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NW Pronouns (?)
[edit]Northern Wu Personal pronouns | |||||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Person | Singular | Plural | |||||||
plain | ~ |
~ |
~ |
~ |
~搭 | ~ | |||
1st Person | |||||||||
2nd Person | |||||||||
3rd Person |
Jinhua
[edit]Documentation - Old Period Urban Jinhuanese, as documented in
Initials
[edit]Wugniu | Wu MiniDict | IPA | Examples | |
---|---|---|---|---|
Bilabial Series | p | p | /p/ | |
ph | ph | /pʰ/ | ||
b | b | /b/ | ||
m | 'm[note 1] | /(ʔ)m/ | 媽眯貓 | |
m | /m/ | |||
f | f | /f/ | ||
v | v | /v/ | ||
Labiodental Series | t | t | /t/ | |
th | th | /tʰ/ | ||
d | d | /d/ | ||
n | 'n[note 1] | /(ʔ)n/ | ||
n | /n/ | |||
l | 'l[note 1] | /(ʔ)l/ | 拎 | |
l | /l/ | |||
Alveolar Series | ts | ts | /ts/ | |
tsh | tsh | /tsʰ/ | ||
dz | dz | /dz/ | ||
s | s | /s/ | ||
z | z | /z/ | 牆嚼 | |
Palatal Series | c | c | /tɕ/ | |
ch | ch | /tɕʰ/ | ||
j | j | /dʑ/ | ||
gn | 'ny[note 1] | /(ʔ)n̠ʲ/[note 2] | 扭 | |
ny | /n̠ʲ/[note 2] | |||
sh | sh | /ɕ/ | ||
zh | zh | /ʑ/ | ||
Velar and Null Series | k | k | /k/ | |
kh | kh | /kʰ/ | ||
g | g | /ɡ/ | 銜隑夾 | |
ng[note 3] | 'ng[note 1] | /(ʔ)ŋ/ | ||
ng | /ŋ/ | 礙 | ||
∅ | ' | /∅/ obsolete or nonstandard characters (∅), invalid IPA characters (∅)[note 4] | ||
h | h | /x/ | ||
gh | gh | /ɦ/ | ||
|
Finals
[edit]Regular
Wugniu | Wu MiniDict | IPA | Examples |
---|---|---|---|
y | y | /z̩/ | |
i | i | /i/ | |
u | u | /u/ | |
iu | iu | /y/ | |
oea | yae | /ɤa/ | 爬 |
iaa | iae | /ia/ | |
a | a | /ɑ/ | |
ia | ia | /iɑ/ | 畲 |
ua | ua | /uɑ/ | |
iua | iua | /yɑ/ | |
o | o | /o/ | |
oe | oe | /ɤ/ | |
ie | ie | /ie/ | |
uo | uoe | /uɤ/ | |
ioe | iue | /yɤ/ | |
ou | ~ | /ɯ/ | |
iei | iea | /ie̞/ | |
ae | ai | /ɛ/ | 賠 |
iae | iai | /iɛ/ | 吆 |
uae | uai | /uɛ/ | |
iuae | iuai | /yɛ/ | |
ei | ei | /ei/ | |
ui | ui | /ui/ | |
au | au | /ɑu/ | |
iau | iau | /iɑu/ | |
eu | eu | /eu/ | 嘔 |
ieu | ieu | /iu/ | |
oen | yaen | /ɤã/ | |
an | aen | /ã/ | |
ian | iaen | /iã/ | |
uan | uaen | /uã/ | |
iuan | iuaen | /yã/ | |
aon | ang | /ɑŋ/ | |
iaon | iang | /iɑŋ/ | |
uaon | uang | /uɑŋ/ | |
iuaon | iuang | /yɑŋ/ | |
en | eng | /əŋ/ | |
in | ieng | /iŋ/ | |
uen | ueng | /uəŋ/ | |
iuen | iueng | /yəŋ/ | |
on | ong | /oŋ/ | |
ion | iong | /ioŋ/ | |
eq | eh | /əʔ/ | |
iq | ieh | /iəʔ/ | |
ueq | ueh | /uəʔ/ | |
iuq | iueh | /yəʔ/ | |
oq | oh | /oʔ/ | |
ioq | ioh | /ioʔ/ | |
er | r | /əl/ | |
m | m | /m̩/ | |
ng | ng | /ŋ̩/ |
Erhua Diminutive and Erhua Rimes
[edit]Rimes
[edit]Wiktionary Extended Wugniu |
Wu-Chinese MiniDict |
IPA |
---|---|---|
ynn | yn | /z̩̃/[note 1] |
inn | in | /ĩ/[note 1] |
unn | un | /ũ/[note 1] |
iunn | iun | /ỹ/[note 1] |
ieunn | ieun | /iũ/[note 1] |
an | aen | /ã/[note 2] |
oen | yaen | /ɤã/[note 2] |
ian | iaen | /iã/[note 2] |
uan | uaen | /uã/[note 2] |
iuan | iuaen | /yã/[note 2] |
oenn | oen | /ɤ̃/[note 2] |
enn | en | /ẽ/[note 3] |
ienn | ien | /iẽ/[note 3] |
uenn | uen | /uẽ/[note 3] |
iuenn | iuen | /yẽ/[note 3] |
aunn | aun | /ɔ̃/ |
iaunn | iaun | /iɔ̃/ |
onn | on | /õ/[note 4] |
ionn | ion | /iõ/[note 4] |
|
Pre/Post-Erhua Correspondences
[edit]yn | yn | /z̩̃/ | |
inn | in | /ĩ/ | |
unn | un | /ũ/ | |
iuen | iun | /ỹ/ | |
oenn | oen | /ɤ̃/ | |
enn | en | /ẽ/ | |
ienn | ien | /iẽ/ | |
uenn | uen | /uẽ/ | |
iuenn | iuen | /yẽ/ | |
aunn | aun | /ɔ̃/ | |
iaunn | iaun | /iɔ̃/ | |
onn | on | /õ/ | |
ionn | ion | /iõ/ | |
iunn | ieun | /iũ/ |