意 识
![](https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0c/RobertFuddBewusstsein17Jh.png/220px-RobertFuddBewusstsein17Jh.png)
儘管
跨 学科 观点
[编辑]定 义
[编辑]内在 心理 或 精神 的 知 觉或感知 ;个体对内在 自我 的 直 观感知 知 识。- 关于
外部 物体 、状 态或事 实的内在 知 觉。 知 觉的关注;兴趣、关注——常 与 形容 词连用 (例 如:阶级意 识)。
- 以
感知 、情 绪、意志 或 思考 为特征 的 状 态或活 动;心 智 的 广义概念 ;与 物 质有本 质上的 不同 的 事物 。 - 个体
或 集 体 在 某 时间段 内 心理 感知 、观点、态度、感受 的 总和——与 意 识流相 比 较。 清 醒状态(例 如从睡眠 、恍惚 、发热中 恢复过来),心 智能 力 的 回 复。在 精神 分析 中 ,指 代 自我 可 立 即 获得的 心理 内容 ——与 前 意 识、潜 意 识相 比 较。
《剑桥词典》
为了
意 识—哲学 家 主要 以四种方式 使用 “意 识”:普遍 的 知 识、意向 性 、内省 (以及由 此产生 的 知 识)和 现象经验……心 智 中 的 某 个事物 只 有 在 进行内省 (或 准 备内省 )时才会 被 “内省 意 识”察觉。内省 常 被 认为是 用作 获取个体心 灵状态的主要 手段 。经验或 其他精神 实体只 在 可 被 经验时才称 为“现象意 识”。一些明确的例子包括:感知 经验,例 如味觉和视觉感知 ;身体 知 觉经验,例 如痒和 疼痛 ;想 象 经验,例 如经验自己 的 行 为或感知 ;思 维流,例 如以语言或 图像进行思考 的 体 验。内省 和 现象意 识似乎是相互 独立 或 无关联的,不 过尚有 争 论。[19]
许多
意 识—对感知 、思 维和感受 的 拥有;认知。意 识是难以用 可 理解 的 术语定 义的,只 在 理解 意 识的内 涵之后 才能 理解 这些用作 定 义意识的术语。许多人 错误地 将 意 识等同 于自我意 识,也即仅仅把 拥有意 识等同 于对外部 世界 的 认知。意 识是迷人却难以捉摸的现象:难以阐明它是什么、它能做什么,以及它的演 化 缘由。关于意 识,人 们几乎没有 写 下 过任何 值得阅读的 东西。[20]
词典
如果对环
境 的 认知……是 意 识的标准,那 么即使 是 原生 动物也具备意识。而如果 对认知的 认知才 算 是 意 识的体 现,那 么甚至 很难说猩猩 或 人 类婴儿拥有意 识。[21]
许多
心 灵哲学
[编辑]概念的 一致 性
[编辑]类型
[编辑]此外,还有对于现象
意 识与内容 的 区分
[编辑]心身 问题
[编辑]![](https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/35/Descartes_mind_and_body.gif/220px-Descartes_mind_and_body.gif)
18
他 心 问题
[编辑]许多
对于这个问题,
科学 研究
[编辑]现代
意 识的测量
[编辑]![](https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e7/Necker_cube.svg/220px-Necker_cube.svg.png)
虽然
相 关神经区
[编辑]![](https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6c/Neural_Correlates_Of_Consciousness.jpg/300px-Neural_Correlates_Of_Consciousness.jpg)
另一观点认为,
诸多
脑内
2013
如果
2016
模型
[编辑]![]() | 此章节 |
![](https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/ce/No_stage.jpg/220px-No_stage.jpg)
协调
功 能 与 演 化
[编辑]针对
关于
此外,
意 识的改 变状态
[编辑]![](https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/23/Abbot_of_Watkungtaphao_in_Phu_Soidao_Waterfall.jpg/220px-Abbot_of_Watkungtaphao_in_Phu_Soidao_Waterfall.jpg)
还有
医学 实践
[编辑]对意识的
意 识评估
[编辑]另一类较为复杂的意识评估方法被称为
2013
意 识障碍
[编辑]描述 | |
---|---|
闭锁综合 |
|
脑 |
如今
其他意 识
[编辑]人 类儿童
[编辑]非人 动物
[编辑]对于
![](https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/77/Big-eared-townsend-fledermaus.jpg/220px-Big-eared-townsend-fledermaus.jpg)
认为
2012
我 们决定 达成一项非科学性共识,并向公 众发表 声明 。显然,与 会 者 一致认为动物具备意识,然 而这一观点并不被世界其他地区的人们普遍接受。无论是 在 西方 世界 还是远东地区 ,这一观点尚未成为广泛共识。因 此,从社会 角度 来 看 ,这个问题尚 未 得 到 广泛认同。[156]
该
輻 合 證據 显示出 非人 类动物 ……,包括 所有 哺乳 动物和 鸟类,以及其他一 些动物 ,……拥有支持 意 识存在 的 必要 神 经基础,并具备展现有意 图行为的能力 。[155]
人工 智能
[编辑]
对
最 好 不要 夸大分析 机 的 能力 ……这种机 器 不具 备对事物 的 意 图,它只能 完成 我 们所知 可 以让它完成 的 任 务。它可根 据 规则进行分析 ,但 没 有能 力 预测任 何 分析 关系或 揭示 真理 。因 此,它的功 能 是 在 我 们已经熟知的 领域中 为我们提供 协助。[158]
针对
![](https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/69/John_searle2.jpg/220px-John_searle2.jpg)
针对“
一个对中文一窍不通,
只 说英语的人 被 关在一间只有一个开口的封闭房间中。房 间里有 一本用英文写成的手册,指示 该如何 处理收 到 的中 文 讯息及如何 以中文相 应地回 复。房 外的 人 不断 向 房 间内递进用 中 文 写 成 的 问题。房内 的 人 便 按照手 册 的 说明,寻找合 适的指示 ,将 相 应的中 文字 符 组合成 对问题的解答 ,并将答案 递出房 间。
瑟尔
注 释
[编辑]参 见
[编辑]参考 文献
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燕 ,朱 滢.意 识和无意识知觉:注意 和 刺激 特性 间的相互 补偿[J].心理 学 报, 2001, 33(5):8.DOI:doi:10.1038/sj.cr.7290097. - ^
周 铁民,李 艳芬.无意识知觉的实证研究 [J].社会 科学 辑刊, 2009(1):4.DOI:CNKI:SUN:SHKK.0.2009-01-012. - ^ Robert van Gulick. Consciousness. Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy. Metaphysics Research Lab, Stanford University. 2004 [2021-12-15]. (
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延伸 阅读
[编辑]- Chalmers, David. The Conscious Mind: In Search of a Fundamental Theory. Oxford University Press. 1996. ISBN 978-0-19-511789-9.
- Dehaene, Stanislas. Consciousness and the Brain: Deciphering How the Brain Codes Our Thoughts. Viking Press. 2014. ISBN 978-0670025435.
- Dennett, Daniel. Consciousness Explained. Little, Brown and Company. 1991. ISBN 9780316439480.
- Frankish, Keith. Consciousness: The Basics. Routledge. 2021. ISBN 9781138655980.
- Harley, Trevor. The Science of Consciousness: Waking, Sleeping, and Dreaming. Cambridge University Press. 2021. ISBN 978-1-107-56330-8. S2CID 233977060. doi:10.1017/9781316408889.
- Irvine, Elizabeth. Consciousness as a Scientific Concept: A Philosophy of Science Perspective. Dordrecht, Netherlands: Springer. 2013. ISBN 978-94-007-5172-9. doi:10.1007/978-94-007-5173-6.
- Koch, Christof. The Feeling of Life Itself: Why Consciousness Is Widespread but Can't Be Computed. MIT Press. 2019. ISBN 9780262042819.
- Overgaard, Morten; Mogensen, Jesper; Kirkeby-Hinrup, Asger (编). Beyond Neural Correlates of Consciousness. Routledge. 2021. ISBN 9781138637986.
- Prinz, Jesse. The Conscious Brain: How Attention Engenders Experience. Oxford University Press. 2012. ISBN 9780195314595. doi:10.1093/acprof:oso/9780195314595.001.0001.
- Schneider, Susan; Velmans, Max (编). The Blackwell Companion to Consciousness 2nd. Wiley-Blackwell. 2017. ISBN 978-0-470-67406-2.
- Seth, Anil. Being You: A New Science of Consciousness. Penguin Random House. 2021. ISBN 9781524742874.
- Thompson, Evan. Waking, Dreaming, Being: Self and Consciousness in Neuroscience, Meditation, and Philosophy. Columbia University Press. 2014. ISBN 9780231136952.
- Zelazo, Philip David; Moscovitch, Morris; Thompson, Evan (编). The Cambridge Handbook of Consciousness. Cambridge University Press. 2007. ISBN 978-0-521-67412-6. doi:10.1017/CBO9780511816789.
外部 链接
[编辑]维基词典
中 的 词条「consciousness」維基
教科書 中有 關 Consciousness Studies的 文 本 - Gulick, Robert Van. Consciousness. 扎尔
塔 , 爱德华·N (编). 《斯坦福 哲学 百科 全 书》. - Consciousness. 《互联网哲
学 百科 全 书》.
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