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Zhuang languages

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Zhuang
Vahcuengh (za), Hauqcuengh (zyb)
Kauqnuangz, Kauqnoangz (zhn)
Hoedyaej (zgn), Hauƽyəiч (zqe)
Hauqraeuz, Gangjdoj (zyb, zhn, zqe)
Kauqraeuz, Gangjtoj (zhn, zyg, zhd)
Native toChina
EthnicityZhuang people
Native speakers
16 million, all Northern Zhuang languages (2007)[1]
Standard forms
Zhuang, Old Zhuang, Sawndip, Sawgoek
Language codes
ISO 639-1za
ISO 639-2zha
ISO 639-3zha – inclusive code
Individual codes:
zch – Central Hongshuihe Zhuang
zhd – Dai Zhuang (Wenma)
zeh – Eastern Hongshuihe Zhuang
zgb – Guibei Zhuang
zgn – Guibian Zhuang
zln – Lianshan Zhuang
zlj – Liujiang Zhuang
zlq – Liuqian Zhuang
zgm – Minz Zhuang
zhn – Nong Zhuang (Yanguang)
zqe – Qiubei Zhuang
zyg – Yang Zhuang (Dejing)
zyb – Yongbei Zhuang
zyn – Yongnan Zhuang
zyj – Youjiang Zhuang
zzj – Zuojiang Zhuang
GlottologNone
daic1237  = Daic; Zhuang is not a valid group
Geographic distribution of Zhuang dialects in Guangxi and related languages in Northern Vietnam and Guizhou
This article contains IPA phonetic symbols. Without proper rendering support, you may see question marks, boxes, or other symbols instead of Unicode characters. For an introductory guide on IPA symbols, see Help:IPA.
Books of Zhuang language

The Zhuang languages (/ˈdʒwæŋ, ˈdʒwɒŋ/;[2] autonym: Vahcuengh, Zhuang pronunciation: [βべーたa˧ɕuːŋ˧], pre-1982: Vaƅcueŋƅ, Sawndip: 話はなし僮, from vah, 'language' and Cuengh, 'Zhuang'; simplified Chinese: 壮たけし语; traditional Chinese: 壯語そうご; pinyin: Zhuàngyǔ) are the more than a dozen Tai languages spoken by the Zhuang people of Southern China in the province of Guangxi and adjacent parts of Yunnan and Guangdong. The Zhuang languages do not form a monophyletic linguistic unit, as northern and southern Zhuang languages are more closely related to other Tai languages than to each other. Northern Zhuang languages form a dialect continuum with Northern Tai varieties across the provincial border in Guizhou, which are designated as Bouyei, whereas Southern Zhuang languages form another dialect continuum with Central Tai varieties such as Nung, Tay and Caolan in Vietnam.[3] Standard Zhuang is based on the Northern Zhuang dialect of Wuming.

The Tai languages are believed to have been originally spoken in what is now southern China, with speakers of the Southwestern Tai languages (which include Thai, Lao and Shan) having emigrated in the face of Chinese expansion. Noting that both the Zhuang and Thai peoples have the same exonym for the Vietnamese, kɛɛuA1,[4] from the Chinese commandery of Jiaozhi in northern Vietnam, Jerold A. Edmondson posited that the split between Zhuang and the Southwestern Tai languages happened no earlier than the founding of Jiaozhi in 112 BC. He also argues that the departure of the Thai from southern China must predate the 5th century AD, when the Tai who remained in China began to take family names.[5]

Surveys

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Sites surveyed in Zhang (1999), subgrouped according to Pittayaporn (2009):    N,    M,    I,    C,    B,    F,    H,    L,    P

Zhāng Jūnrú's (張ちょう均ひとし如) Zhuàngyǔ Fāngyán Yánjiù (壯語そうご方言ほうげん研究けんきゅう [A Study of Zhuang dialects]) is the most detailed study of Zhuang dialectology published to date. It reports survey work carried out in the 1950s, and includes a 1465-word list covering 36 varieties of Zhuang. For the list of the 36 Zhuang variants below from Zhang (1999), the name of the region (usually county) is given first, followed by the specific village. The phylogenetic position of each variant follows that of Pittayaporn (2009)[6] (see Tai languages#Pittayaporn (2009)).

  1. Wuming – Shuāngqiáo 雙そう橋きょう – Subgroup M
  2. Hengxian – Nàxù 那な旭あさひ – Subgroup N
  3. Yongning (North) – Wǔtáng 五ご塘 – Subgroup N
  4. Pingguo – Xīnxū 新しん圩 – Subgroup N
  5. Tiandong – Héhéng 合あい恒つね – Subgroup N
  6. Tianlin – Lìzhōu 利とぎ周しゅう – Subgroup N
  7. Lingyue – Sìchéng 泗城 – Subgroup N
  8. Guangnan (Shā people 沙すな族ぞく) – Zhěméng Township 者しゃ孟はじめ鄉きょう – Subgroup N
  9. Qiubei – Gēhán Township 戈ほこ寒かん鄉きょう – Subgroup N
  10. Liujiang – Bǎipéng 百ひゃく朋とも – Subgroup N
  11. Yishan – Luòdōng 洛らく東ひがし – Subgroup N
  12. Huanjiang – Chéngguǎn 城じょう管かん – Subgroup N
  13. Rong'an – Ānzì 安治あわじ – Subgroup N
  14. Longsheng – Rìxīn 日新にっしん – Subgroup N
  15. Hechi – Sānqū 三さん區く – Subgroup N
  16. Nandan – Méma 麼麻 – Subgroup N
  17. Donglan – Chéngxiāng 城じょう廂ひさし – Subgroup N
  18. Du'an – Liùlǐ 六ろく里さと – Subgroup N
  19. Shanglin – Dàfēng 大豐たいほう – Subgroup N
  20. Laibin – Sìjiǎo 寺てら腳 – Subgroup N
  21. Guigang – Shānběi 山北さんぽく – Subgroup N
  22. Lianshan – Xiǎosānjiāng 小しょう三江みえ – Subgroup N
  23. Qinzhou – Nàhé Township 那な河かわ鄉きょう – Subgroup I
  24. Yongning (South) – Xiàfāng Township 下か枋鄉 – Subgroup M
  25. Long'an – Xiǎolín Township 小林こばやし鄉さと – Subgroup M
  26. Fusui (Central) – Dàtáng Township 大だい塘鄉 – Subgroup M
  27. Shangsi – Jiàodīng Township 叫さけべ丁ひのと鄉きょう – Subgroup C
  28. Chongzuo – Fùlù Township 福ぶく鹿しか鄉きょう – Subgroup C
  29. Ningming – Fēnghuáng Township 鳳おおとり璜鄉 – Subgroup B
  30. Longzhou – Bīnqiáo Township 彬あきら橋きょう鄉きょう – Subgroup F
  31. Daxin – Hòuyì Township 後ご益えき鄉きょう – Subgroup H
  32. Debao – Yuándì'èrqū 原げん第だい二に區く – Subgroup L
  33. Jingxi – Xīnhé Township 新和しんわ鄉きょう – Subgroup L
  34. Guangnan (Nóng people 儂わし族ぞく) – Xiǎoguǎngnán Township 小しょう廣こう南鄉なんごう – Subgroup L
  35. Yanshan (Nóng people 儂わし族ぞく) – Kuāxī Township 誇ほこ西鄉さいごう – Subgroup L
  36. Wenma (Tǔ people 土ど族ぞく) – Hēimò Township 黑くろ末まつ鄉さと大だい寨, Dàzhài – Subgroup P

Varieties

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The Zhuang language (or language group) has been divided by Chinese linguists into northern and southern "dialects" (fāngyán 方言ほうげん in Chinese), each of which has been divided into a number of vernacular varieties (known as tǔyǔ 土語どご in Chinese) by Chinese linguists (Zhang & Wei 1997; Zhang 1999:29-30).[7] The Wuming dialect of Yongbei Zhuang, classified within the "Northern Zhuang dialect", is considered to be the "standard" or prestige dialect of Zhuang, developed by the government for certain official usages. Although Southern Zhuang varieties have aspirated stops, Northern Zhuang varieties lack them.[8] There are over 60 distinct tonal systems with 5–11 tones depending on the variety.

Zhang (1999) identified 13 Zhuang varieties. Later research by the Summer Institute of Linguistics has indicated that some of these are themselves multiple languages that are not mutually intelligible without previous exposure on the part of speakers, resulting in 16 separate ISO 639-3 codes.[9][10]

Northern Zhuang

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Main article: Northern Tai languages

Northern Zhuang comprises dialects north of the Yong River, with 8,572,200 speakers[7][11] (Northern Zhuang [ccx] prior to 2007):

Eastern Guangxi

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In east-central Guangxi, there are isolated pockets of Northern Zhuang speakers in Zhongshan (14,200 Zhuang people), Pingle (2,100 Zhuang people), Zhaoping (4,300 Zhuang people), Mengshan (about 5,000 Zhuang people), and Hezhou (about 3,000 Zhuang people) counties. These include the following varieties named after administrative villages that are documented by Wei (2017).[13]

  • Lugang Village 蘆あし崗村, Etang Town 鵝塘鎮, Pinggui District 平たいら桂かつら區く, He County 賀が縣けん
  • Qishan Village 啟善ひろよし村むら, Yuantou Town 源げん頭あたま鎮, Pingle County
  • Xiping Village 西坪にしつぼ村むら, Zouma Township 走はし馬うま鄉きょう, Zhaoping County
  • Xie Village 謝しゃ村むら, Xinxu Town 新しん圩鎮, Mengshan County
  • Nitang Village 坭塘村むら, Yuantou Town 源げん頭あたま鎮, Pingle County
  • Linyan Village 林りん岩村いわむら, Qingtang Town 清きよし塘鎮, Zhongshan County

Southern Zhuang

[edit]
Main article: Central Tai languages

Southern Zhuang dialects are spoken south of the Yong River, with 4,232,000 speakers[7][11] (Southern Zhuang [ccy] prior to 2007):

The Tày and Nùng language complex in Vietnam is also considered one of the varieties of Central Tai and shares a high mutual intelligibility with Wenshan Dai and other Southern Zhuang dialects in Guangxi. The Nùng An language has a mixture of Northern and Central Tai features.

Recently described varieties

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Johnson (2011) distinguishes four distinct Zhuang languages in Wenshan Prefecture, Yunnan: Nong Zhuang, Yei Zhuang, Dai Zhuang, and Min Zhuang, all of which are Southern Zhuang varieties except for Yei Zhuang, which is Northern Zhuang.[15] Min Zhuang is a recently discovered Southern Zhuang variety that has never been described previous to Johnson (2011). (See also Wenshan Zhuang and Miao Autonomous Prefecture#Ethnic groups)

Pyang Zhuang and Myang Zhuang are recently described Southern Zhuang (Central Tai) languages spoken in Debao County, Guangxi, China.[16][17]

Writing systems

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Zhuang Sawndip manuscript
the 81 symbols of the Poya Songbook used by Zhuang women in Funing County, Yunnan

The Zhuang languages have been written in the ancient sawndip script for over a thousand years, possibly preceded by the sawgoek script. Sawndip is based on Chinese characters, similar to Vietnamese chữ Nôm. Some sawndip logograms were directly borrowed from Han characters, whereas others were created locally from components of Chinese characters. It has been used for writing songs, and more recently in public communications encouraging people to follow official family planning policy.

There has also been the occasional use of a number of other scripts, including pictographic proto-writing.

In 1957, a hybrid script based on the Latin script and expanded with Cyrillic- and IPA-derived letters was introduced to write Standard Zhuang. In 1982, it was updated to use only Latin letters.[18] These are referred to as the 'old' and 'new' Zhuang, respectively. Bouyei is written in Latin script.

1957 Alphabet

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Consonants

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B b D d G g C c By by Ƃ ƃ Ƌ ƌ Gv gv Y y Gy gy M m N n Ŋ ŋ Ny ny My my F f S s H h Ŋv ŋv V v L l R r

Vowels

[edit]

A a I i U u E e O o Ɵ ɵ Ə ə Ɯ ɯ

Tone letters

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Ƨ ƨ З з Ч ч Ƽ ƽ Ƅ ƅ

1982 Alphabet

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Consonants

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B b D d G g C c By by Mb mb Nd nd Gv gv Y y Gy gy M m N n Ng ng Ny ny My my F f S s H h Ngv ngv V v L l R r

Vowels

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A a I i U u E e O o Oe oe (from Ɵ) Ae ae (from Ə) W w (from Ɯ)

Tone letters

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Z z J j X x Q q H h

See also

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References

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  1. ^ Mikael Parkvall, "Världens 100 största språk 2007" (The World's 100 Largest Languages in 2007), in Nationalencyklopedin
  2. ^ "Guangxi Zhuang". Lexico UK English Dictionary. Oxford University Press. Archived from the original on April 20, 2021.
  3. ^ Bradley, David (2007). "East and Southeast Asia". In Moseley, Christopher (ed.). Encyclopedia of the World's Engangered Languages. Routledge. pp. 349–422. ISBN 978-1-135-79640-2. p. 370.
  4. ^ A1 designates a tone.
  5. ^ Edmondson, Jerold A. (2007). "The power of language over the past: Tai settlement and Tai linguistics in southern China and northern Vietnam" (PDF). In Jimmy G. Harris; Somsonge Burusphat; James E. Harris (eds.). Studies in Southeast Asian languages and linguistics. Bangkok, Thailand: Ek Phim Thai Co. pp. 39–63. Archived from the original (PDF) on 2011-07-16. Retrieved 2011-06-19. (see p. 15 of preprint)
  6. ^ Pittayaporn, Pittayawat (2009). The Phonology of Proto-Tai (Ph.D. thesis). Cornell University. hdl:1813/13855.
  7. ^ a b c Zhang Yuansheng and Wei Xingyun. 1997. "Regional variants and vernaculars in Zhuang." In Jerold A. Edmondson and David B. Solnit (eds.), Comparative Kadai: The Tai branch, 77–96. Publications in Linguistics, 124. Dallas: Summer Institute of Linguistics and the University of Texas at Arlington. ISBN 978-1-55671-005-6.
  8. ^ Luo, Yongxian (2008). "Zhuang". In Diller, Anthony; Edmondson, Jerold A.; Luo, Yongxian (eds.). The Tai-Kadai Languages. London: Routledge. ISBN 978-0-7007-1457-5.
  9. ^ Johnson, Eric C. (2007). "ISO 639-3 Registration Authority, Change Request Number 2006-128" (PDF).
  10. ^ Tan, Sharon (2007). "ISO 639-3 Registration Authority, Change Request Number 2007-027" (PDF).
  11. ^ a b Zhang (1999)
  12. ^ Hansen, Bruce; Castro, Andy (2010). "Hongshui He Zhuang dialect intelligibility survey". SIL Electronic Survey Reports 2010-025.
  13. ^ Wei, Mingying 韦名应. 2017. Guidong Zhuangyu yuyin yanjiu 桂かつら东壮语语音おん研究けんきゅう. Beijing: Minzu chubanshe 民族みんぞく出版しゅっぱん社しゃ. ISBN 978-7-105-14918-6.
  14. ^ Jackson, Bruce; Jackson, Andy; Lau, Shuh Huey (2012). "A Sociolinguistic Survey of the Dejing Zhuang Dialect Area". SIL Electronic Survey Reports 2012-036..
  15. ^ Johnson (2010)
  16. ^ "Language Name and Locationː Pyang Zhuang (Fuping), China [Not on Ethnologue]". lingweb.eva.mpg.de. Archived from the original on 2014-02-23. Retrieved 2014-02-09.
  17. ^ Liao, Hanbo (2016). Tonal Development of Tai Languages (M.A. thesis). Payap University.
  18. ^ Zhou (2003)

Bibliography

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  • Zhuàng-Hàn cíhuì 壯漢そうかん詞し彙 (in Chinese). Nanning: Guangxi minzu chubanshe. 1984.
  • Edmondson, Jerold A.; Solnit, David B., eds. (1997). Comparative Kadai: The Tai Branch. Summer Institute of Linguistics and the University of Texas at Arlington.
  • Johnson, Eric C. (2010). "A Sociolinguistic Introduction to the Central Taic Languages of Wenshan Prefecture, China" (PDF). SIL International. SIL Electronic Survey Report 2010-027.
  • Zhuàng-Hàn-Yīng cídiǎn / Guengh Gun Yingh swzdenj / Zhuang–Chinese–English Dictionary 壯漢そうかん英えい詞し典てん. Beijing: Minzu chubanshe. 2004. ISBN 7-105-07001-3.
  • Tan, Xiaohang 覃曉航こう (1995). Xiàndài Zhuàngyǔ 現代げんだい壯語そうご (in Chinese). Beijing: Minzu chubanshe.
  • Tan, Guosheng 覃國生せい (1996). Zhuàngyǔ fāngyán gàilùn 壯語そうご方言ほうげん概論がいろん (in Chinese). Nanning: Guangxi minzu chubanshe.
  • Wang, Mingfu 王おう明富あきとみ; Johnson, Eric 江子こうこ楊 (2008). Zhuàngzú wénhuà yíchǎn jí zhuàngyǔ yánjiū / Zhuang Cultural and Linguistic Heritage 壯たけし族ぞく文化ぶんか遺產いさん及壯語ご研究けんきゅう (in Chinese and English). Kunming: Yunnan minzu chubanshe / The Nationalities Publishing House of Yunnan. ISBN 978-7-5367-4255-0.
  • Wei, Mingying 韋名應おう (2017). Guidong Zhuangyu yuyin yanjiu 桂かつら東ひがし壯語そうご語ご音おん研究けんきゅう. Beijing: Minzu chubanshe 民族みんぞく出版しゅっぱん社しゃ. OCLC 1082879363.
  • Wei, Qingwen 韋慶穩; Tan, Guosheng 覃國生せい (1980). Zhuàngyǔ jiǎnzhì 壯語そうご簡志 (in Chinese). Beijing: Minzu chubanshe.
  • Zhang, Junru 張ちょう均ひとし如; et al. (1999). Zhuàngyǔ fāngyán yánjiū 壯語そうご方言ほうげん研究けんきゅう [A Study of Zhuang Dialects] (in Chinese). Chengdu: Sichuan minzu chubanshe.
  • Zhou, Minglang (2003). Multilingualism in China: The Politics of Writing Reforms for Minority Languages, 1949–2002. Berlin: Mouton de Gruyter. pp. 251–258. ISBN 3-11-017896-6.
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