九きゅう

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See also: 玖, 丸まる, and 力ちから
九きゅう U+4E5D, 九
CJK UNIFIED IDEOGRAPH-4E5D
← 乜
[U+4E5C] 		CJK Unified Ideographs 乞 →
[U+4E5E]
㈨ U+3228, ㈨
PARENTHESIZED IDEOGRAPH NINE
← ㈧
[U+3227] 		Enclosed CJK Letters and Months ㈩ →
[U+3229]
㊈ U+3288, ㊈
CIRCLED IDEOGRAPH NINE
← ㊇
[U+3287] 		Enclosed CJK Letters and Months ㊉ →
[U+3289]

Translingual

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Stroke order
2 strokes
Stroke order

Han character

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See images of 九きゅう
(radical 5 + 1)

九きゅう (Kangxi radical 5, 乙おつ+1, 2 strokes, cangjie input 大弓だいきゅう (KN), four-corner 40017, composition ⿻㇓㇈)

Derived characters

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Descendants

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References

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  • Kangxi Dictionary: page 83, character 19
  • Dai Kanwa Jiten: character 167
  • Dae Jaweon: page 168, character 2
  • Hanyu Da Zidian (first edition): volume 1, page 48, character 5
  • Unihan data for U+4E5D

Chinese

[edit]
simp. and trad.
 九きゅう
alternative forms 玖 financial
𠔀
𢌬
𣲄
Wikipedia has articles on:
The number nine in Chinese number gestures

Glyph origin

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Historical forms of the character 九きゅう
Shang Western Zhou Warring States Shuowen Jiezi (compiled in Han) Liushutong (compiled in Ming)
Oracle bone script Bronze inscriptions Chu slip and silk script Small seal script Transcribed ancient scripts
j29822
j29823
j29824
j29825
j29826
j29827
j29828
j29829
j29830
j29831
j29832
j29833
j29834
j29835
j29836
j29837
j29838
j29839
j29840
j29841
j29842
j29843
j29844
j29845
j29846
j29847
j29848
j29849
j29850
j29851
b19923
b19924
b19925
b19926
b19927
b19928
b19929
b19930
b19931
b19932
b19933
b19934
b19935
b19936
b19937
b19938
b19939
b19940
b19941
b19942
b19943
b19944
b19945
b19946
b19947
b19948
b19949
b19950
b19951
b19952
b19953
b19954
b19955
b19956
b19957
s10923
Transcribed ancient scripts
L35389
L35390
L35391
L35392
L35393
L18222
L18223
L18224
L18225
L18226
L18227
L18228
L18229
L18230
L18231
L18232
References:

Mostly from Richard Sears' Chinese Etymology site (authorisation),
which in turn draws data from various collections of ancient forms of Chinese characters, including:

  • Shuowen Jiezi (small seal),
  • Jinwen Bian (bronze inscriptions),
  • Liushutong (Liushutong characters) and
  • Yinxu Jiaguwen Bian (oracle bone script).
Characters in the same phonetic series (九きゅう) (Zhengzhang, 2003) 
Old Chinese
尻しり *kʰuː
訄 *kʰuː, *kʰu, *ɡu
艽 *krɯːw, *qʰrɯːw, *ɡu, *ɡʷrɯw
虓 *qʰruː
鳩ばと *ku
勼 *ku
九きゅう *kuʔ
究きわむ *kus
仇かたき *ɡu
鼽 *ɡu
犰 *ɡu
叴 *ɡu
厹 *ɡu
頄 *ɡu, *ɡʷrɯw
朹 *ɡu, *kʷrɯwʔ
馗 *ɡu, *ɡʷrɯw
扏 *ɡu
訅 *ɡu
釚 *ɡu
肍 *ɡu
軌 *kʷrɯwʔ
宄 *kʷrɯwʔ
氿 *kʷrɯwʔ
匭 *kʷrɯwʔ
泦 *kuɡ
旭あさひ *qʰʷoɡ

Pictogram (象形しょうけい) – a stylized hand, with bent wrist/forearm (hence the hook stroke at lower right). Earlier forms resemble 手て (shǒu), 寸すん (cùn). The original meaning of the glyph was “elbow”, which is now written 肘ひじ (OC *tkuʔ).

After the meaning “elbow” was forgotten, 九きゅう was taken to symbolize a fist tightening to bump up against something; thus, there is a metaphorical bumping up of nine against ten, which is the last number when counting on one's fingers.

Etymology 1

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From Proto-Sino-Tibetan *d/s-kəw. Compare Tibetan དགུ (dgu).

Pronunciation

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Note:
  • gāu - vernacular;
  • giū - literary.
Note:
  • gao3 - vernacular;
  • giu3 - literary.
Note:
  • káu - vernacular;
  • kiú - literary.
Note:
  • gao2 - vernacular;
  • giu2 - literary.
Rime
Character 九きゅう
Reading # 1/1
Initial (聲こえ) 見み (28)
Final (韻いん) 尤ゆう (136)
Tone (調しらべ) Rising (X)
Openness (開ひらき合あい) Open
Division (等ひとし) III
Fanqie 舉有ゆう切きり
Baxter kjuwX
Reconstructions
Zhengzhang
Shangfang 		/kɨuX/
Pan
Wuyun 		/kiuX/
Shao
Rongfen 		/kiəuX/
Edwin
Pulleyblank 		/kuwX/
Li
Rong 		/kiuX/
Wang
Li 		/kĭəuX/
Bernard
Karlgren 		/ki̯ə̯uX/
Expected
Mandarin
Reflex 		jiǔ
Expected
Cantonese
Reflex 		gau2
Baxter–Sagart system 1.1 (2014)
Character 九きゅう
Reading # 1/1
Modern
Beijing
(Pinyin) 		jiǔ
Middle
Chinese 		‹ kjuwX ›
Old
Chinese 		/*[k]uʔ/
English nine

Notes for Old Chinese notations in the Baxter–Sagart system:

* Parentheses "()" indicate uncertain presence;
* Square brackets "[]" indicate uncertain identity, e.g. *[t] as coda may in fact be *-t or *-p;
* Angle brackets "<>" indicate infix;
* Hyphen "-" indicates morpheme boundary;

* Period "." indicates syllable boundary.
Zhengzhang system (2003)
Character 九きゅう
Reading # 1/1
No. 6941
Phonetic
component 		九きゅう
Rime
group 		幽かそけ
Rime
subdivision 		1
Corresponding
MC rime 		久ひさ
Old
Chinese 		/*kuʔ/

Definitions

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九きゅう

  1. nine
  2. (figurative) many
  3. (weather) each of the nine nine-day periods from the winter solstice
    • 一いち九きゅう二に九きゅう不ふ出で手て，三さん九きゅう四よん九きゅう冰上うえ走はし。 [MSC, trad. and simp.]
      From: “The Nine Nine-Day Periods Song”, a folk song
      Yī jiǔ èr jiǔ bù chū shǒu, sān jiǔ sì jiǔ bīng shàng zǒu. [Pinyin]
      In the first and the second nine-day period, one should not take out one's hand; / In the third and the fourth nine-day period, the ice is thick enough to stand.
  4. (Cantonese, minced oath, euphemistic) Synonym of 㞗 (gau1, “penis”)
See also
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  • 勾 (gōu) (in radio communications)
Chinese numbers
0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 102 103 104 106 108 1012
Normal
(小しょう寫うつし／小しょう写うつし) 		〇, 零れい, 空そら 一いち, 蜀しょく 二に, 兩りょう／两 三さん 四よん 五ご 六ろく 七なな 八はち 九きゅう 十じゅう 百ひゃく 千せん 萬まん／万まん,
十じゅう千せん (Malaysia, Singapore) 		百ひゃく萬まん／百ひゃく万まん,
桶おけ(Philippines),
面めん桶おけ (Philippines) 		億おく／亿 兆ちょう (Taiwan)
萬まん億おく／万まん亿 (Mainland China)
Financial
(大だい寫うつし／大だい写うつし) 		零れい 壹いち 貳に／贰 參まいり／叁 肆 伍ご 陸りく／陆 柒 捌 玖 拾ひろえ 佰 仟

Compounds

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Descendants

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Sino-Xenic (九きゅう):

Others:

Etymology 2

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For pronunciation and definitions of 九きゅう – see 鳩ばと (“to gather; to assemble”).
(This character is an obsolete form of 鳩ばと).

Japanese

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Japanese cardinal numbers
 <  8 9 10  > 
    Cardinal : 九きゅう

Kanji

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九きゅう

(First grade kyōiku kanji)

  1. nine

Readings

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Compounds

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Compounds

Etymology 1

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Kanji in this term
九きゅう
きゅう
Grade: 1
kan'on

From Middle Chinese 九きゅう (MC kjuwX). The kan'on reading, so likely a later borrowing. Borrowed after palatalization occurred in Middle Chinese. Compare modern Hakka 九きゅう (giu3).

Pronunciation

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  • (Tokyo) きゅう [kyúꜜù] (Atamadaka – [1])[1]
  • IPA(key): [kʲɨː]
  • Audio:(file)

Numeral

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九きゅう(きゅう) • (kyū) ←きう (kiu)?

  1. nine

Noun

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九きゅう(きゅう) • (kyū) ←きう (kiu)?

  1. nine
  2. 究きわむ: an indeterminate large number, a myriad, a great many
  3. (divination) the number of yang, in opposition to 六ろく (roku, “six”) as the number of yin

Etymology 2

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Kanji in this term
九きゅう
く
Grade: 1
goon
Alternative spelling
玖

From Early Middle Chinese 九きゅう (MC kjuwX). The goon reading, so likely the initial borrowing.

Pronunciation

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Numeral

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九きゅう(く) • (ku) 

  1. nine
  2. ninth
Usage notes
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  • Sometimes considered unlucky due to being homophonous with 苦く (ku, “suffering”).

Noun

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九きゅう(く) • (ku) 

  1. nine
  2. the ninth

Coordinate terms

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Japanese numbers
0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10
Regular 零れい(れい) (rei)
零れい(ゼロ) (zero) 		一いち(いち) (ichi) 二に(に) (ni) 三さん(さん) (san) 四よん(よん) (yon)
四よん(し) (shi) 		五ご(ご) (go) 六ろく(ろく) (roku) 七なな(なな) (nana)
七なな(しち) (shichi) 		八はち(はち) (hachi) 九きゅう(きゅう) (kyū)
九きゅう(く) (ku) 		十じゅう(じゅう) (jū)
Formal 壱いち(いち) (ichi) 弐に(に) (ni) 参まいり(さん) (san) 拾ひろえ(じゅう) (jū)
90 100 300 600 800 1,000 3,000 8,000 10,000 100,000,000
Regular 九きゅう(きゅう)十じゅう(じゅう) (kyūjū) 百ひゃく(ひゃく) (hyaku)
一いち(いっ)百ひゃく(ぴゃく) (ippyaku) 		三さん(さん)百ひゃく(びゃく) (sanbyaku) 六ろく(ろっ)百ひゃく(ぴゃく) (roppyaku) 八はち(はっ)百ひゃく(ぴゃく) (happyaku) 千せん(せん) (sen)
一いち(いっ)千せん(せん) (issen) 		三さん(さん)千せん(ぜん) (sanzen) 八はち(はっ)千せん(せん) (hassen) 一いち(いち)万まん(まん) (ichiman) 一いち(いち)億おく(おく) (ichioku)
Formal 一いち(いち)萬まん(まん) (ichiman)
1012 8×1012 1013 1016 6×1016 8×1016 1017 1018
一いち(いっ)兆ちょう(ちょう) (itchō) 八はち(はっ)兆ちょう(ちょう) (hatchō) 十じゅう(じゅっ)兆ちょう(ちょう) (jutchō) 一いち(いっ)京きょう(けい) (ikkei) 六ろく(ろっ)京きょう(けい) (rokkei) 八はち(はっ)京きょう(けい) (hakkei) 十じゅう(じゅっ)京きょう(けい) (jukkei) 百ひゃく(ひゃっ)京きょう(けい) (hyakkei)

Etymology 3

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Kanji in this term
九きゅう
ここの
Grade: 1
kun'yomi

From Old Japanese from Proto-Japonic *kəkənə.

First attested in the Kojiki of 712 CE.[2]

Pronunciation

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Numeral

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九きゅう(ここの) • (kokono) 

  1. nine

Etymology 4

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Kanji in this term
九きゅう
この
Grade: 1
kun'yomi

/kokono/ → /kono/

Abbreviation of Old Japanese 九きゅう (kokono, “nine”).

Pronunciation

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Numeral

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九きゅう(この) • (kono) 

  1. nine
    ひい、ふう、みい、…なな、やあ、この、とお
    hī, fū, mī,…nana, yā, kono, tō
    one, two, three, ... seven, eight, nine, ten
Usage notes
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  • Generally only used when counting out loud, as in the example above. In writing, usually found spelled out in hiragana as この to make the reading unambiguous.

References

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  1. ↑ 1.0 1.1 1.2 1.3 Matsumura, Akira, editor (2006), 大辞林だいじりん [Daijirin] (in Japanese), Third edition, Tokyo: Sanseidō, →ISBN
  2. ^ “九きゅう”, in 日本にっぽん国語こくご大だい辞典じてん [Nihon Kokugo Daijiten]‎[1] (in Japanese), concise edition, Tokyo: Shogakukan, 2006

Further reading

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Korean

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Etymology 1

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Korean numbers (edit)
90
 ←  8 9 10  → 
    Native isol.: 아홉 (ahop)
    Native attr.: 아홉 (ahop)
    Sino-Korean: 구 (gu)
    Hanja: 九きゅう
    Ordinal: 아홉째 (ahopjjae)

From Middle Chinese 九きゅう (MC kjuwX).

Historical readings

Pronunciation

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Hanja

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Korean Wikisource has texts containing the hanja:

Wikisource

九きゅう (eumhun 아홉 구 (ahop gu))

  1. hanja form? of 구 (“nine”)

Compounds

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Compounds

Etymology 2

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Related to Middle Chinese 糾 (MC kjiwX).

Hanja

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九きゅう (eumhun 모을 규 (mo'eul gyu))

  1. (archaic) hanja form? of 규 (“to gather; to collect”)

Compounds

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References

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  • 국제퇴계학회 대구경북지부 (國際こくさい退すさ溪けい學會がっかい 大邱たいきゅう慶けい北きた支部しぶ) (2007). Digital Hanja Dictionary, 전자사전／電子でんし字典じてん. [3]

Vietnamese

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Han character

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九きゅう: Hán Việt readings: cửu[1][2]
九きゅう: Nôm readings: cửu[1][3][4]

  1. Chữ Hán form of cửu (“nine”).

Derived terms

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Derived terms

References

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  1. ↑ 1.0 1.1 Nguyễn et al. (2009).
  2. ^ Trần (2004).
  3. ^ Bonet (1899).
  4. ^ Génibrel (1898).

Zhuang

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Noun

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九きゅう

  1. Sawndip form of gyaeuj (“head; headhair”)
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