耶穌被 釘 十字架
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眾多 | |
结果 | |
耶穌 |
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耶稣 |
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耶稣
耶稣
历史性 [编辑]
耶穌
虽然
约翰·
虽然几乎
新 约的叙述 [编辑]
关于耶稣
其它记载与出 处[编辑]
大概 现在这个时候,耶稣,一 个智者 ……吸引 了 许多犹太人 和 外 邦人 ……彼 拉 多 在 我 们的领导者 的 建 议下判 他 有罪 ,并钉十字架 ……
尼 禄 急 于找出 纵火者 ,极端地 迫害 民 众称为基督 徒 的 让人厌恶的 团体。基督教 的 名字 来 源 于Christus,在 Tiberius统治时期,他 在 我 们检察官之 一彼拉多的手下遭受极端的惩罚。
在 逾越节前夕 ,他 们吊死 了 Yeshu,传令员提前 四 十 天 宣 称 :“[Yeshu]因 为从事 巫 术,引诱和 迷惑 以色列 人 ,他 将 要 接受 石 刑 ,谁能够清洗 他 的 罪 请站出来 ,免除 他 的 罪 。”但 没 有人 为他免罪 ,他 们在逾越节的前 夕 将 他 吊 死 。
— Sanhedrin 43a, Babylonian Talmud (Soncino Edition)
虽然,
钉十字架 [编辑]
时间顺序[编辑]
关于耶稣
现代
苦 路 (背 负十字架 之 路 )[编辑]
三本对观福音书提到古利奈人西门,
传统
受难地点 [编辑]
耶稣
传统
在 场的人 [编辑]
《马太
约翰
方法 和 方式 [编辑]
虽然
钉子
另一个问题是使用足垫(hypopodium)
耶稣十字架 上 的 话[编辑]
关于耶稣
《马可福音 》/《马太福音 》[编辑]
Eli, Eli, lema sabachthani?(马太
这是马可
《路 加 福音 》[编辑]
“
“
“
《约翰福音 》[编辑]
“
“
“
耶稣
耶稣
异常事件 的 记载[编辑]
对观
黑 暗 [编辑]
一些基督教作家认为异教徒的评论家可能提到这个事件,误以为是
现代圣经
圣殿的 幔,地震 和 圣徒复活[编辑]
对观
《马太
这场
地震 的 可能 之 一是马太福音中的地震,这是被 钉十字架之前或之后某个时间发生的地震,并被马太福音 的 作者 “借用 ”了 。另一个可能是在公元26至 36年 之 间的地震 ,它的能 量 让恩 戈 地 的 沉积物 变形,但 没 有 足 够的能 量 让现存 的 、在 圣经之 外的 历史记录下 来 。如果最 后 一种可能性是真的,这意味 着 《马太福音 》的 地震 报告是 一 个预言 。
医学 方面 [编辑]
约翰
矫形
2003
神学 意 义[编辑]
十字架 事件 的 基督 论[编辑]
从经
约翰
让·
赎罪[编辑]
耶稣
伊 斯兰教 [编辑]
而所
“
又 因 為 他 們說:「我 們確已 殺 死 麥 爾 彥之子 麥 西 哈‧爾 撒,真 主 的 使者 。」他 們沒有 殺 死 他 ,也沒有 把 他 釘 死 在 十字架 上 ,但 他 們不明白 這件事 的 真相 。為 爾 撒而爭論 的 人 ,對 於他的 被 殺害 ,確 是 在 迷惑 之 中 。他 們對於這件 事 ,毫無認識 ,不 過 根據 猜想罷 了 。他 們沒能 確 實地 殺 死 他 。不 然 ,真 主 已 把 他 擢升到 自己 那 裡 。真 主 是 萬能 的 ,是 至 睿的。”
——
古 兰经第 四 章 (妇女)157至 158节 surah 4(An-Nisaالنساء)ayah 157-158 [170]
十字架 在 艺术、象 征 和 灵修中 [编辑]
十字架的象征是今天最被广泛认可的基督教符号之一,它从
很多
圣母玛利亚
参考 文献 [编辑]
- ^ Christopher M. Tuckett in The Cambridge companion to Jesus edited by Markus N. A. Bockmuehl 2001 Cambridge Univ Press ISBN 978-0-521-79678-1pages 123–124;Jesus and the Gospels: An Introduction and Survey by Craig L. Blomberg 2009 ISBN 0-8054-4482-3pages 211–214
- ^ Funk, Robert W.; Jesus Seminar (1998). The acts of Jesus: the search for the authentic deeds of Jesus. San Francisco: Harper. ISBN 978-0060629786.
- ^ Eddy, Paul Rhodes and Gregory A. Boyd (2007). The Jesus Legend: A Case for the Historical Reliability of the Synoptic Jesus Tradition. Baker Academic. p. 172. ISBN 0801031141.
...if there is any fact of Jesus' life that has been established by a broad consensus, it is the fact of Jesus' crucifixion.
- ^ Studying the Historical Jesus: Evaluations of the State of Current Research edited by Bruce Chilton, Craig A. Evans 1998 ISBN 90-04-11142-5pages 455–457;The Cradle, the Cross, and the Crown: An Introduction to the New Testament by Andreas J. Köstenberger, L. Scott Kellum 2009 ISBN 978-0-8054-4365-3 page 104–108; Evans, Craig A. (2001). Jesus and His Contemporaries: Comparative Studies ISBN 0-391-04118-5 page 316; Wansbrough, Henry (2004). Jesus and the oral Gospel tradition ISBN 0-567-04090-9 page 185
- ^ Jesus Remembered by James D. G. Dunn 2003ISBN 0-8028-3931-2 page 339;Jesus of Nazareth by Paul Verhoeven (Apr 6, 2010)ISBN 1-58322-905-1 page 39
- ^ Jesus Remembered by James D. G. Dunn 2003ISBN 0-8028-3931-2 page 339
- ^ A Brief Introduction to the New Testament by Bart D. Ehrman 2008 ISBN 0-19-536934-3 page 136
- ^ Crossan, John Dominic (1995). Jesus: A Revolutionary Biography. HarperOne. p. 145. ISBN 0-06-061662-8.
That he was crucified is as sure as anything historical can ever be, since both Josephus and Tacitus ... agree with the Christian accounts on at least that basic fact.
- ^ 9.0 9.1 Eddy, Paul; Boyd, Gregory (2007). The Jesus Legend: A Case for the Historical Reliability of the Synoptic Jesus Tradition Baker Academic, ISBN 0-8010-3114-1 page 127
- ^ Jesus and the Gospels: An Introduction and Survey by Craig L. Blomberg 2009 ISBN 0-8054-4482-3pages 211–214
- ^ The Cambridge Companion to Jesus by Markus N. A. Bockmuehl 2001 ISBN 0-521-79678-4 page 136
- ^ 12.0 12.1 A Century of Theological and Religious Studies in Britain, 1902–2007 by Ernest Nicholson2004 ISBN 0-19-726305-4 pages 125–126 Link 126 (页面
存 档备份,存 于互联网档案 馆) - ^ John P. Meier "How do we decide what comes from Jesus" in The Historical Jesus in Recent Researchby James D. G. Dunn and Scot McKnight 2006 ISBN 1-57506-100-7 pages 126–128
- ^ John P. Meier "How do we decide what comes from Jesus" in The Historical Jesus in Recent Researchby James D. G. Dunn and Scot McKnight 2006 ISBN 1-57506-100-7 pages 132–136
- ^ David Freedman, 2000, Eerdmans Dictionary of the Bible, ISBN 978-0-8028-2400-4, page 299.
- ^ Article on the Crucifixion of Jesus (页面
存 档备份,存 于互联网档案 馆);"Archaeology and the New Testament" (页面存 档备份,存 于互联网档案 馆). - ^ St Mark's Gospel and the Christian faith by Michael Keene 2002 ISBN 0-7487-6775-4 pages 24–25
- ^ Powell, Mark A. Introducing the New Testament. Baker Academic, 2009. ISBN 978-0-8010-2868-7,p.91
- ^ [1] (页面
存 档备份,存 于互联网档案 馆)John 19:15 (页面存 档备份,存 于互联网档案 馆); John 19:16 (页面存 档备份,存 于互联网档案 馆); John 19:18 (页面存 档备份,存 于互联网档案 馆);1 Thessalonians 2:14 (页面存 档备份,存 于互联网档案 馆) - ^ Reza Aslan, Zealot: The Life and Times of Jesus of Nazareth, Random House, 2014. ISBN 0812981480.
- ^ Mark 15:25. [2017-03-14]. (
原始 内容 存 档于2021-04-14). - ^ Mark 15:34-37. [2017-03-14]. (
原始 内容 存 档于2020-04-19). - ^ Ehrman, Bart D.. Jesus, Interrupted, HarperCollins, 2009. ISBN 0-06-117393-2
- ^ Matthew 27:33 (页面
存 档备份,存 于互联网档案 馆) - "place called Golgotha (which means Place of a Skull)"; Mark 15:22 (页面存 档备份,存 于互联网档案 馆) (same as Matthew); Luke 23:32-33 (页面存 档备份,存 于互联网档案 馆) - "place that is called The Skull"; John 19:17 (页面存 档备份,存 于互联网档案 馆) - "place called The Place of a Skull, which in Aramaic is called Golgotha" - ^ Matthew 27:38 (页面
存 档备份,存 于互联网档案 馆); Mark 15:27-28 (页面存 档备份,存 于互联网档案 馆); Luke 23:33 (页面存 档备份,存 于互联网档案 馆);John 19:18 (页面存 档备份,存 于互联网档案 馆) - ^ Matthew 27:37 (页面
存 档备份,存 于互联网档案 馆) - "This is Jesus, the King of the Jews."; Mark 15:26 (页面存 档备份,存 于互联网档案 馆) - "The King of the Jews.";Luke 23:38 (页面存 档备份,存 于互联网档案 馆) - "This is the King of the Jews." Some manuscripts add in letters of Greek and Latin and Hebrew; John 19:19-22 (页面存 档备份,存 于互联网档案 馆) - "Jesus of Nazareth, the King of the Jews." "... it was written in Aramaic, in Latin, and in Greek." - ^ Matthew 27:50 (页面
存 档备份,存 于互联网档案 馆); Mark 15:37 (页面存 档备份,存 于互联网档案 馆); Luke 23:46 (页面存 档备份,存 于互联网档案 馆);John 19:30 (页面存 档备份,存 于互联网档案 馆) - ^ Matthew 27:35-36 (页面
存 档备份,存 于互联网档案 馆); Mark 15:24 (页面存 档备份,存 于互联网档案 馆); Luke 23:34 (页面存 档备份,存 于互联网档案 馆);John 19:23-24 (页面存 档备份,存 于互联网档案 馆) - ^ Matthew 27:57-58 (页面
存 档备份,存 于互联网档案 馆); Mark 15:42-43 (页面存 档备份,存 于互联网档案 馆);Luke 23:50-52 (页面存 档备份,存 于互联网档案 馆); John 19:38 (页面存 档备份,存 于互联网档案 馆) - ^ Matthew 27:59-60 (页面
存 档备份,存 于互联网档案 馆); Mark 15:46 (页面存 档备份,存 于互联网档案 馆); Luke 23:53 (页面存 档备份,存 于互联网档案 馆);John 19:41-42 (页面存 档备份,存 于互联网档案 馆) - ^ Matthew 27:31-32 (页面
存 档备份,存 于互联网档案 馆); Mark 15:20-21 (页面存 档备份,存 于互联网档案 馆); Luke 23:26 (页面存 档备份,存 于互联网档案 馆) - ^ Matthew 27:39-43 (页面
存 档备份,存 于互联网档案 馆); Mark 15:29-32 (页面存 档备份,存 于互联网档案 馆);Luke 23:35-37 (页面存 档备份,存 于互联网档案 馆) - ^ Matthew 27:44 (页面
存 档备份,存 于互联网档案 馆); Mark 15:32 (页面存 档备份,存 于互联网档案 馆); Luke 23:39 (页面存 档备份,存 于互联网档案 馆) - ^ Matthew 27:45 (页面
存 档备份,存 于互联网档案 馆); Mark 15:33 (页面存 档备份,存 于互联网档案 馆); Luke 23:44-45 (页面存 档备份,存 于互联网档案 馆) - ^ Matthew 27:51 (页面
存 档备份,存 于互联网档案 馆); Mark 15:38 (页面存 档备份,存 于互联网档案 馆); Luke 23:45 (页面存 档备份,存 于互联网档案 馆) - ^ Matthew 27:54 (页面
存 档备份,存 于互联网档案 馆); Mark 15:39 (页面存 档备份,存 于互联网档案 馆); Luke 23:47 (页面存 档备份,存 于互联网档案 馆) - ^ Matthew 27:55-56 (页面
存 档备份,存 于互联网档案 馆); Mark 15:40-41 (页面存 档备份,存 于互联网档案 馆); Luke 23:49 (页面存 档备份,存 于互联网档案 馆) - ^ Matthew 27:61 (页面
存 档备份,存 于互联网档案 馆); Mark 15:47 (页面存 档备份,存 于互联网档案 馆); Luke 23:54-55 (页面存 档备份,存 于互联网档案 馆) - ^ Matthew 27:34 (页面
存 档备份,存 于互联网档案 馆); 27:47-49 (页面存 档备份,存 于互联网档案 馆); Mark 15:23 (页面存 档备份,存 于互联网档案 馆);15:35-36 (页面存 档备份,存 于互联网档案 馆); John 19:29-30 (页面存 档备份,存 于互联网档案 馆) - ^ Mark 15:45 (页面
存 档备份,存 于互联网档案 馆); John 19:38 (页面存 档备份,存 于互联网档案 馆) - ^ Matthew 27:51 (页面
存 档备份,存 于互联网档案 馆); 27:62-66 (页面存 档备份,存 于互联网档案 馆) - ^ Mark 15:25 (页面
存 档备份,存 于互联网档案 馆); 15:44-45 (页面存 档备份,存 于互联网档案 馆) - ^ Luke 23:27-32 (页面
存 档备份,存 于互联网档案 馆); 23:40-41 (页面存 档备份,存 于互联网档案 馆); 23:48 (页面存 档备份,存 于互联网档案 馆); 23:56 (页面存 档备份,存 于互联网档案 馆) - ^ John 19:31-37 (页面
存 档备份,存 于互联网档案 馆); 19:39-40 (页面存 档备份,存 于互联网档案 馆) - ^ John 19:30–31 (页面
存 档备份,存 于互联网档案 馆); Mark 16:1 (页面存 档备份,存 于互联网档案 馆); Mark 16:6 (页面存 档备份,存 于互联网档案 馆) - ^ Geza Vermes, The Resurrection, (Penguin, 2008) page 148; E. P. Sanders, The Historical Figure of Jesus, (Penguin, 1993), page 276.
- ^ Donald Guthrie, New Testament Introduction, (Intervarsity, 1990) pages 125, 366.
- ^ Funk, Robert W. and the Jesus Seminar. The acts of Jesus: the search for the authentic deeds of Jesus. HarperSanFrancisco. 1998. "Mark," p. 51–161 ISBN 978-0060629786
- ^ Funk, Robert W. and the Jesus Seminar. The acts of Jesus: the search for the authentic deeds of Jesus. HarperSanFrancisco. 1998. "Matthew," p. 129–270 ISBN 978-0060629786
- ^ Funk, Robert W. and the Jesus Seminar. The acts of Jesus: the search for the authentic deeds of Jesus. HarperSanFrancisco. 1998. "Luke," p. 267–364 ISBN 978-0060629786
- ^ Ehrman, Bart D.. Misquoting Jesus: The Story Behind Who Changed the Bible and Why. HarperCollins, 2005. ISBN 978-0-06-073817-4
- ^ Funk, Robert W. and the Jesus Seminar. The acts of Jesus: the search for the authentic deeds of Jesus. HarperSanFrancisco. 1998. "John" pp. 365–440 ISBN 978-0060629786
- ^ Evidence of Greek Philosophical Concepts in the Writings of Ephrem the Syrian by Ute Possekel 1999 ISBN 90-429-0759-2 pages 29–30;The Cradle, the Cross, and the Crown: An Introduction to the New Testament by Andreas J. Köstenberger, L. Scott Kellum 2009 ISBN 978-0-8054-4365-3 page 110;Studying the Historical Jesus: Evaluations of the State of Current Research edited by Bruce Chilton, Craig A. Evans 1998 ISBN 90-04-11142-5pages 455–457
- ^ Studying the Historical Jesus: Evaluations of the State of Current Research edited by Bruce Chilton, Craig A. Evans 1998 ISBN 90-04-11142-5pages 455–457;Evidence of Greek Philosophical Concepts in the Writings of Ephrem the Syrian by Ute Possekel 1999 ISBN 90-429-0759-2 pages 29–30;Jesus outside the New Testament: an introduction to the ancient evidence by Robert E. Van Voorst 2000 ISBN 0-8028-4368-9 pages 53–55
- ^ Evidence of Greek Philosophical Concepts in the Writings of Ephrem the Syrian by Ute Possekel 1999 ISBN 90-429-0759-2 pages 29–30; The Cradle, the Cross, and the Crown: An Introduction to the New Testament by Andreas J. Köstenberger, L. Scott Kellum 2009 ISBN 978-0-8054-4365-3 page 110
- ^ Jesus outside the New Testament: an introduction to the ancient evidence by Robert E. Van Voorst 2000 ISBN 0-8028-4368-9 pages 53–55;Jesus and His Contemporaries: Comparative Studiesby Craig A. Evans 2001 ISBN 978-0-391-04118-9 page 41
- ^ The Cradle, the Cross, and the Crown: An Introduction to the New Testament by Andreas J. Köstenberger, L. Scott Kellum 2009 ISBN 978-0-8054-4365-3 page 104–108;Evans, Craig A. (2001). Jesus and His Contemporaries: Comparative Studies ISBN 0-391-04118-5 page 316;Wansbrough, Henry (2004). Jesus and the oral Gospel tradition ISBN 0-567-04090-9 page 185
- ^ Dunn, James (2003). Jesus remembered ISBN 0-8028-3931-2 page 141
- ^ Van Voorst, Robert E (2000). Jesus Outside the New Testament: An Introduction to the Ancient Evidence Eerdmans Publishing ISBN 0-8028-4368-9pages 39–42;Backgrounds of early Christianity by Everett Ferguson 2003 ISBN 0-8028-2221-5 page 116
- ^ Theissen 1998, pp. 81–83
- ^ Van Voorst, Robert E (2000). Jesus Outside the New Testament: An Introduction to the Ancient Evidence Eerdmans Publishing ISBN 0-8028-4368-9pages 39–42;Jesus as a figure in history: how modern historians view the man from Galilee by Mark Allan Powell 1998 ISBN 0-664-25703-8 page 33; Jesus and His Contemporaries: Comparative Studiesby Craig A. Evans 2001 ISBN 0-391-04118-5 page 42; Ancient Rome by William E. Dunstan 2010 ISBN 0-7425-6833-4 page 293; Tacitus' characterization of "Christian abominations" may have been based on the rumors in Rome that during the Eucharist rituals Christians ate the body and drank the blood of their God, interpreting the symbolic ritual as cannibalism by Christians. References: Ancient Rome by William E. Dunstan 2010 ISBN 0-7425-6833-4 page 293 and An introduction to the New Testament and the origins of Christianity by Delbert Royce Burkett 2002 ISBN 0-521-00720-8 page 485; Pontius Pilate in History and Interpretation by Helen K. Bond 2004 ISBN 0-521-61620-4 page xi
- ^ Jesus in the Talmud by Peter Schäfer (Aug 24, 2009) ISBN 0-691-14318-8 page 141 and 9; Van Voorst, Robert E. (2000). Jesus Outside the New Testament: An Introduction to the Ancient Evidence Wm. B. Eerdmans Publishing Co.. ISBN 0-8028-4368-9 pages 177–118
- ^ Van Voorst, Robert E. (2000). Jesus Outside the New Testament: An Introduction to the Ancient Evidence Wm. B. Eerdmans Publishing Co.. ISBN 0-8028-4368-9 pages 177–118
- ^ George W. Braswell Jr., What You Need to Know about Islam and Muslims (页面
存 档备份,存 于互联网档案 馆), page 127 (B & H Publishing Group, 2000). ISBN 978-0-8054-1829-3 - ^ Dunderberg, Ismo; Christopher Mark Tuckett; Kari Syreeni (2002). Fair play: diversity and conflicts in early Christianity : essays in honour of Heikki Räisänen (页面
存 档备份,存 于互联网档案 馆). Brill. p. 488. ISBN 90-04-12359-8;Pagels, Elaine H. (2006). The Gnostic gospels. Phoenix. p. 192. ISBN 0-7538-2114-1. - ^ William Barclay, Great Themes of the New Testament (页面
存 档备份,存 于互联网档案 馆). Westminster John Knox Press. 2001.ISBN 978-0-664-22385-4. p. 41; "St. Ignatius of Antioch to the Smyrnaeans (Roberts-Donaldson translation)". - ^ Lémonon, J.P. (1981). Pilate et le gouvernement de la Judée: textes et monuments, Études bibliques. Paris: Gabalda. pp. 29–32.
- ^ Paul L. Maier "The Date of the Nativity and Chronology of Jesus" in Chronos, kairos, Christos: nativity and chronological studies by Jerry Vardaman, Edwin M. Yamauchi 1989 ISBN 0-931464-50-1pages 113–129; The Cradle, the Cross, and the Crown: An Introduction to the New Testament by Andreas J. Köstenberger, L. Scott Kellum 2009 ISBN 978-0-8054-4365-3 page 114; Jesus & the Rise of Early Christianity: A History of New Testament Times by Paul Barnett 2002 ISBN 0-8308-2699-8 pages 19–21
- ^ Rainer Riesner, Paul's Early Period: Chronology, Mission Strategy, Theology (Wm. B. Eerdmans Publishing, 1998), page 58. Josef Blinzler, Der Prozess Jesu (Pustet, 1960) cited in Colin J. Humphreys, The Mystery of the Last Supper: Reconstructing the Final Days of Jesus(Cambridge University Press, 2011) page 14.
- ^ Maier, P.L. (1968). "Sejanus, Pilate, and the Date of the Crucifixion". Church History. 37 (1): 3–13. JSTOR 3163182 (页面
存 档备份,存 于互联网档案 馆);Fotheringham, J.K. (1934). "The evidence of astronomy and technical chronology for the date of the crucifixion". Journal of Theological Studies.35: 146–162. - ^ "Tractate Sanhedrin 10b", Babylonian Talmud (页面
存 档备份,存 于互联网档案 馆);"Tractate Sanhedrin 11b", Babylonian Talmud (页面存 档备份,存 于互联网档案 馆) - ^ "Niswonger "which meant Friday" - Google Search" (页面
存 档备份,存 于互联网档案 馆);The Cradle, the Cross, and the Crown: An Introduction to the New Testament by Andreas J. Köstenberger, L. Scott Kellum 2009 ISBN 978-0-8054-4365-3 pages 142–143 - ^ Blomberg "Wednesday crucifixion" - Google Search" (页面
存 档备份,存 于互联网档案 馆);Niswonger "which meant Friday" - Google Search" (页面存 档备份,存 于互联网档案 馆). - ^ The Gospel of Mark, Volume 2 by John R. Donahue, Daniel J. Harrington 2002 ISBN 0-8146-5965-9 page 442
- ^ Steven L. Cox, Kendell H Easley, 2007 Harmony of the Gospels ISBN 0-8054-9444-8 pages 323–323; Death of the Messiah, Volume 2 by Raymond E. Brown 1999 ISBN 0-385-49449-1 pages 959–960;Colin Humphreys, The Mystery of the Last SupperCambridge University Press 2011 ISBN 978-0-521-73200-0, pages 188–190
- ^ Steven L. Cox, Kendell H Easley, 2007 Harmony of the Gospels ISBN 0-8054-9444-8 pages 323–323; New Testament History by Richard L. Niswonger 1992 ISBN 0-310-31201-9 pages 173–174; The Cradle, the Cross, and the Crown: An Introduction to the New Testament by Andreas J. Köstenberger, L. Scott Kellum 2009 ISBN 978-0-8054-4365-3 page 538
- ^ Matthew 27:32 (页面
存 档备份,存 于互联网档案 馆), Mark 15:21 (页面存 档备份,存 于互联网档案 馆), Luke 23:26 (页面存 档备份,存 于互联网档案 馆) - ^ Luke 23:46 (页面
存 档备份,存 于互联网档案 馆) and 23:55 (页面存 档备份,存 于互联网档案 馆) - ^ Lavinia Cohn-Sherbok, Who's who in Christianity, (Routledge 1998), page 303;Notes and Queries, Volume 6 July–December 1852, London, page 252 The Archaeological journal (UK), Volume 7, 1850 page 413; Alban Butler, 2000 Lives of the Saints ISBN 0-86012-256-5 page 84;CATHOLIC ENCYCLOPEDIA: St. Veronica" (页面
存 档备份,存 于互联网档案 馆); - ^ Eusebius of Caesarea. Onomasticon (Concerning the Place Names in Sacred Scripture) (页面
存 档备份,存 于互联网档案 馆). - ^ Matthew 27:33 (页面
存 档备份,存 于互联网档案 馆); Mark 15:22 (页面存 档备份,存 于互联网档案 馆); Luke 23:33 (页面存 档备份,存 于互联网档案 馆); John 19:17 (页面存 档备份,存 于互联网档案 馆) - ^ Eucherius of Lyon. "Letter to the Presbyter Faustus" 互联网档
案 馆的 存 檔,存 档日期 2008-06-13..The three more frequented exit gates are one on the west, another on the east, and a third on the north. As you enter the city from the northern side, the first of the holy places due to the condition of the directions of the streets is to the church which is called the Martyrium, which was by Constantine with great reverence not long ago built up. Next, to the west one visits the connecting places Golgotha and the Anastasis; indeed the Anastasis is in the place of the resurrection, and Golgotha is in the middle between the Anastasis and the Martyrium, the place of the Lord's passion, in which still appears that rock which once endured the very cross on which the Lord was. These are however separated places outside of Mount Sion, where the failing rise of the place extended itself to the north.
- ^ "General Charles Gordon's Letters Discussing His Discovery of "Cavalry" in Jerusalem"[
失效 連結 ]. SMF Primary Source Documents. Shapell Manuscript Foundation. - ^ Matthew 27:41; cf. Mark 15:31, Luke 23:35 (页面
存 档备份,存 于互联网档案 馆) - ^ Mark 15:27; Matthew 27:38 (页面
存 档备份,存 于互联网档案 馆) - ^ Luke 23:39-43
- ^ Luke 23:36
- ^ Matthew 27:54 (页面
存 档备份,存 于互联网档案 馆); cf. Mark 15:39 (页面存 档备份,存 于互联网档案 馆) - ^ Mark 15:29; Matthew 27:39
- ^ Mark 15:35; Matthew 27:45 (页面
存 档备份,存 于互联网档案 馆); cf. Luke 23:35 (页面存 档备份,存 于互联网档案 馆) - ^ Luke 23:48. [2017-03-14]. (
原始 内容 存 档于2016-06-07). - ^ Luke 23:49. [2017-03-14]. (
原始 内容 存 档于2016-08-06). - ^ John 19:23-24, 19:32-34
- ^ John 19:26-27. [2017-03-14]. (
原始 内容 存 档于2016-08-06). - ^ Henry George Liddell, Robert Scott, A Greek-English Lexicon,σταυρός" (页面
存 档备份,存 于互联网档案 馆). - ^ Charlton T. Lewis, Charles Short, A Latin Dictionary (页面
存 档备份,存 于互联网档案 馆) - ^ For a discussion of the date of the work, seeInformation on Epistle of Barnabas (页面
存 档备份,存 于互联网档案 馆) and Andrew C. Clark, "Apostleship: Evidence from the New Testament and Early Christian Literature,"Evangelical Review of Theology, 1989, Vol. 13, p. 380 - ^ John Dominic Crossan, The Cross that Spoke (ISBN 978-0-06-254843-6), p. 121
- ^ Epistle of Barnabas, 9:7-8
- ^ "The Spirit saith to the heart of Moses, that he should make a type of the cross and of Him that was to suffer, that unless, saith He, they shall set their hope on Him, war shall be waged against them for ever. Moses therefore pileth arms one upon another in the midst of the encounter, and standing on higher ground than any he stretched out his hands, and so Israel was again victorious" (Epistle of Barnabas, 12:2-3).
- ^ "ANF01. The Apostolic Fathers with Justin Martyr and Irenaeus" (页面
存 档备份,存 于互联网档案 馆). - ^ Irenaeus, Adversus Haereses, II, xxiv, 4 (页面
存 档备份,存 于互联网档案 馆) - ^ The International Standard Bible Encyclopedia by Geoffrey W. Bromiley 1988 ISBN 0-8028-3785-9 page 826
- ^ 104.0 104.1 Encyclopedia of Biblical Literature, Part 2by John Kitto 2003 ISBN 0-7661-5980-9 page 591
- ^ 105.0 105.1 Renaissance art: a topical dictionary by Irene Earls 1987 ISBN 0-313-24658-0 page 64
- ^ The visual arts: a history by Hugh Honour, John Fleming 1995 ISBN 0-8109-3928-2 page 526
- ^ The Crucifixion and Death of a Man Called Jesusby David A Ball 2010 ISBN 1-61507-128-8 pages 82–84
- ^ 108.0 108.1 The Chronological Life of Christ by Mark E. Moore 2007 ISBN 0-89900-955-7 page 639–643
- ^ Holman Concise Bible Dictionary Holman, 2011 ISBN 0-8054-9548-7 page 148
- ^ Crucifixion and the Death Cry of Jesus Christ by Geoffrey L Phelan MD, 2009 ISBN pages 106–111
- ^ 111.0 111.1 Thomas W. Walker, Luke, (Westminster John Knox Press, 2013) page 84.
- ^ Geza Vermes, The Passion (Penguin, 2005) page 114.
- ^ Geza Vermes, The Passion (Penguin, 2005) page 122.
- ^ Raymond Brown, The Death of the Messiah Volume II (Doubleday, 1994) page 1051
- ^ John Haralson Hayes, Biblical Exegesis: A Beginner's Handbook (Westminster John Knox Press, 1987) page 104-5.
- ^ David Anderson-Berry, 1871 The Seven Sayings of Christ on the Cross, Glasgow: Pickering & Inglis Publishers; Rev. John Edmunds, 1855 The seven sayings of Christ on the cross Thomas Hatchford Publishers, London, page 26; Arthur Pink, 2005 The Seven Sayings of the Saviour on the Cross Baker Books ISBN 0-8010-6573-9; Simon Peter Long, 1966 The wounded Word: A brief meditation on the seven sayings of Christ on the cross Baker Books;John Ross Macduff, 1857 The Words of Jesus New York: Thomas Stanford Publishers, page 76; Alexander Watson, 1847 The seven sayings on the Cross John Masters Publishers, London, page 5
- ^ James G. D. Dunn, Jesus Remembered, (Eerdmans, 2003) page 779–781.
- ^ HCSB Study Bible
- ^ Scott's Monthly Magazine (页面
存 档备份,存 于互联网档案 馆). J.J. Toon; 1868. The Miracles Coincident With The Crucifixion, by H.P.B. p. 86–89.; Richard Watson. An Apology for the Bible: In a Series of Letters Addressed to Thomas Paine (页面存 档备份,存 于互联网档案 馆). Cambridge University Press; 29 March 2012. ISBN 978-1-107-60004-1. p. 81–. - ^ Harris, Stephen L., Understanding the Bible. Palo Alto: Mayfield. 1985. "John" p. 302–310
- ^ Edwin Keith Broadhead Prophet, Son, Messiah: Narrative Form and Function in Mark (Continuum, 1994) page 196.
- ^ Origen. "Contra Celsum (Against Celsus), Book 2, XXXIII" (页面
存 档备份,存 于互联网档案 馆). - ^ Donaldson, Coxe (1888). The ante-Nicene fathers (页面
存 档备份,存 于互联网档案 馆). 6. New York: The Christian Literature Publishing Co. p. 136. - ^ "In the same hour, too, the light of day was withdrawn, when the sun at the very time was in his meridian blaze. Those who were not aware that this had been predicted about Christ, no doubt thought it an eclipse. You yourselves have the account of the world-portent still in your archives."
- ^ Colin J. Humphreys and W. G. Waddington, The Date of the Crucifixion Journal of the American Scientific Affiliation 37 (March 1985); (页面
存 档备份,存 于互联网档案 馆) Colin Humphreys, The Mystery of the Last SupperCambridge University Press 2011 ISBN 978-0-521-73200-0, p. 193 (However note that Humphreys places the Last Supper on a Wednesday) - ^ Henige, David P. (2005). Historical evidence and argument. University of Wisconsin Press. ISBN 978-0-299-21410-4.
- ^ Schaefer, B. E. (1990, March). Lunar visibility and the crucifixion. Royal Astronomical Society Quarterly Journal, 31(1), 53-67
- ^ Schaefer, B. E. (1991, July). Glare and celestial visibility. Publications of the Astronomical Society of the Pacific, 103, 645-660.
- ^ Burton L. Mack, A Myth of Innocence: Mark and Christian Origins (Fortress Press, 1988) page 296; George Bradford Caird, The language and imagery of the Bible (Westminster Press, 1980), page 186; Joseph Fitzmyer, The Gospel According to Luke, X-XXIV (Doubleday, 1985) page 1513; William David Davies, Dale Allison, Matthew: Volume 3 (Continuum, 1997) page 623.
- ^ David E. Garland, Reading Matthew: A Literary and Theological Commentary on the First Gospel (Smyth & Helwys Publishing, 1999) page 264.
- ^ Géza Vermes, The Passion (Penguin, 2005) pages 108–109.
- ^ John Yueh-Han Yieh, One Teacher: Jesus' Teaching Role in Matthew's Gospel Report (Walter de Gruyter, 2005) page 65; Robert Walter Funk, The acts of Jesus: the search for the authentic deeds of Jesus(Harper San Francisco, 1998) pages 129-270.
- ^ Jefferson Williams, Markus Schwab and A. Brauer (2012). An early first-century earthquake in the Dead Sea. International Geology Review.full article (页面
存 档备份,存 于互联网档案 馆) - ^ Medical theories on the cause of death in Crucifixion J R Soc Med April 2006 vol. 99 no. 4 185-188.
- ^ William Stroud, 1847, Treatise on the Physical Death of Jesus Christ London: Hamilton and Adams; William Seymour, 2003, The Cross in Tradition, History and Art ISBN 0-7661-4527-1
- ^ The Search for the Physical Cause of Christ's Death BYU Studies 互联网档
案 馆的 存 檔,存 档日期 2009-02-10.;The Physical Death Of Jesus Christ, Study by The Mayo Clinic 互联网档案 馆的 存 檔,存 档日期 2009-01-31. citing studies by Bucklin R (The legal and medical aspects of the trial and death of Christ. Sci Law 1970; 10:14–26), Mikulicz-Radeeki FV (The chest wound in the crucified Christ. Med News 1966; 14:30–40), Davis CT (The Crucifixion of Jesus: The passion of Christ from a medical point of view. Ariz Med 1965; 22:183-187), and Barbet P (A Doctor at Calvary: The Passion of Out Lord Jesus Christ as Described by a Surgeon, Earl of Wicklow (trans) Garden City, NY, Doubleday Image Books 1953, pp 12–18, 37–147, 159–175, 187–208). - ^ Edwards, William D.; Gabel, Wesley J.; Hosmer, Floyd E; On the Physical Death of Jesus, JAMA March 21, 1986, Vol 255, No. 11, pp 1455–1463
- ^ Frederick Zugibe, 2005, The Crucifixion of Jesus: A Forensic Inquiry Evans Publishing, ISBN 1-59077-070-6; JW Hewitt, The Use of Nails in the CrucifixionHarvard Theological Review, 1932
- ^ "EXPERIMENTAL STUDIES in CRUCIFIXION" (页面
存 档备份,存 于互联网档案 馆). - ^ New Scientist Oct 12, 1978, page 96
- ^ Barbet, Pierre. Doctor at Calvary, New York: Image Books, 1963.
- ^ Keith Maxwell MD on the Crucifixion of Christ 互联网档
案 馆的 存 檔,存 档日期 2011-01-17.; -From-a-Medical-Point-of-View/Page1.html Jesus' Suffering and Crucifixion from a Medical Point of View (页面存 档备份,存 于互联网档案 馆) - ^ Catholic Medical Association, Linacre Quarterly, August 2006 Archive.is
的 存 檔,存 档日期 2012-07-09 - ^ FP Retief and L Cilliers The history and pathology of Crucifixion South African medical journal, 2003.([//web.archive.org/web/20210414121754/http://www.samj.org.za/index.php/samj/article/viewFile/2462/1710 页面
存 档备份,存 于互联网档案 馆) [4]] - ^ Paul II, Pope John (1994). Catechism of the Catholic Church. Urbi Et Orbi Communications. p. 376. Online: https://books.google.com/books?id=tVJXcOVY2UgC; Schwarz, Hans (1996). True Faith in the True God: An Introduction to Luther's Life and Thought. Minneapolis: Augsburg Fortress. pp. 47–48. Online:https://books.google.com/books?id=l3rDtUQRdKAC (页面
存 档备份,存 于互联网档案 馆) - ^ Benedict XVI, Pope (1987). Principles of Catholic Theology: Building Stones for a Fundamental Theology. San Francisco: Ignatius Press. pp. 17–18.
- ^ Calvin, Jean (1921). Institutes of the Christian Religion. Philadelphia: Presbyterian Board of Publication and Sabbath-School Work. pp. 477–479.Online: https://books.google.com/books?id=UU9Ygc_c5woC (页面
存 档备份,存 于互联网档案 馆) - ^ Online: https://books.google.com/books?id=13QRjJjhEqkC “In (页面
存 档备份,存 于互联网档案 馆) the Cross is salvation; in the Cross is life; in the Cross is protection against our enemies; in the Cross is infusion of heavenly sweetness; in the Cross is strength of mind; in the Cross is joy of spirit; in the Cross is excellence of virtue; in the Cross is perfection of holiness. There is no salvation of soul, nor hope of eternal life, save in the Cross.” - ^ Who do you say that I am? Essays on Christologyby Jack Dean Kingsbury, Mark Allan Powell, David R. Bauer 1999 ISBN 0-664-25752-6 page 106
- ^ Cross, Frank L.; Livingstone, Elizabeth A. (2005). "The Passion". The Oxford dictionary of the Christian church. New York: Oxford University Press.
- ^ he Christology of the New Testament by Oscar Cullmann 1959 ISBN 0-664-24351-7 page 79; The Johannine exegesis of God by Daniel Rathnakara Sadananda 2005 ISBN 3-11-018248-3 page 281
- ^ Johannine Christology and the Early Church by T. E. Pollard 2005 ISBN 0-521-01868-4 page 21; Studies in Early Christology by Martin Hengel 2004 ISBN 0-567-04280-4 page 371
- ^ Studies in Revelation by M. R. DeHaan, Martin Ralph DeHaan 1998 ISBN 0-8254-2485-2 page 103
- ^ New Testament christology by Frank J. Matera 1999 ISBN 0-664-25694-5 page 67; The speeches in Acts: their content, context, and concerns by Marion L. Soards 1994 ISBN 0-664-25221-4 page 34
- ^ Christology by Hans Schwarz 1998 ISBN 0-8028-4463-4 pages 132–134
- ^ Lord Jesus Christ: Devotion to Jesus in Earliest Christianity by Larry W. Hurtado (Sep 14, 2005)ISBN 0-8028-3167-2 pages 130–133
- ^ Christian Theology by J. Glyndwr Harris (Mar 2002) ISBN 1-902210-22-0 pages 12–15
- ^ Calvin's Christology by Stephen Edmondson 2004ISBN 0-521-54154-9 page 91; The Reading and Preaching of the Scriptures byHughes Oliphant Old 2002 ISBN 0-8028-4775-7 page 125
- ^ The Lamb of God by Sergei Bulgakov 2008 ISBN 0-8028-2779-9 page 129
- ^ Encyclopedia of theology: a concise Sacramentum mundi by Karl Rahner 2004 ISBN 0-86012-006-6 page 74
- ^ For example, see Matthew 6:14–15 (页面
存 档备份,存 于互联网档案 馆). See alsoSermon on the Mount - ^ 162.0 162.1 Doctrine of the Atonement" (页面
存 档备份,存 于互联网档案 馆). Catholic Encyclopedia. - ^ A. J. Wallace, R. D. Rusk Moral Transformation: The Original Christian Paradigm of Salvation, (New Zealand: Bridgehead, 2011) ISBN 978-1-4563-8980-2
- ^ Ball, Ann (2003). Encyclopedia of Catholic Devotions and Practices. Huntington, Ind.: Our Sunday Visitor. ISBN 0-87973-910-X
- ^ "Miserentissimus Redemptor". Encyclical of Pope Pius XI. Archived from the original on 2014-08-12.
- ^ "Vatican archives". Archived from the original on 2008-05-02.
- ^ See Development of the Christus Victor view after Aulén
- ^ Johnson, Alan F.; Robert E. Webber (1993). What Christians Believe: A Biblical and Historical Summary. Zondervan. pp. 261–263.
- ^ Ayoub, Mahmoud M. (April 1980). "TOWARDS AN ISLAMIC CHRISTOLOGY II: THE DEATH OF JESUS, REALITY OR DELUSION (A Study of the Death of Jesus in Tafsir Literature)". The Muslim World. Hartford Seminary. 70 (2): 106. doi:10.1111/j.1478-1913.1980.tb03405.x.
- ^ Quran 4:157–158 (页面
存 档备份,存 于互联网档案 馆) - ^ "Wherefore he did not himself suffer death, but Simon, a certain man of Cyrene, being compelled, bore the cross in his stead; so that this latter being transfigured by him, that he might be thought to be Jesus, was crucified, through ignorance and error, while Jesus himself received the form of Simon, and, standing by, laughed at them. For since he was an incorporeal power, and the Nous (mind) of the unborn father, he transfigured himself as he pleased, and thus ascended to him who had sent him, deriding them, inasmuch as he could not be laid hold of, and was invisible to all" (Irenaeus,Against Heresies, book I, ch. 24, 4 (页面
存 档备份,存 于互联网档案 馆) - ^ James Tissot: the Life of Christ by Judith F. Dolkart 2009 ISBN 1-85894-496-1 page 201; Rookmaaker, H. R. (1970). Modern Art and the Death of a Culture. Crossway Books. p. 73. ISBN 0-89107-799-5.
- ^ CATHOLIC ENCYCLOPEDIA: Symbolism. www.newadvent.org. [2019-07-21]. (
原始 内容 存 档于2021-05-06). - ^ CATHOLIC ENCYCLOPEDIA: Veneration of Images. www.newadvent.org. [2019-07-21]. (
原始 内容 存 档于2020-04-19). - ^ EWTN: Mary was United to Jesus on the Cross (页面
存 档备份,存 于互联网档案 馆);Vatican website on Behold Your Mother! (页面存 档备份,存 于互联网档案 馆)
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