|
Translingual
editTraditional | |
---|---|
Shinjitai | |
Simplified | 严 |
Han character
editDerived characters
editDescendants
edit厳 (In Japanese shinjitai)- 严 (In simplified Chinese)
References
edit- Kangxi Dictionary: page 214, character 7
- Dai Kanwa Jiten: character 4589
- Dae Jaweon: page 436, character 33
- Hanyu Da Zidian (first edition): volume 1, page 702, character 2
- Unihan data for U+56B4
Chinese
edittrad. | ||
---|---|---|
simp. | 严 | |
alternative forms | ⿱吅厂 |
Glyph origin
editHistorical forms of the character | ||
---|---|---|
Western Zhou | Shuowen Jiezi (compiled in Han) | Liushutong (compiled in Ming) |
Bronze inscriptions | Small seal script | Transcribed ancient scripts |
Phono-semantic compound (
The meanings of “solemn” and “stern” may be a result of phonetic borrowing.
Etymology
editSchuessler (2007) considers
巖 (OC *ŋraːm, “(of mountains) high; lofty”)儼 (OC *ŋamʔ, “dignified; majestic”)險 (OC *qʰramʔ, “precipitous; dangerous”)業 (OC *ŋab, “lofty; large”) (an allofam with a stop final).
They are all Sino-Tibetan in origin. Cognates in Tibetan include Tibetan རྔམ་པ་ (rngam pa, “splendor; majesty”) and Tibetan རྔམས (rngams, “height; splendor”). Burmese ငြမ်း (ngram:, “scaffold”) may also be a cognate.
Pronunciation
edit- Mandarin
- (Standard)
- (Chengdu, Sichuanese Pinyin): ngan2 / nyian2
- (Xi'an, Guanzhong Pinyin): yán
- (Nanjing, Nanjing Pinyin): yén
- Cantonese
- (Guangzhou–Hong Kong, Jyutping): jim4
- (Dongguan, Jyutping++): jin4
- (Taishan, Wiktionary): ngiam3
- (Yangjiang, Jyutping++): jim4
- Gan (Wiktionary): nyien4
- Hakka
- Jin (Wiktionary): ie1
- Northern Min (KCR): ngǐng
- Eastern Min (BUC): ngièng
- Puxian Min (Pouseng Ping'ing): ngieng2
- Southern Min
- Southern Pinghua (Nanning, Jyutping++): jim4
- Wu (Wugniu)
- Xiang
- (Changsha, Wiktionary): nyienn2
- (Loudi, Wiktionary): ninn2
- (Hengyang, Wiktionary): ngien2
- Mandarin
- (Standard Chinese)+
- Hanyu Pinyin:
- Zhuyin: ㄧㄢˊ
- Tongyong Pinyin: yán
- Wade–Giles: yen2
- Yale: yán
- Gwoyeu Romatzyh: yan
- Palladius: янь (janʹ)
- Sinological IPA (key): /jɛn³⁵/
- (Chengdu)
- Sichuanese Pinyin: ngan2 / nyian2
- Scuanxua Ladinxua Xin Wenz: ngan / nian
- Sinological IPA (key): /ŋan²¹/, /nʲiɛn²¹/
- (Standard Chinese)+
- nyian2 - literary;
- ngan2 - vernacular.
- (Xi'an)
- Guanzhong Pinyin: yán
- Sinological IPA (key): /iã²⁴/
- (Nanjing)
- Nanjing Pinyin: yén
- Nanjing Pinyin (numbered): yen2
- Sinological IPA (key): /iẽ²⁴/
- Cantonese
- (Standard Cantonese, Guangzhou–Hong Kong)
- Jyutping: jim4
- Yale: yìhm
- Cantonese Pinyin: jim4
- Guangdong Romanization: yim4
- Sinological IPA (key): /jiːm²¹/
- (Dongguan, Guancheng)
- Jyutping++: jin4
- Sinological IPA (key): /zin²¹/
- (Taishanese, Taicheng)
- Wiktionary: ngiam3
- Sinological IPA (key): /ᵑɡiam²²/
- (Yangjiang Yue, Jiangcheng)
- Jyutping++: jim4
- Sinological IPA (key): /jim⁴²/
- (Standard Cantonese, Guangzhou–Hong Kong)
- Gan
- (Nanchang)
- Wiktionary: nyien4
- Sinological IPA (key): /n̠ʲiɛn³⁵/
- (Nanchang)
- Hakka
- (Sixian, incl. Miaoli and Neipu)
- Pha̍k-fa-sṳ: ngiàm
- Hakka Romanization System: ngiamˇ
- Hagfa Pinyim: ngiam2
- Sinological IPA: /ŋi̯am¹¹/
- (Hailu, incl. Zhudong)
- Hakka Romanization System: ngiam
- Sinological IPA: /ŋiam⁵⁵/
- (Meixian)
- (Sixian, incl. Miaoli and Neipu)
- Jin
- (Taiyuan)+
- Wiktionary: ie1
- Sinological IPA (old-style): /ie¹¹/
- (Taiyuan)+
- Northern Min
- (Jian'ou)
- Kienning Colloquial Romanized: ngǐng
- Sinological IPA (key): /ŋiŋ²¹/
- (Jian'ou)
- Eastern Min
- (Fuzhou)
- Bàng-uâ-cê: ngièng
- Sinological IPA (key): /ŋieŋ⁵³/
- (Fuzhou)
- Puxian Min
- (Putian, Xianyou)
- Pouseng Ping'ing: ngieng2
- Sinological IPA (key): /ŋiɛŋ¹³/
- (Putian, Xianyou)
- Southern Min
- (Hokkien: Quanzhou)
- Pe̍h-ōe-jī: gân
- Tâi-lô: gân
- Phofsit Daibuun: gaan
- IPA (Quanzhou): /ɡan²⁴/
- (Hokkien: Xiamen, Quanzhou, Zhangzhou, Jinjiang, Nan'an, Yongchun, Zhangpu, Changtai, Longyan, General Taiwanese, Klang)
- (Hokkien: Hui'an)
- Pe̍h-ōe-jī: gêm
- Tâi-lô: gêm
- Phofsit Daibuun: geem
- IPA (Hui'an): /ɡem²⁴/
- (Hokkien: Quanzhou)
- gân - vernacular;
- giâm - literary.
- (Teochew)
- Peng'im: ngiam5 / ngiang5
- Pe̍h-ōe-jī-like: ngiâm / ngiâng
- Sinological IPA (key): /ŋiam⁵⁵/, /ŋiaŋ⁵⁵/
- ngiam5 - Chaozhou, Shantou, Jieyang;
- ngiang5 - Chenghai.
- Southern Pinghua
- (Nanning Pinghua, Tingzi)
- Jyutping++: jim4
- Sinological IPA (key): /jim²¹/
- (Nanning Pinghua, Tingzi)
- Wu
- (Northern: Shanghai)
- Wugniu: 6gni
- MiniDict: nyi
去 - Wiktionary Romanisation (Shanghai): 3nyi
- Sinological IPA (Shanghai): /n̠ʲi²³/
- (Northern: Jiading, Chongming, Suzhou, Changzhou, Jiaxing, Tongxiang, Haining, Haiyan)
- Wugniu: 2gnie
- MiniDict: nye
平 - Sinological IPA (Jiading): /n̠ʲɪ³¹/
- Sinological IPA (Chongming): /ɦn̠ʲie²⁴/
- Sinological IPA (Suzhou): /n̠ʲɪ²²³/
- Sinological IPA (Changzhou): /n̠ʲɪ¹³/
- Sinological IPA (Jiaxing): /n̠ʲie³¹/
- Sinological IPA (Tongxiang): /n̠ʲiɛ²²/
- Sinological IPA (Haining): /n̠ʲie¹¹³/
- Sinological IPA (Haiyan): /n̠ʲiɛ³¹/
- (Northern: Songjiang, Ningbo)
- (Northern: Hangzhou, Shaoxing)
- (Jinhua)
- (Northern: Shanghai)
- Xiang
- (Changsha)
- Wiktionary: nyienn2
- Sinological IPA (key): /n̠ʲi̯ẽ¹³/
- (Loudi)
- Wiktionary: ninn2
- Sinological IPA (key): /nĩ¹³/
- (Hengyang)
- Wiktionary: ngien2
- Sinological IPA (key): /ŋi̯ɛn¹¹/
- (Changsha)
- Dialectal data
- Middle Chinese: ngjaem
- Old Chinese
- (Baxter–Sagart): /*ŋ(r)am/
- (Zhengzhang): /*ŋam/
Definitions
edit- strict; rigorous; rigid
- solemn; majestic; stately; grave
- urgent; pressing
- severe; intense
- (of a door, mouth, defense, etc.) tight
- (literary) to respect
- 凡
- From: The Book of Rites, c. 4th – 2nd century BCE
- Fán xué zhī dào, yán shī wéi nán. Shī yán ránhòu dào zūn, dào zūn ránhòu mín zhī jìng xué. [Pinyin]
- In pursuing the course of learning, the difficulty is in securing the proper reverence for the master. When that is done, the course (which he inculcates) is regarded with honour. When that is done, the people know how to respect learning.
學 之 道 ,嚴 師 為 難 。師 嚴 然 後 道 尊 ,道 尊 然 後 民 知 敬 學 。 [Classical Chinese, trad.]
凡学 之 道 ,严师为难。师严然 后 道 尊 ,道 尊 然 后 民 知 敬 学 。 [Classical Chinese, simp.]- 於是
- From: The Records of the Grand Historian, by Sima Qian, c. 91 BCE
- Yúshì Zhào wáng nǎi zhāijiè wǔ rì, shǐ chén fèng bì, bài sòng shū yú tíng. Hé zhě? Yán dàguó zhī wēi yǐ xiūjìng yě. [Pinyin]
- (please add an English translation of this usage example)
趙 王 乃齋戒 五 日 ,使 臣 奉 璧,拜 送 書 於庭 。何 者 ?嚴 大國 之 威 以修 敬 也。 [Classical Chinese, trad.]
于是赵王 乃斋戒五 日 ,使 臣 奉 璧,拜 送 书于庭 。何 者 ?严大国 之 威 以修 敬 也。 [Classical Chinese, simp.]
- (literary) to fear
- From: Mencius, c. 4th century BCE
- Shì cì wànshèng zhī jūn, ruò cì hèfū. Wú yán zhūhóu, èshēng zhì, bì fǎn zhī. [Pinyin]
- He viewed stabbing a prince of ten thousand chariots just as stabbing a fellow dressed in cloth of hair. He feared not any of all the princes. A bad word addressed to him be always returned.
視 刺 萬 乘 之 君 ,若 刺 褐夫。無 嚴 諸侯 ,惡聲 至 ,必反 之 。 [Classical Chinese, trad.]
视刺 万 乘 之 君 ,若 刺 褐夫。无严诸侯,恶声至 ,必反 之 。 [Classical Chinese, simp.]
- (honorific) father
- a surname
Synonyms
edit- (strict):
不 苟 (bùgǒu) (formal)仔細 /仔 细 (zǐxì)嚴肅 /严肃 (yánsù)嚴 謹/严谨 (yánjǐn)- 墘角 (gièng-gáe̤k) (Eastern Min)
密 切 (mìqiè)審 慎 /审慎 (shěnshèn) (formal)小心 (xiǎoxīn)慎 密 (shènmì)慎重 (shènzhòng)慘 淡 /惨 淡 (cǎndàn)板 正 (bǎnzhèng)正 經 /正 经當 心 /当 心 (dāngxīn)精 心 (jīngxīn)精細 /精 细 (jīngxì)細心 /细心 (xìxīn)細 膩/细腻 (xìnì) (Min)認 真 /认真 (rènzhēn)謹嚴 /谨严 (jǐnyán)謹慎 /谨慎 (jǐnshèn)- 較真/较真 (jiàozhēn) (colloquial)
過 細 /过细 (guòxì)鞠 躬 (jūgōng) (literary)
- (solemn):
- (severe):
- (father):
Compounds
edit不 惡 而嚴/不 恶而严保 不 嚴 /保 不 严先 嚴 /先 严- 卞嚴
子 /卞严子 嘴 嚴 /嘴 严 (zuǐyán)嚴 世 蕃 /严世蕃 嚴 光 /严光嚴冬 /严冬 (yándōng)嚴 切 /严切嚴刑 /严刑 (yánxíng)嚴刑 峻 法 /严刑峻 法 (yánxíngjùnfǎ)嚴 刻 /严刻 (yánkè)嚴 制 /严制嚴 厲/严厉 (yánlì)嚴 可 均 /严可均 嚴 君 /严君嚴命 /严命嚴 妝/严妆嚴守 /严守 (yánshǒu)嚴 家 墩/严家墩 (Yánjiādūn)嚴 家 淦 /严家淦 嚴密 /严密 (yánmì)嚴寒 /严寒 (yánhán)嚴 實 /严实 (yánshi)嚴 峻 /严峻 (yánjùn)嚴 嵩 /严嵩嚴 師 /严师 (yánshī)嚴 店 /严店 (Yándiàn)嚴 復 /严复嚴 忌 /严忌嚴 惡 /严恶嚴 懲/严惩 (yánchéng)嚴 懲不貸 /严惩不 贷 (yánchéngbùdài)嚴 振 /严振嚴 控 /严控 (yánkòng)嚴 整 /严整 (yánzhěng)嚴 斥/严斥嚴 於律己 /严于律 己 嚴 明 /严明 (yánmíng)嚴 更 /严更嚴 查/严查 (yánchá)嚴格 /严格 (yángé)嚴 棘 /严棘嚴 橋 /严桥 (Yánqiáo)嚴 正 /严正 (yánzhèng)嚴 殺 /严杀嚴 毅 /严毅嚴 氣 正 性 /严气正 性 嚴父 /严父嚴禁 /严禁 (yánjìn)嚴 絲 合 縫 /严丝合 缝 (yánsīhéfèng)嚴 緊/严紧 (yánjǐn)嚴 羽 /严羽嚴肅 /严肃 (yánsù)嚴 苛/严苛 (yánkē)嚴 處 /严处 (yánchǔ)嚴 裝 /严装 (yánzhuāng)嚴 親 /严亲嚴 詞 /严词 (yáncí)嚴 詞 厲色/严词厉色嚴 謹/严谨 (yánjǐn)嚴 辦/严办 (yánbàn)嚴 遵/严遵嚴酷 /严酷 (yánkù)嚴重 /严重 (yánzhòng)嚴 防 /严防 (yánfáng)嚴 陣 以待/严阵以待 (yánzhènyǐdài)嚴 霜 /严霜嚴 靚/严靓嚴 駕 /严驾嚴 麗 /严丽嚴 鼓 /严鼓壁 壘 森嚴 /壁 垒森严 (bìlěisēnyán)夜 嚴 /夜 严妻 管 嚴 /妻 管 严 (qīguǎnyán)威嚴 /威 严 (wēiyán)家 嚴 /家 严 (jiāyán)寶 相 莊嚴 /宝 相 庄 严尊嚴 /尊 严 (zūnyán)尊嚴 死 /尊 严死師 嚴 道 尊 /师严道 尊 師道 尊嚴 /师道尊 严 (shīdàozūnyán)從 嚴 /从严 (cóngyán)恭 肅嚴整 /恭 肃严整 態度 嚴肅 /态度严肃戒嚴 /戒严 (jièyán)戒嚴 令 /戒严令 (jièyánlìng)戒嚴 法 /戒严法 打 嚴 嵩 /打 严嵩森嚴 /森 严 (sēnyán)- 楞嚴
經 /楞严经 法度 嚴 明 /法度 严明父 嚴 子 孝 /父 严子孝 盛 飾 嚴 裝 /盛 饰严装 端嚴 /端 严- 緊嚴/紧严
- 綦嚴/綦严 (qíyán)
義正 詞 嚴 /义正词严 (yìzhèngcíyán)義正 辭 嚴 /义正辞 严 (yìzhèngcíyán)- 苛嚴/苛严
莊嚴 /庄 严 (zhuāngyán)華嚴 五 祖 /华严五 祖 華嚴宗 /华严宗 華嚴經 /华严经號令 森嚴 /号令 森 严解 嚴 /解 严 (jiěyán)詞 嚴 義 密 /词严义密詞 嚴 義正 /词严义正謹嚴 /谨严 (jǐnyán)警備 森嚴 /警备森 严賞罰 嚴 明 /赏罚严明辭 嚴 氣 正 /辞 严气正 辭 嚴 義正 /辞 严义正 門 禁 森嚴 /门禁森 严
Descendants
editReferences
edit- “Entry #12982”, in
教育 部 臺灣 台 語 常用 詞 辭典 [Dictionary of Frequently-Used Taiwan Minnan] (overall work in Mandarin and Hokkien), Ministry of Education, R.O.C., 2024.
Japanese
editKanji
edit(Jinmeiyō kanji, kyūjitai kanji, shinjitai form
- Kyūjitai form of
厳 (strictness, severity, rigidity)
Readings
editKorean
editHanja
editVietnamese
editHan character
edit
- This term needs a translation to English. Please help out and add a translation, then remove the text
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