | 壞 | |
| Singapore | 壞 | |
| Jilu Mandarin | Jinan | 壞, 孬, |
| Central Plains Mandarin | Xi'an | 瞎, 壞 |
| Southwestern Mandarin | Chengdu | 壞 |
| Wuhan | 壞, 拐 | |
| Jianghuai Mandarin | Yangzhou | 壞 |
| Hefei | 壞 | |
| Cantonese | Guangzhou | 壞, |
| Hong Kong | 壞, | |
| Zhongshan (Shiqi) | ||
| Yangjiang | 壞 | |
| Kuala Lumpur (Guangfu) | ||
| Singapore (Guangfu) | ||
| Gan | Nanchang | 壞 |
| Hakka | Meixian | 壞 |
| Wuhua (Meilin) | ||
| Jin | Taiyuan | |
| Northern Min | Jian'ou | 壞, 獰 |
| Eastern Min | Fuzhou | |
| Southern Min | Xiamen | 歹, 䆀 |
| Xiamen (Tong'an) | 歹 | |
| Quanzhou | 歹 | |
| Jinjiang | 歹 | |
| Nan'an | 歹 | |
| Shishi | 歹 | |
| Zhangzhou | 䆀 | |
| Zhao'an | 䆀, 孬 | |
| Tainan | 歹 | |
| Penang (Hokkien) | 䆀, 歹 | |
| Singapore (Hokkien) | 歹 | |
| Manila (Hokkien) | 歹 | |
| Datian | 歹 | |
| Chaozhou | 孬 | |
| Shantou | 孬 | |
| Jieyang | 孬, 歹 | |
| Puning | 孬 | |
| Singapore (Teochew) | 歹, 孬 | |
| Leizhou | 㾀 | |
| Wenchang | 㾀 | |
| Haikou | 㾀 | |
| Singapore (Hainanese) | 㾀 | |
| Wu | Shanghai | 壞, 恘 |
| Suzhou | 壞, 恘 | |
| Ningbo | ||
| Wenzhou | ||
| Xiang | Changsha | 壞, 拐 |
| Shuangfeng | 壞, 拐 | |
Dialectal synonyms of 壞 (“rotten; spoilt”) [map]
| Variety | Location | Words |
|---|---|---|
| Formal (Written Standard Chinese) | 壞 | |
| Northeastern Mandarin | Taiwan | 壞 |
| Malaysia | 壞 | |
| Singapore | 壞 | |
| Cantonese | Hong Kong | 壞 |
| Singapore (Guangfu) | 壞 | |
| Hakka | Miaoli (N. Sixian) | 壞 |
| Pingtung (Neipu; S. Sixian) | 壞 | |
| Hsinchu County (Zhudong; Hailu) | 壞 | |
| Taichung (Dongshi; Dabu) | 壞 | |
| Hsinchu County (Qionglin; Raoping) | 壞 | |
| Yunlin (Lunbei; Zhao'an) | 壞 | |
| Southern Min | Taipei | 歹 GT |
| Penang (Hokkien) | 歹 | |
| Singapore (Hokkien) | 歹 | |
| Wu | Ningbo | 壞, |
| Note | GT - General Taiwanese (no specific region identified) | |
- (to spoil):
- (to ruin):
亂 ／乱 (luàn) (literary, or in compounds)- 僝僽 (chánzhòu) (literary)
- 圮毀／圮毁 (pǐhuǐ) (literary)
打 掉 (dǎdiào)損壞 ／损坏 (sǔnhuài)損 毀／损毁 (sǔnhuǐ)- 搗砸／捣砸 (dau2 zah5) (Jin)
- 摧殘／摧残 (cuīcán)
- 摧毀／摧毁 (cuīhuǐ)
- 毀／毁 (huǐ)
- 毀壞／毁坏 (huǐhuài)
毀損 ／毁损 (huǐsǔn)決裂 ／决裂 (juéliè) (archaic)破 (pò) (literary, or in compounds)破壞 ／破 坏 (pòhuài)糟 (zāo) (literary, or in compounds)糟 蹋 (zāotà)- 隳 (huī) (literary, or in compounds)
- (extremely):
不要 太 (bùyàotài) (slang)十分 (shífēn)危險 ／危险 (Wu)孔 (kǒng) (literary, or in compounds)- 很 (hěn)
極 其／极其 (jíqí)極度 ／极度 (jídù)極 為 ／极为 (jíwéi)極端 ／极端 (jíduān)滾 ／滚 (gǔn) (literary, or in compounds)異常 ／异常 (yìcháng)老 大 (lǎodà) (colloquial, usually in the negative)良 超 (chāo)非常 (fēicháng)- 頗／颇 (pō) (literary)
- 頗為／颇为 (pōwéi) (literary)
Antonyms
edit- (antonym(s) of “bad”):
好 (hǎo)
Compounds
edit- 壞
主意 ／坏主意 - 壞事／坏事 (huàishì)
- 壞人／坏人 (huàirén)
- 壞
分子 ／坏分子 (huàifènzǐ) - 壞包
兒 ／坏包儿 (huàibāor) - 壞小
子 ／坏小子 (huàixiǎozi) - 壞心
眼 兒 ／坏心眼 儿 - 壞
東西 ／坏东西 壞死 ／坏死 (huàisǐ)- 壞水／坏水 (huàishuǐ)
- 壞腸
子 ／坏肠子 - 壞處／坏处 (huàichù)
- 壞蛋／坏蛋 (huàidàn)
壞血病 ／坏血病 (huàixuèbìng)- 壞話／坏话 (huàihuà)
- 壞賬／坏账 (huàizhàng)
損壞 ／损坏 (sǔnhuài)敗 壞／败坏 (bàihuài)破壞 ／破 坏 (pòhuài)破壞 力 ／破 坏力 (pòhuàilì)禮 崩 樂 壞／礼 崩 乐坏 (lǐbēngyuèhuài)腐 壞／腐 坏 (fǔhuài)
Etymology 2
edit| trad. | 壞 | |
|---|---|---|
| simp. | 坏* | |
| alternative forms | 獪／狯 乖 蒯 | |
(This etymology is missing or incomplete. Please add to it, or discuss it at the Etymology scriptorium.)
Pronunciation
edit- Cantonese
- (Standard Cantonese, Guangzhou–Hong Kong)
- Jyutping: kwaai4
- Yale: kwàaih
- Cantonese Pinyin: kwaai4
- Guangdong Romanization: kuai4
- Sinological IPA (key): /kʷʰaːi̯²¹/
- (Taishanese, Taicheng)
- Wiktionary: kai3
- Sinological IPA (key): /kʰai²²/
- (Standard Cantonese, Guangzhou–Hong Kong)
Definitions
edit壞
Synonyms
editJapanese
edit| 壊 | |
| 壞 |
Kanji
edit壞
(Jinmeiyō kanji, kyūjitai kanji, shinjitai form 壊)
Readings
editKorean
editEtymology
editFrom Middle Chinese 壞 (MC kweajH).
Historical readings
- Recorded as Middle Korean 괭〮 (Yale: kwáy) in Dongguk Jeongun (
東國 正 韻 / 동국정운), 1448. - Recorded as Middle Korean 괴 (kwoy)
訓 (Yale: kwoy) in Sinjeung Yuhap (新 增 類 合 / 신증유합), 1576.
Pronunciation
edit- (SK Standard/Seoul) IPA(key): [kwe̞(ː)] ~ [kø̞(ː)]
- Phonetic hangul: [궤(ː)/괴(ː)]
- Though still prescribed in Standard Korean, most speakers in both Koreas no longer distinguish vowel length.
Hanja
edit
壞 (eumhun 무너질 괴 (muneojil goe))
Compounds
editCompounds
- 붕괴 (
崩壞 , bunggoe) - 파괴 (
破壞 , pagoe) - 괴고 (壞苦, goego)
- 괴결 (壞決, goegyeol)
- 괴멸 (
壞滅 , goemyeol) - 괴폐 (壞廢, goepye)
- 손괴 (
損壞 , son'goe) - 괴락 (壞落, goerak)
- 괴색 (壞色, goesaek)
- 부괴 (
腐 壞, bugoe) - 괴란 (
壞亂 , goeran) - 반괴 (
半壞 , ban'goe) - 괴저 (
壞疽 , goejeo) - 괴사 (
壞死 , goesa) - 괴손 (壞損, goeson)
- 도괴 (
倒壞 , dogoe) - 잔괴 (
殘 壞, jan'goe) - 훼괴 (毁壞, hwegoe)
- 괴변 (壞變, goebyeon)
- 자괴 (
自壞 , jagoe) - 전괴 (
全壞 , jeon'goe)
References
edit- 국제퇴계학회 대구경북지부 (
國際 退 溪 學會 大邱 慶 北 支部 ) (2007). Digital Hanja Dictionary, 전자사전／電子 字典 . [1]
Vietnamese
editHan character
edit壞: Hán Nôm readings: hoại, hoải, hoai
- This term needs a translation to English. Please help out and add a translation, then remove the text
{{rfdef}}.
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