濫

See also: 滥

濫 U+6FEB, 濫 CJK UNIFIED IDEOGRAPH-6FEB ← 濪 [U+6FEA] CJK Unified Ideographs 濬 → [U+6FEC]

濫 U+F922, 濫 CJK COMPATIBILITY IDEOGRAPH-F922 ← 嵐 [U+F921] CJK Compatibility Ideographs 藍 → [U+F923]

Translingual

Han character

濫 (Kangxi radical 85, 水みず+14 in Chinese, 水みず+15 in Japanese, 17 strokes in Chinese, 18 strokes in Japanese, cangjie input 水みず尸しかばね戈ほこ廿にじゅう (ESIT) or 水みず尸しかばね一いち廿にじゅう (ESMT), four-corner 3811₇, composition ⿰氵監かん)

Derived characters

• 蘫(𬞫) 𠑈 𪸄

References

• Kangxi Dictionary: page 657, character 3
• Dai Kanwa Jiten: character 18521
• Dae Jaweon: page 1067, character 8
• Hanyu Da Zidian (first edition): volume 3, page 1766, character 9
• Unihan data for U+6FEB

• Unihan data for U+F922

Chinese

Glyph origin

Characters in the same phonetic series (監かん) (Zhengzhang, 2003) 

	Old Chinese
藍あい	*ɡ·raːm
襤	*ɡ·raːm
籃	*ɡ·raːm
懢	*ɡ·raːm, *ɡ·raːms
儖	*ɡ·raːm
蘫	*ɡ·raːm, *qʰlaːms
攬	*ɡ·raːmʔ
欖	*ɡ·raːmʔ
覽らん	*ɡ·raːmʔ
爁	*ɡ·raːmʔ, *ɡ·raːms, *ɡ·rams
擥	*ɡ·raːmʔ
灠	*ɡ·raːmʔ
濫	*ɡ·raːms, *ɡraːmʔ
嚂	*ɡ·raːms, *kʰlaːms, *qʰlaːmʔ
纜ともづな	*ɡ·raːms
監かん	*kraːm, *kraːms
礛	*kraːm
鑑かん	*kraːm, *kraːms, *kraːms
艦かん	*ɡraːmʔ
檻おり	*ɡraːmʔ, *ɡraːms
壏	*ɡraːmʔ
轞	*ɡraːmʔ
鹽しお	*ɡ·lam, *ɡ·lams

Phono-semantic compound (形聲けいせい／形声けいせい, OC *ɡ·raːms, *ɡraːmʔ) : semantic 水みず (“water”) + phonetic 監かん (OC *kraːm, *kraːms).

Pronunciation 1

trad.		濫
simp.		滥
2nd round simp.		㳕

• Mandarin

  (Pinyin): làn (lan⁴)

  (Zhuyin): ㄌㄢˋ

• Cantonese (Jyutping): laam⁶ / laam⁵
• Hakka

  (Sixian, PFS): lam

  (Meixian, Guangdong): lam⁴

• Eastern Min (BUC): lâng
• Southern Min

  (Hokkien, POJ): lām

  (Teochew, Peng'im): lam⁷

• Wu (Shanghai, Wugniu): ⁶le

---

• Mandarin
  • (Standard Chinese)⁺
    • Hanyu Pinyin: làn
    • Zhuyin: ㄌㄢˋ
    • Tongyong Pinyin: làn
    • Wade–Giles: lan⁴
    • Yale: làn
    • Gwoyeu Romatzyh: lann
    • Palladius: лань (lanʹ)
    • Sinological IPA ^(key): /län⁵¹/
• Cantonese
  • (Standard Cantonese, Guangzhou–Hong Kong)
    • Jyutping: laam⁶ / laam⁵
    • Yale: laahm / láahm
    • Cantonese Pinyin: laam⁶ / laam⁵
    • Guangdong Romanization: lam⁶ / lam⁵
    • Sinological IPA ^(key): /laːm²²/, /laːm¹³/

Note: laam5 - colloquial variant (“excessive”).

• Hakka
  • (Sixian, incl. Miaoli and Neipu)
    • Pha̍k-fa-sṳ: lam
    • Hakka Romanization System: lam
    • Hagfa Pinyim: lam⁴
    • Sinological IPA: /lam⁵⁵/
  • (Meixian)
    • Guangdong: lam⁴
    • Sinological IPA: /lam⁵³/
• Eastern Min
  • (Fuzhou)
    • Bàng-uâ-cê: lâng
    • Sinological IPA ^(key): /l̃ɑŋ²⁴²/
• Southern Min
  • (Hokkien: Xiamen, Quanzhou, Zhangzhou, Jinjiang, General Taiwanese)
    • Pe̍h-ōe-jī: lām
    • Tâi-lô: lām
    • Phofsit Daibuun: lam
    • IPA (Quanzhou, Jinjiang): /lam⁴¹/
    • IPA (Xiamen, Zhangzhou): /lam²²/
    • IPA (Taipei, Kaohsiung): /lam³³/
  • (Teochew)
    • Peng'im: lam⁷
    • Pe̍h-ōe-jī-like: lām
    • Sinological IPA ^(key): /lam¹¹/
• Wu
  • (Northern: Shanghai)
    • Wugniu: ⁶le
    • MiniDict: le^去さ
    • Wiktionary Romanisation (Shanghai): ³le
    • Sinological IPA (Shanghai): /le²³/

---

• Middle Chinese: lamH

Rime
Character	濫
Reading #	2/2
Initial (聲こえ)	來き (37)
Final (韻いん)	談だん (143)
Tone (調しらべ)	Departing (H)
Openness (開ひらき合あい)	Open
Division (等ひとし)	I
Fanqie	盧の𣊟切きり
Baxter	lamH
Reconstructions
Zhengzhang Shangfang	/lɑmH/
Pan Wuyun	/lɑmH/
Shao Rongfen	/lɑmH/
Edwin Pulleyblank	/lamH/
Li Rong	/lɑmH/
Wang Li	/lɑmH/
Bernard Karlgren	/lɑmH/
Expected Mandarin Reflex	làn
Expected Cantonese Reflex	laam6

• Old Chinese

  (Zhengzhang): /*ɡ·raːms/

Zhengzhang system (2003)
Character	濫
Reading #	1/2
No.	6094
Phonetic component	監かん
Rime group	談だん
Rime subdivision	1
Corresponding MC rime
Old Chinese	/*ɡ·raːms/

Definitions

濫

1. to overflow; to flood
2. excessive; indiscriminate
3. (Eastern Min) wet

Synonyms

Dialectal synonyms of 濕しめ (“wet”) [map]

Variety	Location	Words edit
Classical Chinese		濕しめ
Formal (Written Standard Chinese)		濕しめ
Northeastern Mandarin	Beijing	濕しめ
	Taiwan	濕しめ
	Malaysia	濕しめ
	Singapore	濕しめ
Jilu Mandarin	Jinan	濕しめ
Jiaoliao Mandarin	Yantai (Muping)	濕しめ
Central Plains Mandarin	Wanrong	濕しめ
	Xi'an	濕しめ
	Xining	濕しめ
Southwestern Mandarin	Chengdu	濕しめ
	Wuhan	濕しめ
	Guiyang	濕しめ
Jianghuai Mandarin	Yangzhou	潮しお, 濕しめ
	Hefei	潮しお
Cantonese	Guangzhou	濕しめ
	Hong Kong	濕しめ
	Hong Kong (San Tin Weitou)	濕しめ
	Hong Kong (Kam Tin Weitou)	濕しめ
	Hong Kong (Ting Kok)	濕しめ
	Hong Kong (Tung Ping Chau)	濕しめ
	Macau	濕しめ
	Guangzhou (Panyu)	濕しめ
	Guangzhou (Huashan, Huadu)	濕しめ
	Guangzhou (Conghua)	濕しめ
	Guangzhou (Zengcheng)	濕しめ
	Foshan	濕しめ
	Foshan (Shatou, Nanhai)	濕しめ
	Foshan (Shunde)	濕しめ
	Foshan (Sanshui)	濕しめ
	Foshan (Mingcheng, Gaoming)	濕しめ
	Zhongshan (Shiqi)	濕しめ
	Zhuhai (Qianshan, Xiangzhou)	濕しめ
	Zhuhai (Shangheng, Doumen; Tanka)	削そぎ
	Zhuhai (Doumen)	削そぎ
	Jiangmen (Baisha)	濕しめ, 削そぎ
	Jiangmen (Xinhui)	濕しめ, 削そぎ
	Taishan	削そぎ
	Kaiping (Chikan)	濕しめ, 削そぎ
	Enping (Niujiang)	削そぎ, 濕しめ
	Heshan (Yayao)	濕しめ
	Dongguan	濕しめ
	Shenzhen (Shajing, Bao'an)	濕しめ
	Shenzhen (Dapeng)	濕しめ
	Qingyuan	濕しめ
	Fogang	濕しめ
	Yingde (Hanguang)	濕しめ
	Yangshan	濕しめ
	Lianshan (Butian)	濕しめ
	Lianzhou (Qingshui Sihui)	濕しめ
	Shaoguan	濕しめ
	Shaoguan (Qujiang)	濕しめ
	Renhua	濕しめ
	Lechang	濕しめ
	Zhaoqing (Gaoyao)	濕しめ
	Sihui	濕しめ
	Guangning	濕しめ
	Deqing	濕しめ
	Huaiji	濕しめ
	Fengkai (Nanfeng)	濕しめ
	Yunfu	濕しめ
	Xinxing	濕しめ
	Luoding	濕しめ
	Yunan (Pingtai)	濕しめ
	Yangjiang	濕しめ
	Xinyi	濕しめ
	Lianjiang	濕しめ
	Nanning	濕しめ
	Hepu (Lianzhou)	濕しめ
	Danzhou	濕しめ
	Kuala Lumpur (Guangfu)	濕しめ
	Singapore (Guangfu)	濕しめ
	Ho Chi Minh City (Guangfu)	濕しめ
Gan	Nanchang	濕しめ
Hakka	Meixian	濕しめ
	Changting	濕しめ
	Wuping	濕しめ
	Liancheng	濕しめ
	Ninghua	濕しめ
	Miaoli (N. Sixian)	濕しめ
	Pingtung (Neipu; S. Sixian)	濕しめ
	Hsinchu County (Zhudong; Hailu)	濕しめ
	Taichung (Dongshi; Dabu)	濕しめ
	Hsinchu County (Qionglin; Raoping)	濕しめ
	Yunlin (Lunbei; Zhao'an)	濕しめ
	Hong Kong	濕しめ
	Senai (Huiyang)	濕しめ
Jin	Taiyuan	濕しめ
Northern Min	Jian'ou	濕しめ
	Jian'ou (Dikou)	濕しめ
	Songxi	濕しめ
	Zhenghe	濕しめ
	Zhenghe (Zhenqian)	濕しめ
	Jianyang	濕しめ
	Wuyishan	濕しめ
	Pucheng (Shibei)	濕しめ
Eastern Min	Fuzhou	濫
	Fuzhou (Changle)	濫
	Lianjiang	濫
	Fuqing	濫
	Pingtan	濫
	Yongtai	濫
	Minqing	濫
	Gutian	濫
	Pingnan	濫
	Luoyuan	濫
	Fu'an	澹, 濫
	Ningde	澹, 濫
	Xiapu	澹
	Zherong	濫, 澹
	Shouning	澹
	Zhouning	澹
	Fuding	澹
	Matsu	濫
Southern Min	Xiamen	澹
	Xiamen (Tong'an)	澹
	Quanzhou	澹, 濕しめ
	Jinjiang	澹
	Nan'an	澹
	Shishi	澹
	Hui'an	澹
	Anxi	澹
	Yongchun	澹, 濕しめ
	Dehua	澹
	Zhangzhou	澹
	Zhangzhou (Longhai)	澹
	Zhangzhou (Changtai)	澹
	Hua'an	澹
	Nanjing	澹
	Pinghe	澹
	Zhangpu	澹
	Yunxiao	澹
	Zhao'an	澹, 濕しめ
	Dongshan	澹
	Taipei	澹
	Taipei (Wanhua)	澹
	New Taipei (Tamsui)	澹
	New Taipei (Sanxia)	澹
	New Taipei (Pingxi)	澹
	Kaohsiung	澹, 濕しめ
	Kaohsiung (Cijin)	澹, 濕しめ
	Kaohsiung (Hongmaogang, Siaogang)	澹, 濕しめ
	Kaohsiung (Dalinpu, Siaogang)	澹, 濕しめ
	Kaohsiung (Tianliao)	澹, 濕しめ
	Yilan	澹
	Yilan (Toucheng)	澹, 濕しめ
	Changhua (Lukang)	濕しめ
	Tainan	澹
	Tainan (Anping)	澹
	Taitung	濕しめ
	Hsinchu	澹
	Kinmen	澹
	Penghu (Magong)	澹
	Penghu (Xiyu)	澹
	Penang (Hokkien)	澹
	Singapore (Hokkien)	澹
	Manila (Hokkien)	澹
	Longyan	澹
	Zhangping	澹
	Datian	澹
	Pingnan (Shangdu)	濕しめ
	Chaozhou	澹
	Shantou	澹
	Shantou (Chenghai)	澹
	Shantou (Chaoyang)	澹
	Jieyang	澹
	Haifeng	澹
	Bangkok (Teochew)	澹
	Johor Bahru (Teochew)	澹
	Singapore (Teochew)	澹
	Leizhou	澹
	Wenchang	澹
	Haikou	澹
	Qionghai	澹
	Singapore (Hainanese)	澹
Puxian Min	Putian	澹, 澬
	Putian (Donghai, Chengxiang)	泱
	Putian (Jiangkou, Hanjiang)	澹
	Putian (Nanri, Xiuyu)	澹
	Xianyou	泱, 澹 rare, 澬
	Xianyou (Fengting)	泱, 澹 rare, 澬
	Xianyou (Youyang)	泱, 澹
Central Min	Yong'an	濕しめ
	Sanming (Sanyuan)	濕しめ
	Sanming (Shaxian)	濕しめ
Zhongshan Min	Zhongshan (Longdu, Shaxi)	澹
Shehua	Fu'an	濕しめ
	Fuding	濕しめ
	Luoyuan	濕しめ
	Sanming	濕しめ
	Shunchang	濕しめ
	Hua'an	濕しめ
	Guixi (Zhangping)	濕しめ
	Cangnan	濕しめ
	Jingning (Hexi)	濕しめ
	Lishui	濕しめ
	Longyou	濕しめ
	Chaozhou	濕しめ
	Fengshun	濕しめ
Wu	Shanghai	濕しめ
	Suzhou	濕しめ, 潮しお
	Hangzhou	潮しお
	Wenzhou	濫, 濕しめ
Xiang	Changsha	濕しめ
	Shuangfeng	濕しめ

Compounds

• 下した三さん濫／下した三さん滥 (xiàsānlàn)
• 乞留惡あく濫／乞留恶滥
• 偏へん濫／偏へん滥
• 冒おかせ濫／冒おかせ滥
• 叨濫／叨滥
• 寧やすし缺かけ勿濫／宁缺勿滥 (níngquēwùlàn)
• 寧やすし缺かけ毋濫／宁缺毋滥 (nìngquēwúlàn)
• 愚ぐ濫／愚ぐ滥
• 放ひ刁把濫／放ひ刁把滥
• 泛濫／泛滥 (fànlàn)
• 泛濫成なり災わざわい／泛滥成なり灾 (fànlànchéngzāi)
• 浮濫／浮滥
• 淫いん濫／淫いん滥
• 濫交／滥交 (lànjiāo)
• 濫伐らんばつ／滥伐
• 濫刑／滥刑 (lànxíng)
• 濫取／滥取
• 濫吃濫用らんよう／滥吃滥用
• 濫吏贓官／滥吏赃官
• 濫墾／滥垦
• 濫套／滥套
• 濫好人じん／滥好人じん (lànhǎorén)
• 濫官污吏／滥官污吏 (lànguān-wūlì)
• 濫情／滥情 (lànqíng)
• 濫支／滥支
• 濫殺無辜むこ／滥杀无辜 (lànshā wúgū)
• 濫汙／滥污
• 濫漫／滥漫
• 濫用らんよう／滥用 (lànyòng)
• 濫發らんぱつ／滥发 (lànfā)
• 濫竽／滥竽 (lànyú)
• 濫竽充たかし數すう／滥竽充たかし数すう (lànyúchōngshù)
• 濫葬／滥葬
• 濫行／滥行
• 濫觴らんしょう／滥觞 (lànshāng)
• 濫調／滥调 (làndiào)
• 濫貨／滥货
• 濫造らんぞう／滥造
• 狂きょう嫖濫賭と／狂きょう嫖滥赌
• 粗製そせい濫造らんぞう／粗あら制せい滥造 (cūzhìlànzào)
• 苛濫／苛滥
• 陳ちん腔濫調ちょう／陈腔滥调 (chénqiānglàndiào)

 

Pronunciation 2

trad.		濫
simp.		滥

• Mandarin

  (Pinyin): jiàn (jian⁴)

  (Zhuyin): ㄐㄧㄢˋ

• Cantonese (Jyutping): haam⁵

---

• Mandarin
  • (Standard Chinese)⁺
    • Hanyu Pinyin: jiàn
    • Zhuyin: ㄐㄧㄢˋ
    • Tongyong Pinyin: jiàn
    • Wade–Giles: chien⁴
    • Yale: jyàn
    • Gwoyeu Romatzyh: jiann
    • Palladius: цзянь (czjanʹ)
    • Sinological IPA ^(key): /t͡ɕi̯ɛn⁵¹/
• Cantonese
  • (Standard Cantonese, Guangzhou–Hong Kong)
    • Jyutping: haam⁵
    • Yale: háahm
    • Cantonese Pinyin: haam⁵
    • Guangdong Romanization: ham⁵
    • Sinological IPA ^(key): /haːm¹³/

---

• Middle Chinese: haemX

Rime
Character	濫
Reading #	1/2
Initial (聲こえ)	匣くしげ (33)
Final (韻いん)	銜 (149)
Tone (調しらべ)	Rising (X)
Openness (開ひらき合あい)	Open
Division (等ひとし)	II
Fanqie	胡えびす黤切きり
Baxter	haemX
Reconstructions
Zhengzhang Shangfang	/ɦˠamX/
Pan Wuyun	/ɦᵚamX/
Shao Rongfen	/ɣamX/
Edwin Pulleyblank	/ɦaɨmX/
Li Rong	/ɣamX/
Wang Li	/ɣamX/
Bernard Karlgren	/ɣamX/
Expected Mandarin Reflex	xiàn
Expected Cantonese Reflex	haam6

• Old Chinese

  (Zhengzhang): /*ɡraːmʔ/

Zhengzhang system (2003)
Character	濫
Reading #	2/2
No.	6112
Phonetic component	監かん
Rime group	談だん
Rime subdivision	1
Corresponding MC rime	檻おり
Old Chinese	/*ɡraːmʔ/

Definitions

濫

1. ^† Alternative form of 監かん／监 (“eunuch, supervisor”)

Japanese

Kanji

濫

(Jōyō kanji)

Readings

• Go-on: らん (ran, Jōyō)^{←らむ (ramu, historical)}
• Kan-on: らん (ran, Jōyō)^{←らむ (ramu, historical)}
• Kun: あふれる (afureru, 濫れる)、ひたす (hitasu, 濫す)、みだりに (midarini, 濫みだりに)、みだれる (midareru, 濫れる)

Etymology

Kanji in this term
濫
らん Grade: S
on'yomi

From Middle Chinese 濫 (MC lamH).

Pronunciation

• IPA^(key): [ɾã̠ɴ]

Affix

濫(らん) • (ran) 

1. to overflow
2. excessive; superfluous

Usage notes

In modern Japanese, 濫 is mostly replaced by 乱らん, due to the deprecation of non-tōyō kanji caused by the Japanese script reform.

Japanese terms with 濫 replaced by daiyōji 乱らん

乱伐らんばつ

乱発らんぱつ

乱用らんよう

Derived terms

(Replaced by 乱らん in modern orthography):

• 濫獲らんかく(らんかく) (rankaku)
• 濫作らんさく(らんさく) (ransaku)
• 濫(らん)訴(そ) (ranso)
• 濫造らんぞう(らんぞう) (ranzō)
• 濫読らんどく(らんどく) (randoku)
• 濫入(らんにゅう) (rannyū)
• 濫伐らんばつ(らんばつ) (ranbatsu)
• 濫発らんぱつ(らんぱつ) (ranpatsu)
• 濫(らん)費ひ(ぴ) (ranpi)
• 濫用らんよう(らんよう) (ran'yō)
• 濫立(らんりつ) (ranritsu)

 

(Not replaced by 乱らん in modern orthography):

• 濫(らん)觴(しょう) (ranshō)
• 氾濫はんらん(はんらん), 汎ひろし濫(はんらん), 泛濫(はんらん) (hanran)

 

Korean

Etymology

From Middle Chinese 濫 (MC lamH).

Historical Readings
Dongguk Jeongun Reading
Dongguk Jeongun, 1448	Recorded as Middle Korean 람〮 (Yale: lám) in Dongguk Jeongun (東國とうごく正せい韻いん / 동국정운), 1448.
Middle Korean
Text	Eumhun
	Gloss (hun)	Reading
Hunmong Jahoe, 1527[1]	넘〯ᄯᅵᆯ 람〮	Recorded as Middle Korean 람〮 (lám) (Yale: lám) in Hunmong Jahoe (訓蒙くんもう字じ會かい / 훈몽자회), 1527.

Pronunciation

• (initial position)
  • (SK Standard/Seoul) IPA^(key): [na̠(ː)m]
  • Phonetic hangul: [남(ː)]
    • Though still prescribed in Standard Korean, most speakers in both Koreas no longer distinguish vowel length.
• (non-initial position)
  • (SK Standard/Seoul) IPA^(key): [ɾa̠m]
  • Phonetic hangul: [람]

Hanja

Wikisource

濫 (eumhun 넘칠 람 (neomchil ram), word-initial (South Korea) 넘칠 남 (neomchil nam))

1. hanja form^? of 람/남 (“to overflow”)
2. hanja form^? of 람/남 (“excessive; superfluous”)

Compounds

Compounds

• 남용 (濫用らんよう, namyong)
• 남발 (濫發らんぱつ, nambal)
• 범람 (氾濫はんらん/汎ひろし濫, beomnam)

References

• 국제퇴계학회 대구경북지부 (國際こくさい退すさ溪けい學會がっかい 大邱たいきゅう慶けい北きた支部しぶ) (2007). Digital Hanja Dictionary, 전자사전／電子でんし字典じてん. [2]

Vietnamese

Han character

濫: Hán Nôm readings: lạm, giậm, làm, lặm, lòm, lộm, lợm, lụm, luộm, trộm

1. This term needs a translation to English. Please help out and add a translation, then remove the text {{rfdef}}.