聲調
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![](https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c9/Six_tones_of_Vietnamese_language.svg/333px-Six_tones_of_Vietnamese_language.svg.png)
![](https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/ce/Vietnamese_tone_northern.svg/333px-Vietnamese_tone_northern.svg.png)
˥ ˦ ˧ ˨ ˩ | |
---|---|
IPA | 519–523 |
Entity (decimal) | ˥–˩ |
Unicode碼( | U+02E5–U+02E9 |
˥˧ ˦˨ ˧˩ ˥˩ ˩˧ ˨˦ ˧˥ ˩˩˧ ˧˥˦ ˦˩˨ ˨˩˧ | |
---|---|
˥ ˧ → ˥˧, ˨ ˩ ˧ → ˨˩˧ |
類型
[编辑]音 区 与 声 调轮廓
[编辑]汉语
词调和音 节调
[编辑]阴平˥ | ˥꜋ | |
阳平˧˥ | ˧˥꜊ | |
˨˩꜉ | ||
˥˩꜌ |
词调和 语法调
[编辑]词调
声 调数量
[编辑]一般来说一种语言会有5种以
性 质与例 子
[编辑][sing1]
九個聲調都有對應中文字有: [si1]
其他
[mā]/[ㄇㄚ] 妈;[má]/[ㄇㄚˊ]
![](https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/ce/Vietnamese_tone_northern.svg/300px-Vietnamese_tone_northern.svg.png)
调名 编号 描述 五 度 标记法 变音 号 例 子 北 (河内 )南 (胡志明 )ngang / 横 声 A1 中平 调˧ (33) 或 ˦ (44)◌ ma huyền / 玄 声 A2 中 降 调(气声)˧˩ (31) 或 ˨˩ (21)◌̀ mà sắc / 锐声 B1 中 升 调(紧)˧˥ (35) 或 ˦˥ (45)◌́ má nặng / 重 声 B2 中 降 调(喉 塞 )˧ˀ˨ʔ (3ˀ2ʔ) 或 ˧ˀ˩ʔ (3ˀ1ʔ)˨˩˨ (212) ़ mạ hỏi / 问声 C1 中 降 (升 )调˧˩˧ (313) 或 ˧˨˧ (323)或 (31)˧˨˦ (324) 或 ˨˩˦ (214)◌̉ mả ngã / 跌声 C2 中 升 调(喉 塞 )˧ˀ˥ (3ˀ5) or ˦ˀ˥ (4ˀ5) ◌̃ mã
发声态
[编辑]发声态类型
[编辑]Gordon
与 声 调的关系
[编辑]Kuang认为
声 调与重 音
[编辑]声 调与语调
[编辑]词汇
˦˥˦ | ˥ | ˦˥˨ | |
˧˨ | ˦ | ˧˦˨ | |
˨˩ | ˧ | ˧˧˦ | |
˦˧˨, ˦˦˨ | ˦˦˧, ˥˥˦ | ˦˥˨ | |
˩˩˦ | ˧˧˦ | ˨˩˦ |
声 调极性
[编辑]带简单声调或
起源
[编辑]
輔音 |
|
声 调区域 特 征 说
[编辑]在 世界 语言中
[编辑]声 调产生
[编辑]发生
[编辑]“
总的
声 调产生 的 阶段
[编辑]1.
无调 | CV | CVʔ | CVh | CVCvl | ||||
CV |
CV |
CV |
CVCvl 无调 | |||||
A1 |
A2 |
B1 |
B2 |
C1 |
C2 |
D1 |
D2 | |
[pɔ˦˥] | [pɔ˥˨] | [pɔ˨˦] | [pɔ˨] | [pɔ˧] | [pɔ̤˦˨] | -- | [pɔ̰˨˩] |
2.
无调 | CV | CVx > CVʔ | CVs > CVh | |||
CV |
CV |
CV | ||||
A1 |
A2 |
B1 |
B2 |
C1 |
C2 | |
锐声sắc /˨˦/ | 问声hỏi /˧˨/ | 跌声ngã /˧˥/ |
3.
*∅ | *-h | *-ʔ | *-ʔ͡C | |||||
A1 | A2 | B1 | B2 | C1 | C2 | D1 | D2 | |
/˨/ | /˥/ | /˦˥/ | /˦/ | /˨˩ʔ/ | /˧˩ʔ/ | /˦˥/ | /˦/ |
无调 | -∅, -N | -ʔ | -s | -p, -t, -k | ||||
A1 | A2 | B1 | B2 | C1 | C2 | D1 | D2 |
调值如下:
调类 | 厦门话[46] | 苏州话[44] | 绍兴话[44] | ||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
阴平 | /˥/ | /˨˦/ | /˥˧/ | /˥/ | /˦/ | /˦/ | /˦˩/ |
阳平 | /˧˥/ | /˩/ | /˥/ | /˨˦/ | /˥˨/ | /˩˧/ | /˩˥/ |
阴上 | /˨˩˦/ | /˧˩/ | /˨˦/ | /˥˩/ | /˧˩/ | /˥˨/ | /˥/ |
阳上 | /˨/ | ||||||
阴去 | /˥˩/ | /˥˥/ | /˩/ | /˩/ | /˨˩˧/ | /˦˩˨/ | /˦/ |
阳去 | /˧/ | /˧/ | /˨˦˨/ | /˧˩/ | /˧˩/ | ||
阴入 | /˥, ˧˥ ˨˩˦, ˥˩/ |
/˨/ | /˥/ | /˧˨/ | /˨˧/ | /˥/ | /˥/ |
阳入 | /˥/ | /˨/ | /˥/ | /˦/ | /˨/ | /˧˨/ |
汉语
5.
无调 | C(V)VC̬ʰ(V)V | C̬ʰ(V)VC(V)V | C(V)VC(V)V | |||
C̬ʰ → V́C̬V̀
/ V_V |
C̬ʰVC(V)V | C̬ʰVVC(V)V | - | |||
C̬ʰ → T̥V, R̬V / #_V | C̬ʰVV → T̥VV̀, R̬VV̀ / #_VV | |||||
结果 | C(V)V́C̬(V)V̀ | T̥VC(V)V | R̬VC(V)V | T̥VV̀C(V)V | R̬VV̀C(V)V | C(V)VC(V)V |
(C=
變調
[编辑]调阶
[编辑]如同辅音
带声调语
变调
[编辑]左 变调与右 变调
[编辑]汉语
声 调交替
[编辑]声 调的使用
[编辑]东亚
如果
2015
声 调与屈折
[编辑]1单 | 1复 | 2 | 3 | |
---|---|---|---|---|
húʔ˩ | húʔ˩˥ | húʔ˩ | húʔ˧ | |
进行 |
húʔ˩˧ | húʔ˩˧ | húʔ˩˧ | húʔ˧ |
húʔ˩˥ | húʔ˩˥ | húʔ˩˥ | húʔ˧ |
ba“ |
tai“ |
da “ | ||
---|---|---|---|---|
2 | ba˦ “ |
tai˦ “ |
da˦ “ | |
3 | 结果 |
ba˧ “ |
tai˧ “ |
da˧ “ |
21 | 动作 |
ba˦˥ “必须 |
tai˦˥ “必须 |
|
43 | 结果时刻 | ba˨˧ “ |
tai˨˧ “落在…… |
da˨˧ “扔进 |
24 | 结点时刻 | ba˦˨ “结束” | tai˦˨ “落到 |
da˦˨ “ |
23 | 结点 |
ba˦˧ “还在 |
tai˦˧ “还在落” | da˦˧ “还在 |
34 | 动作 |
ba˧˨ “ |
tai˧˨ “ |
|
243 | 结点 |
ba˦˨˧ “坚持” | tai˦˨˧ “ |
|
tai˦˥–˧˨ “ |
||||
tai˦˥–˧ “ |
词义 | 宾格 | |
---|---|---|
“头” | èlʊ̀kʊ̀nyá | èlʊ́kʊ́nyá |
“ |
èndérònì | èndèrónì |
台山 话
ngwoi˧ | |
ngwoi˨ |
中山 话
hy˨ | |
hy˧˥ |
载瓦语 | |||
---|---|---|---|
1 |
ŋai˩ | ŋo˥˩ | ŋai˧ |
1 |
ŋa˨˦ or ŋai˩ ke˥ | ŋa˥ | ŋjeʔ˥ |
1宾 | ŋai˩ | ŋo˧˩ | ŋai˧ |
2 |
ŋ̍˩ | naŋ˥˩ | naŋ˧ |
2 |
ŋia˨˦ or ŋ̍˩ ke˥ | naŋ˥ | naʔ˥ |
2宾 | ŋ̍˩ | naŋ˧˩ | naŋ˧ |
3 |
ki˩ | jaŋ˧˩ | khji˧ |
3 |
kia˨˦ or ki˩ ke˥ | jaŋ˥˩ | khjiʔ˥ |
3宾 | ki˩ | jaŋ˧˩ | khji˧ |
五 度 标记法
[编辑]曲線 法
[编辑]以一條位於右方的豎線作標尺,从低
此外,以粵語粵海
此外,如果
數字 法
[编辑]此外,以粵語粵海
須
汉语拼音方案
[编辑]汉语拼音
發 圈 法
[编辑]![](https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/45/%E5%88%86%E5%9B%9B%E8%81%B2%E6%B3%95.jpg/220px-%E5%88%86%E5%9B%9B%E8%81%B2%E6%B3%95.jpg)
꜂□ | □꜄ | ||
꜀□ | □꜆ |
꜂□ | □꜄ | ||
꜀□ | □꜆ | ||
꜃□ | □꜅ | ||
꜁□ | □꜇ |
꜀□ | ꜆□ | ||
꜁□ | ꜇□ | ||
꜂□ | ꜄□ | ||
꜃□ | ꜅□ | ||
□꜄ | □꜂ | ||
□꜅ | □꜃ | ||
| |||
□꜆ | □꜀ | ||
□꜇ | □꜁ |
Unicode
Unicode |
||||
Ideographic Level Tone Mark | U+302A | ◌〪 | 〪 | |
Ideographic Rising Tone Mark | U+302B | ◌〫 | 〫 | |
Ideographic Departing Tone Mark | U+302C | ◌〬 | 〬 | |
Ideographic Entering Tone Mark | U+302D | ◌〭 | 〭 |
Unicode |
||||
Modifier Letter Chinese Tone Yin Ping | U+A700 | ꜀◌ | ꜀ | |
Modifier Letter Chinese Tone Yang Ping | U+A701 | ꜁◌ | ꜁ | |
Modifier Letter Chinese Tone Yin Shang | U+A702 | ꜂◌ | ꜂ | |
Modifier Letter Chinese Tone Yang Shang | U+A703 | ꜃◌ | ꜃ | |
Modifier Letter Chinese Tone Yin Qu | U+A704 | ◌꜄ | ꜄ | |
Modifier Letter Chinese Tone Yang Qu | U+A705 | ◌꜅ | ꜅ | |
Modifier Letter Chinese Tone Yin Ru | U+A706 | ◌꜆ | ꜆ | |
Modifier Letter Chinese Tone Yang Ru | U+A707 | ◌꜇ | ꜇ |
有 聲調 的 語 言
[编辑]美 洲 原住民 語 言 (大部 份)
另见
[编辑]注 释
[编辑]參考
[编辑]- ^ Yip (2002),
第 178–184頁 . - ^ Yip (2002),
第 174–178頁 . - ^ Wedeking, Karl. Why Bench' (Ethiopia) has five level tones today. Studia Linguistica Diachronica et Sinchronica. Berlin: Mouton de Gruyter. 1985: 881–902.
- ^ SIL International. "Grammatical Tone" 互联网档
案 馆的 存 檔,存 档日期 2019-05-29.. SIL Glossary of Linguistic Terms. Retrieved 30 May 2019 - ^ Hyman, Larry M. (2016). "Lexical vs. Grammatical Tone: Sorting out the Differences". In The Fifth International Symposium on Tonal Aspects of Languages (TAL 2016).
- ^ Tian, Mimi. (2018). Anatomy of a grammatical tone. Linguistics of the Tibeto-Burman Area, 41(2), 192-218. doi:10.1075/ltba.18007.tia
- ^ Odden (2020),
第 37頁 . - ^ Li, Yuanning; Tang, Claire; Lu, Junfeng; Wu, Jinsong; Chang, Edward F. Human cortical encoding of pitch in tonal and non-tonal languages. Nature Communications. 2021-02-19, 12 (1): 1161 [2023-04-30]. ISSN 2041-1723. doi:10.1038/s41467-021-21430-x. (
原始 内容 存 档于2023-04-30) (英 语). - ^ Singh, Chander Shekhar. Punjabi Prosody: The Old Tradition and The New Paradigm. Sri Lanka: Polgasowita: Sikuru Prakasakayo. 2004: 70–82.
- ^ Gordon, Matthew & Ladefoged, Peter. (2001). Phonation types: A cross-linguistic overview. Journal of Phonetics, 29, 383-406. doi:10.006/jpho.2001.0147.
- ^ 11.0 11.1 Kuang, J.-J. (2013). Phonation in Tonal Contrasts (Doctoral dissertation). University of California, Los Angeles.
- ^ Xu, X.-Y., Liu, X.-F., T., J.-H., & Che, H. (2012). Pitch and Phonation Type Perception in Wenzhou Dialect Tone. In The Third International Symposium on Tonal Aspects of Languages (TAL 2012).
- ^ Yu, K. M. & Lam, H. W. (2011). The role of creaky voice in Cantonese tonal perception. The Journal of the Acoustical Society of America, 136(3), 1320 . doi:10.1121/1.4887462
- ^ Hyman (2009).
- ^ Laver (1994). Principles of Phonetics, pp. 477–478
- ^ Kingston (2005).
- ^
朱 曉 農 .聲調 起源 於發聲 ——兼 論 漢語 四聲 的 發明 .学位 论文数 据 库.香港 科技 大学 . 2021-06-24 [2021-06-08]. (原始 内容 存 档于2020-06-11). - ^ The seminal references are Haudricourt (1954) and Haudricourt (1961).
- ^ 19.0 19.1 Suzuki, Hiroyuki. An introduction to the tonogenesis triggered by breathy voice:
對 舟 曲 藏 語 超 音 段 音素 的 新 見解 ——被 氣 聲 引起的 聲調 發生 論 . Bulletin of Chinese Linguistics. 2015-01-14, 8 (1): 117–139 [2021-06-08]. doi:10.1163/2405478X-00801007. (原始 内容 存 档于2021-09-24) –通 过brill.com. - ^
存 档副本 (PDF). [2021-06-08]. (原始 内容 存 档 (PDF)于2017-11-18). - ^ , Kirby & Brunelle (2017).
- ^ Kang, Yoonjung; Han, Sungwoo. Tonogenesis in early Contemporary Seoul Korean: A longitudinal case study. Lingua. September 2013, 134: 62–74. doi:10.1016/j.lingua.2013.06.002.
- ^ Kim, Mi-Ryoung. Tonogenesis in contemporary Korean with special reference to the onset-tone interaction and the loss of a consonant opposition. The Journal of the Acoustical Society of America. 2013, 133 (3570): 3570. Bibcode:2013ASAJ..133.3570K. doi:10.1121/1.4806535.
- ^ Cho, Sunghye. Development of pitch contrast and Seoul Korean intonation (PDF) (
学位 论文). University of Pennsylvania. 2017. (原始 内容 存 档于2020-10-29). - ^ Michaud & Sands (2020).
- ^ Kingston (2011),
第 2304–2310頁 . - ^ Bhatia (1975).
- ^ Kingston (2011),
第 2310–2314頁 . - ^ Kingston (2011),
第 2311頁 . - ^ Ratliff, Martha. (2015). Tonoexodus, tonogenesis, and tone change. In P. Honeybone & J. Salmons (Eds.), The Oxford Handbook of Historical Phonology (pp. 245-261). Oxford University Press.
- ^ Ratliff, Martha. (2017). Structure of Hmong-Mien Languages Session 3: Tonology 互联网档
案 馆的 存 檔,存 档日期 2019-03-27.. Slides for the 2017 LSA Institute at University of Kentucky. - ^ Esposito, Christina M. (2012). An acoustic and electroglottographic study of White Hmong tone and phonation. Journal of Phonetics, 40(3), 466–476.
- ^ Garellek, Marc, Keating, Patricia, Esposito, Christina M., & Kreiman, Jody. (2013). Voice quality and tone identification in White Hmong. The Journal of the Acoustical Society of America, 133(2), 1078-1089.
- ^ Matisoff, James A. (1999). Tibeto-Burman tonology in an areal context. In Proceedings of the symposium Crosslinguistic studies of tonal phenomena: Tonogenesis, Japanese Accentology, and Other Topics (pp. 3-31). Tokyo: Tokyo University of Foreign Studies, Institute for the Study of Languages and Cultures of Asia and Africa.
- ^ Haudricourt (2018).
- ^ Ferlus, Michel. (2004). The origin of tones in Viet-Muong. In Papers from the Eleventh Annual Conference of the Southeast Asian Linguistics Society 2001 (pp. 297-313). HAL 00927222.
- ^ Kirby, J. (2010). Dialect experience in Vietnamese tone perception. The Journal of the Acoustical Society of America, 127(6), 3749-3757.
- ^ Vũ, Thanh Phương. (1982). Phonetic properties of Vietnamese tones across dialects. In D. Bradley (Ed.), Papers in Southeast Asian Linguistics 8: Tonation (pp. 55–75). Canberra: Australian National University.
- ^ Norquest, Peter K. (2007). A Phonological Reconstruction of Proto-Hlai (Doctoral dissertation). University of Arizona.
- ^ Pittayaporn, Pittayawat. (2009). The Phonology of Proto-Tai (Doctoral dissertation). Cornell University.
- ^ Burusphat, Somsonge. (2012). Tones of Thai Song Varieties. Journal of the Southeast Asian Linguistics Society (JSEALS), 5, 32-48.
- ^ Ratliff, Martha. (2002). Timing tonogenesis: Evidence from borrowing. Annual Meeting of the Berkeley Linguistics Society, 28(2), 29-41.
- ^ Dai, Yi-Chun. (1991). The phonological domain of tone in Chinese: Historical perspectives (Master's thesis). Simon Fraser University.
- ^ 44.0 44.1 44.2
黄 伯 荣,廖序东 (2002). 现代汉语 (3rd ed., vol. 1), pp. 85-86. Beijing:高等 教育 出版 社 . - ^ 45.0 45.1 Hakka Affairs Council. (2018).
客語 能力 認證 基本 詞 彙-初級 (四 縣 腔). Available at https://elearning.hakka.gov.tw/ver2015 互联网档案 馆的 存 檔,存 档日期 2019-03-27. - ^ 46.0 46.1
北京 大学 中国 语言文学 系 . (1995). 汉语方言 词汇 (2nd ed.).北京 : 语文出版 社 . - ^ Bowden, Andrea Lynn. Punjabi Tonemics and the Gurmukhi Script: A Preliminary Study (
学位 论文). Brigham Young University. 2012-03-07 [2022-08-19]. (原始 内容 存 档于2022-08-19). - ^ Zhang, Jie. (2007). A directional asymmetry in Chinese tone sandhi systems. Journal of East Asian Linguistics, 16(4), 259-302. doi:10.1007/s10831-007-9016-2
- ^ Rose, Phil. (2016). Complexities of tonal realisation in a right-dominant Chinese Wu dialect: Disyllabic tone sandhi in a speaker form Wencheng. Journal of the Southeast Asian Linguistics Society, 9, 48-80.
- ^ 50.0 50.1 Chen, Matthew Y. (2000). Tone Sandhi: Patterns across Chinese dialects. Cambridge, England: Cambridge University Press.
- ^
連 金 發 . (1999).台灣 閩南語 使 動 式 的 類型 研究 . The Tsing Hua Journal of Chinese Studies, 29(4), 395-422. - ^
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吳 瑞 文 . (2005).吳 閩方言 音韻 比較 研究 (p. 46, p. 65). National Chengchi University. Available at NCCU Institutional Repository 互联网档案 馆的 存 檔,存 档日期 2020-08-09. - ^ 54.0 54.1 Maddieson, Ian. Tone. Dryer, Matthew S.; Haspelmath, Martin (编). The World Atlas of Language Structures Online. Leipzig: Max Planck Institute for Evolutionary Anthropology. 2013 [2020-09-19]. (
原始 内容 存 档于2011-02-26). - ^ Hombert, Ohala & Ewan (1979).
- ^ Everett, C.; Blasi, D. E.; Roberts, S. G. Climate, vocal folds, and tonal languages: Connecting the physiological and geographic dots. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences. 2015, 112 (5): 1322–1327. Bibcode:2015PNAS..112.1322E. PMC 4321236
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- ^ Lewin, Sarah. Wet Is Better for Tonal Languages. Scientific American. 2015-04-01, 312 (4): 19. doi:10.1038/scientificamerican0415-19.
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- ^ Palancar, E. L.; Léonard, J.-L. Tone and inflection: An introduction. Palancar, E. L.; Léonard, J.-L. (编). Tone and Inflection: New Facts and New Perspectives. Berlin: Walter de Gruyter. 2016: 1–12 [2019-01-23]. (
原始 内容 存 档于2019-01-23). - ^ Bateman, Janet. Iau Verb Morphology (PDF). Nusa, Linguistic Studies of Indonesian and Other Languages in Indonesia. Jakarta: Universitas Katolik Atma Jaya: 3rd (9th in PDF). (
原始 内容 存 档 (PDF)于2017-03-04). - ^ Foley, William A. The languages of Northwest New Guinea. Palmer, Bill (编). The Languages and Linguistics of the New Guinea Area: A Comprehensive Guide. The World of Linguistics 4. Berlin: De Gruyter Mouton. 2018: 433–568. ISBN 978-3-11-028642-7.
- ^ Hyman, L. M. Morphological tonal assignments in conflict: Who wins?. Palancar, E. L.; Léonard, J. L. (编). Tone and Inflection: New Facts and New Perspectives. Berlin, Germany: Walter de Gruyter. 2016: 15–39.
- ^ Lai, W.-Y. The Source of Hakka Personal Pronoun and Genitive with the Viewpoint of Diminutive. Journal of Taiwanese Languages and Literature. 2010, 5 (1): 53–80.
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- ^
唐 ,作 藩 .音韻 學 教程 (第 五 版 ).北京 :北京 大學 出版 社 . 2016:第 五 十 頁 . ISBN 9787301270974.
參考 文獻
[编辑]- Bao, Zhiming. (1999). The structure of tone. New York: Oxford University Press. ISBN 0-19-511880-4.
- Chen, Matthew Y. 2000. Tone Sandhi: patterns across Chinese dialects. Cambridge, England: CUP ISBN 0-521-65272-3
- Halle, Morris; & Stevens, Kenneth. (1971). A note on laryngeal features. Quarterly progress report 101. MIT.
- Haudricourt, André-Georges. (1954). "De l'origine des tons en vietnamien". Journal Asiatique, 242: 69–82.
- Haudricourt, André-Georges. (1961). "Bipartition et tripartition des systèmes de tons dans quelques langues d'Extrême-Orient". Bulletin de la Société de Linguistique de Paris, 56: 163–180.
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- Hyman, Larry. 2007. There is no pitch-accent prototype. Paper presented at the 2007 LSA Meeting. Anaheim, CA.
- Hyman, Larry. 2007. How (not) to do phonological typology: the case of pitch-accent. Berkeley, UC Berkeley. UC Berkeley Phonology Lab Annual Report: 654–685. Available online. (页面
存 档备份,存 于互联网档案 馆) - Kingston, John. (2005). The phonetics of Athabaskan tonogenesis. In S. Hargus & K. Rice (Eds.), Athabaskan prosody (pp. 137–184). Amsterdam: John Benjamins Publishing.
- Maddieson, Ian. (1978). Universals of tone. In J. H. Greenberg (Ed.), Universals of human language: Phonology (Vol. 2). Stanford: Stanford University Press.
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存 档备份,存 于互联网档案 馆) - Odden, David. (1995). Tone: African languages. In J. Goldsmith (Ed.), Handbook of phonological theory. Oxford: Basil Blackwell.
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俄 文 ) - Chao, Yuen-Ren(1930), ə sistim əv "toun-letəz" [A system of "tone-letters"], Le Maître Phonétique, 1930, 30: 24–27, JSTOR 44704341
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任 . 现代吴语的 研究 .北京 :科学 出版 社 . 1956. - Chao, Yuen-Ren(1956), Tone, intonation, singsong, chanting, recitative, tonal composition and atonal composition in Chinese., Halle, Moris (编), For Roman Jakobson, The Hague: Mouton: 52–59, 1956
- Chao, Yuen-Ren(1968), A Grammar of Spoken Chinese, Berkeley, CA: University of California Press, 1968
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原始 内容 存 档于2022-02-09). - Bao, Zhiming. The Structure of Tone. New York: Oxford University Press. 1999. ISBN 978-0-19-511880-3.
- Chen, Matthew Y. Tone sandhi: Patterns across Chinese dialects. Cambridge, England: Cambridge University Press. 2000. ISBN 978-0-521-65272-8.
- Clements, George N.; Goldsmith, John (编). Autosegmental Studies in Bantu Tone. Berlin: Mouton de Gruyer. 1984.
- Fromkin, Victoria A. (编). Tone: A Linguistic Survey. New York: Academic Press. 1978.
- Halle, Morris; Stevens, Kenneth. A note on laryngeal features. Quarterly Progress Report 101. MIT. 1971.
- Haudricourt, André-Georges.
由 Marc Brunelle翻 译. The origin of tones in Vietnamese (translation of: De l'origine des tons en vietnamien). Problèmes de phonologie diachronique. 2018: 146–160 [2022-02-09]. (原始 内容 存 档于2022-02-09). HAL 01678018.- Haudricourt, André-Georges. De l'origine des tons en vietnamien. Journal Asiatique. 1954, 242: 69–82.
- Haudricourt, André-Georges.
由 Guillaume Jacques翻 译. How to reconstruct Old Chinese (translation of: Comment reconstruire le chinois archaïque). Problèmes de phonologie diachronique. 2017: 161–182 [2021-02-15]. (原始 内容 存 档于2022-02-09). Reprinted (with additions).- Haudricourt, André-Georges. Comment reconstruire le chinois archaïque. Word. 1954, 10 (2/3): 351–364 [2021-02-15]. doi:10.1080/00437956.1954.11659532.
- Haudricourt, André-Georges. Bipartition et tripartition des systèmes de tons dans quelques langues d'Extrême-Orient. Bulletin de la Société de Linguistique de Paris. 1961, 56 (1): 163–180.
- Haudricourt, André-Georges. Two-way and Three-way Splitting of Tonal Systems in Some Far Eastern Languages. Jimmy G. Harris; Richard B. Noss (编). Tai phonetics and phonology (PDF).
由 Christopher Court翻 译. Bangkok: Central Institute of English Language, Mahidol University. 1972: 58–86 [2021-02-15]. (原始 内容 存 档 (PDF)于2022-01-22). Translation of Haudricourt (1961).
- Haudricourt, André-Georges. Two-way and Three-way Splitting of Tonal Systems in Some Far Eastern Languages. Jimmy G. Harris; Richard B. Noss (编). Tai phonetics and phonology (PDF).
- Hombert, Jean-Marie; Ohala, John J.; Ewan, William G. Phonetic explanations for the development of tones. Language. 1979, 55 (1): 37–58. JSTOR 412518. doi:10.2307/412518.
- Hyman, Larry M. There is no pitch-accent prototype. 2007 LSA Meeting. Anaheim, CA. 2007a.
- Hyman, Larry M. DRAFT: Tone: Is it Different?. John Goldsmith; Jason Riggle; Alan Yu (编). The Handbook of Phonological Theory (PDF) 2nd. Blackwell. 2007b. (
原始 内容 (PDF)存 档于2012-07-28) –通 过UC Berkeley Phonology Lab Annual Report (2007). - Hyman, Larry M. How (not) to do phonological typology: The case of pitch accent (PDF). Language Sciences. 2009, 31 (2–3): 213–238 [2013-02-11]. doi:10.1016/j.langsci.2008.12.007. (
原始 内容 存 档 (PDF)于2013-05-25). - Kingston, John. The phonetics of Athabaskan tonogenesis. Hargus, Sharon; Rice, Keren (编). Athabaskan Prosody. Amsterdam: John Benjamins Publishing. 2005: 137–184 [2022-02-09]. ISBN 9789027285294. (
原始 内容 存 档于2022-02-09). - Kingston, John. Tonogenesis (PDF). Marc van Oostendorp; Colin J Ewen; Elizabeth Hume; Keren Rice (编). The Blackwell companion to phonology, Volume 4: Phonological interfaces. Chichester: Wiley-Blackwell. 2011: 2304–2333 [2022-02-09]. (
原始 内容 存 档 (PDF)于2021-12-10). - Maddieson, Ian. Universals of tone. Greenberg, J. H. (编). Universals of human language: Phonology 2. Stanford: Stanford University Press. 1978.
- Michaud, Alexis; Vaissière, Jacqueline. Tone and intonation: introductory notes and practical recommendations. KALIPHO - Kieler Arbeiten zur Linguistik und Phonetik. 2015, 3: 43–80 [2022-02-09]. (
原始 内容 存 档于2020-11-09). - Michaud, Alexis; Sands, Bonny. Tonogenesis. Aronoff, Mark (编). Oxford Research Encyclopedia of Linguistics. Oxford: Oxford University Press. 2020 [2022-02-09]. ISBN 9780199384655. doi:10.1093/acrefore/9780199384655.013.748. (
原始 内容 存 档于2022-02-09). - Odden, David. Tone: African languages. Goldsmith, J. (编). Handbook of Phonological Theory. Oxford: Basil Blackwell. 1995.
- Odden, David. Tone. Rainer Vossen; Gerrit J. Dimmendaal (编). The Oxford Handbook of African Languages. Oxford: Oxford University Press. 2020: 30–47 [2022-02-09]. ISBN 9780199609895. (
原始 内容 存 档于2022-02-09). - Pike, Kenneth L. Tone Languages: A Technique for Determining the Number and Type of Pitch Contrasts In a Language, with Studies in Tonemic Substitution and Fusion. Ann Arbor: The University of Michigan Press. 1948. (Reprinted 1972, ISBN 0-472-08734-7).
- Wee, Lian-Hee. Phonological Patterns in the Englishes of Singapore and Hong Kong. World Englishes. 2008, 27 (3/4): 480–501. doi:10.1111/j.1467-971X.2008.00580.x.[
失效 連結 ] - Yip, Moira. Tone. Cambridge Textbooks in Linguistics. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. 2002. ISBN 978-0-521-77314-0. ISBN 0-521-77445-4 (pbk).
參 見
[编辑]外部 連結
[编辑]- World map of tone languages (页面
存 档备份,存 于互联网档案 馆) The World Atlas of Language Structures Online - 请问Pitch Register
是 什么?北大 中 文 论坛 注 音 .拼音.國際 音標 的 聲調 符號 比較 以及對應 到 的 音 高 |振 斷 雙翼 WingTillDie苗 瑤 語 聲調 問題 (页面存 档备份,存 于互联网档案 馆)對 舟 曲 藏 語 超 音 段 音素 的 新 見解 ——被 氣 聲 引起的 聲調 發生 論 (页面存 档备份,存 于互联网档案 馆)聲調 起源 於發聲 ——兼 論 漢語 四聲 的 發明 (页面存 档备份,存 于互联网档案 馆)- 从吴
方言 看 声 母 -声 调的相互 关系 (页面存 档备份,存 于互联网档案 馆) - Tonogenesis in Southeast Asia - Matisoff, James 1973 (页面
存 档备份,存 于互联网档案 馆)
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